TW202413697A - 用於製備經塗佈之有機粒子之方法 - Google Patents
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- TW202413697A TW202413697A TW112129563A TW112129563A TW202413697A TW 202413697 A TW202413697 A TW 202413697A TW 112129563 A TW112129563 A TW 112129563A TW 112129563 A TW112129563 A TW 112129563A TW 202413697 A TW202413697 A TW 202413697A
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Abstract
本發明涉及藉由使用原子層沉積之經塗佈之有機粒子(其特別是包含小分子)之領域。本發明關於一種製備經塗佈之有機粒子之方法,其包含以下順序之步驟:
(a) 使含有有機化合物之粒子彼此運動,
(b) 在第一溫度下依序地將有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸,並且
(c) 在第二溫度下依序地將有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸,
其中第二溫度比第一溫度高至少20℃。
殼,特別是殼內部部分之密度比殼外部部分之密度低5%。
Description
本發明涉及藉由使用原子層沉積之經塗佈之有機粒子(其特別是包含小分子)之領域。
通常配製小分子,例如藥物、農用化學品或洗衣添加劑,以達到原始分子所不具備之效果。例如針對某些環境之防護、各種介質之相容性或受控釋放(即在延長之時間段內釋放)。實現此之典型方法是將化合物封裝起來,使得所含有之化合物被膠囊殼屏蔽並且不釋放或僅緩慢釋放(例如藉由通過殼擴散)。有多種技術可用於封裝。原子層沉積為一種特別有用的技術,因為其可非常精確、均勻且非常薄地沉積無機或有機-無機混成材料。這允許對封裝進行高度控制(例如精確調節釋放曲線),以及高活性成分負載。
D. Zhang等人在Nanoscale, volume 9 (2017), pages 11410-11417中揭示布地奈德(budesonide)及乳糖之封裝。如同在許多其他應用中所使用,其使用典型的原子層沉積程序。然而,該方法僅適用於非常有限數量之化合物。大多數化合物都以這種方式被破壞及/或團聚。
US 2018 / 0 221 294 A1揭示一種使用三甲基鋁藉由ALD塗佈藥物粒子(諸如撲熱息痛(paracetamol))之方法。該方法涉及惡劣的條件,因此只有非常穩定的化合物(如撲熱息痛)才能被塗佈而不會顯著降解。此外,粒子在該方法中容易團聚,因此在該方法期間需要反覆解團聚,這在工業上難以實現規模化。
因此,本發明之一個目的為提供一種適用於包括敏感化合物在內之多種化合物之塗佈方法。該方法之目的為保留欲塗佈之化合物,使其大部分保持不變,同時避免粒子團聚。粒子殼應具有非常均勻的厚度。該方法應該為穩健的,以便可輕鬆擴展到工業規模並且允許無干擾製造。
這些目的藉由一種製備經塗佈之有機粒子之方法來實現,該方法包含以下順序之步驟:
(a) 使含有有機化合物之粒子彼此運動,
(b) 在第一溫度下依序地將有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸,並且
(c) 在第二溫度下依序地將有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸,
其中第二溫度比第一溫度高至少20℃。
本發明進一步關於一種含有核及殼之有機粒子,其中
- 核含有有機化合物,及
- 殼含有內部部分及外部部分,其中內部部分及外部部分含有金屬或半金屬,並且其中內部部分具有比外部部分更低之折射率。
本發明進一步關於一種含有根據本發明之有機粒子之組成物。
本發明之較佳具體實例可在說明書及申請專利範圍中找到。不同具體實例之組合落入本發明之範圍內。
在根據本發明之方法中,塗佈含有有機化合物之粒子。此等粒子亦可稱為有機粒子。在本發明上下文中之有機物是指含有至少一個碳-氫或至少一個碳-碳鍵之化合物,較佳其含有至少一個碳-氫及至少一個碳-碳鍵。通常,有機化合物含有大於80 at.-%,較佳大於90 at.-%,特別是完全或基本上完全之非金屬。甚至更佳地,非金屬為C、H、O、N、S、Se及/或P。
有機化合物可為農用化學品,諸如殺蟲劑、殺真菌劑或除草劑。殺蟲劑包括以下類別之殺蟲劑:胺基甲酸酯、有機磷酸酯、有機氯殺蟲劑、苯基吡唑、類除蟲菊精(pyrethroid)、新菸鹼類(neonicotinoid)、斯皮諾素(spinosin)、阿維菌素、米爾倍黴素(milbemycin)、保幼激素類似物、烷基鹵化物、有機錫化合物、沙蠶毒素類似物、苯甲醯脲、二醯基肼、METI殺蟎劑(acarizide)及殺蟲劑,諸如氯化苦、派滅淨(pymetrozin)、氟尼胺(flonicamid)、克芬蟎(clofentezin)、合賽多(hexythiazox)、依殺蟎(etoxