TW239899B - - Google Patents

Info

Publication number
TW239899B
TW239899B TW083102730A TW83102730A TW239899B TW 239899 B TW239899 B TW 239899B TW 083102730 A TW083102730 A TW 083102730A TW 83102730 A TW83102730 A TW 83102730A TW 239899 B TW239899 B TW 239899B
Authority
TW
Taiwan
Application number
TW083102730A
Other languages
Chinese (zh)
Original Assignee
Texas Instruments Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Texas Instruments Inc filed Critical Texas Instruments Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of TW239899B publication Critical patent/TW239899B/zh

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W70/00—Package substrates; Interposers; Redistribution layers [RDL]
    • H10W70/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W70/05—Manufacture or treatment of insulating or insulated package substrates, or of interposers, or of redistribution layers
    • H10W70/093—Connecting or disconnecting other interconnections thereto or therefrom, e.g. connecting bond wires or bumps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors
    • H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/34—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
    • H05K3/341—Surface mounted components
    • H05K3/3431—Leadless components
    • H05K3/3436—Leadless components having an array of bottom contacts, e.g. pad grid array or ball grid array components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/011—Apparatus therefor
    • H10W72/0112—Apparatus for manufacturing bump connectors
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W90/00—Package configurations
    • H10W90/701—Package configurations characterised by the relative positions of pads or connectors relative to package parts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/02—Fillers; Particles; Fibers; Reinforcement materials
    • H05K2201/0203—Fillers and particles
    • H05K2201/0206—Materials
    • H05K2201/0212—Resin particles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2201/00—Indexing scheme relating to printed circuits covered by H05K1/00
    • H05K2201/09—Shape and layout
    • H05K2201/09209—Shape and layout details of conductors
    • H05K2201/09654—Shape and layout details of conductors covering at least two types of conductors provided for in H05K2201/09218 - H05K2201/095
    • H05K2201/0979—Redundant conductors or connections, i.e. more than one current path between two points
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/01—Tools for processing; Objects used during processing
    • H05K2203/0195—Tool for a process not provided for in H05K3/00, e.g. tool for handling objects using suction, for deforming objects, for applying local pressure
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/02—Details related to mechanical or acoustic processing, e.g. drilling, punching, cutting, using ultrasound
    • H05K2203/0278—Flat pressure, e.g. for connecting terminals with anisotropic conductive adhesive
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K2203/00—Indexing scheme relating to apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits covered by H05K3/00
    • H05K2203/08—Treatments involving gases
    • H05K2203/082—Suction, e.g. for holding solder balls or components
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
    • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
    • H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors
    • H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
    • H05K3/321—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistors electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by conductive adhesives
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/012—Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps
    • H10W72/01221—Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps using local deposition
    • H10W72/01225—Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps using local deposition in solid form, e.g. by using a powder or by stud bumping
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/01—Manufacture or treatment
    • H10W72/012—Manufacture or treatment of bump connectors, dummy bumps or thermal bumps
    • H10W72/01251—Changing the shapes of bumps
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/071—Connecting or disconnecting
    • H10W72/072—Connecting or disconnecting of bump connectors
    • H10W72/07231—Techniques
    • H10W72/07236—Soldering or alloying
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20—Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/221—Structures or relative sizes
    • H10W72/222—Multilayered bumps, e.g. a coating on top and side surfaces of a bump core
    • H10W72/223—Multilayered bumps, e.g. a coating on top and side surfaces of a bump core characterised by the structure of the outermost layers, e.g. multilayered coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20—Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/221—Structures or relative sizes
    • H10W72/224—Bumps having multiple side-by-side cores
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20—Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/251—Materials
    • H10W72/253—Materials not comprising solid metals or solid metalloids, e.g. polymers or ceramics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20—Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/251—Materials
    • H10W72/255—Materials of outermost layers of multilayered bumps, e.g. material of a coating
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/20—Bump connectors, e.g. solder bumps or copper pillars; Dummy bumps; Thermal bumps
    • H10W72/29—Bond pads specially adapted therefor
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/50—Bond wires
    • H10W72/551—Materials of bond wires
    • H10W72/552—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver
    • H10W72/5522—Materials of bond wires comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. silver comprising gold [Au]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90—Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/941—Dispositions of bond pads
    • H10W72/9415—Dispositions of bond pads relative to the surface, e.g. recessed, protruding
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90—Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/941—Dispositions of bond pads
    • H10W72/944—Dispositions of multiple bond pads
    • H10W72/9445—Top-view layouts, e.g. mirror arrays
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10W—GENERIC PACKAGES, INTERCONNECTIONS, CONNECTORS OR OTHER CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF DEVICES COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H10W72/00—Interconnections or connectors in packages
    • H10W72/90—Bond pads, in general
    • H10W72/951—Materials of bond pads
    • H10W72/952—Materials of bond pads comprising metals or metalloids, e.g. PbSn, Ag or Cu
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T156/00—Adhesive bonding and miscellaneous chemical manufacture
    • Y10T156/10—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor
    • Y10T156/1089—Methods of surface bonding and/or assembly therefor of discrete laminae to single face of additional lamina
    • Y10T156/109—Embedding of laminae within face of additional laminae
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117—Conductor or circuit manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49204—Contact or terminal manufacturing
    • Y10T29/49224—Contact or terminal manufacturing with coating

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Wire Bonding (AREA)
TW083102730A 1992-09-15 1994-03-30 TW239899B (OSRAM)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US94518592A 1992-09-15 1992-09-15

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
TW239899B true TW239899B (OSRAM) 1995-02-01

Family

ID=25482756

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
TW083102730A TW239899B (OSRAM) 1992-09-15 1994-03-30

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (2) US5955784A (OSRAM)
EP (1) EP0588609B1 (OSRAM)
JP (1) JPH06224198A (OSRAM)
KR (1) KR100317756B1 (OSRAM)
DE (1) DE69312411T2 (OSRAM)
SG (1) SG54297A1 (OSRAM)
TW (1) TW239899B (OSRAM)

Families Citing this family (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO1996008338A1 (de) * 1994-09-13 1996-03-21 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Verfahren und vorrichtung zur applikation von verbindungsmaterial auf einer substratanschlussfläche
US5786635A (en) * 1996-12-16 1998-07-28 International Business Machines Corporation Electronic package with compressible heatsink structure
US6131795A (en) * 1997-11-10 2000-10-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Thermal compression bonding method of electronic part with solder bump
FR2785140B1 (fr) 1998-10-27 2007-04-20 Novatec Sa Soc Dispositif de mise a disposition de billes ou de preformes pour la fabrication de connexions a billes
DE60020090T2 (de) * 1999-03-17 2006-01-19 Novatec S.A. Verfahren und vorrichtung zum auftragen von kugeln in die öffnungen eines kugelbehälters
FR2791046B1 (fr) * 1999-03-17 2001-05-11 Novatec Sa Soc Procede et dispositif de distribution unitaire de billes solides et identiques sur un substrat par serigraphie
JP4341187B2 (ja) * 2001-02-13 2009-10-07 日本電気株式会社 半導体装置
US6802918B1 (en) * 2001-05-09 2004-10-12 Raytheon Company Fabrication method for adhesive pressure bonding two components together with closed-loop control
US6830463B2 (en) * 2002-01-29 2004-12-14 Fci Americas Technology, Inc. Ball grid array connection device
NL1024688C2 (nl) * 2003-11-03 2005-05-04 Meco Equip Eng Werkwijze en inrichting voor het met een elektronische component verbinden van tot elektrische contactorganen te vormen objecten.
JP4427411B2 (ja) * 2004-07-28 2010-03-10 日立ソフトウエアエンジニアリング株式会社 ビーズ配列装置及びビーズ配列方法
US7550846B2 (en) * 2005-12-21 2009-06-23 Palo Alto Research Center Conductive bump with a plurality of contact elements
CN101125406B (zh) * 2006-08-16 2010-09-29 比亚迪股份有限公司 球体固定块及其制造装置
US7910838B2 (en) * 2008-04-03 2011-03-22 Advanced Interconnections Corp. Solder ball interface
KR20150139190A (ko) * 2014-06-03 2015-12-11 삼성전기주식회사 소자 및 소자 패키지

Family Cites Families (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2842831A (en) * 1956-08-30 1958-07-15 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Manufacture of semiconductor devices
US2934685A (en) * 1957-01-09 1960-04-26 Texas Instruments Inc Transistors and method of fabricating same
NL255865A (OSRAM) * 1960-09-13 1900-01-01
US3871014A (en) * 1969-08-14 1975-03-11 Ibm Flip chip module with non-uniform solder wettable areas on the substrate
US3719981A (en) * 1971-11-24 1973-03-13 Rca Corp Method of joining solder balls to solder bumps
US3809625A (en) * 1972-08-15 1974-05-07 Gen Motors Corp Method of making contact bumps on flip-chips
US4369458A (en) * 1980-07-01 1983-01-18 Westinghouse Electric Corp. Self-aligned, flip-chip focal plane array configuration
DE3343362A1 (de) * 1983-11-30 1985-06-05 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Verfahren zur galvanischen herstellung metallischer, hoeckerartiger anschlusskontakte
US4838347A (en) * 1987-07-02 1989-06-13 American Telephone And Telegraph Company At&T Bell Laboratories Thermal conductor assembly
JP2528910B2 (ja) * 1987-11-16 1996-08-28 富士通株式会社 ハンダバンプの形成方法
US5001542A (en) * 1988-12-05 1991-03-19 Hitachi Chemical Company Composition for circuit connection, method for connection using the same, and connected structure of semiconductor chips
JPH0740496B2 (ja) * 1989-03-01 1995-05-01 シャープ株式会社 電極上への導電性粒子の配置方法
JPH02246235A (ja) * 1989-03-20 1990-10-02 Fujitsu Ltd 集積回路装置
US5135890A (en) * 1989-06-16 1992-08-04 General Electric Company Method of forming a hermetic package having a lead extending through an aperture in the package lid and packaged semiconductor chip
US5010038A (en) * 1989-06-29 1991-04-23 Digital Equipment Corp. Method of cooling and powering an integrated circuit chip using a compliant interposing pad
EP0447170B1 (en) * 1990-03-14 2002-01-09 Nippon Steel Corporation Method of bonding bumps to leads of tab tape and an apparatus for arranging bumps used for the same
JP2843658B2 (ja) * 1990-08-02 1999-01-06 東レ・ダウコーニング・シリコーン株式会社 フリップチップ型半導体装置
US5207585A (en) * 1990-10-31 1993-05-04 International Business Machines Corporation Thin interface pellicle for dense arrays of electrical interconnects
JPH0563029A (ja) * 1991-09-02 1993-03-12 Fujitsu Ltd 半導体素子

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR940012484A (ko) 1994-06-23
SG54297A1 (en) 1998-11-16
EP0588609B1 (en) 1997-07-23
US5955784A (en) 1999-09-21
EP0588609A1 (en) 1994-03-23
DE69312411D1 (de) 1997-09-04
US5849132A (en) 1998-12-15
DE69312411T2 (de) 1997-11-27
JPH06224198A (ja) 1994-08-12
KR100317756B1 (ko) 2002-03-20

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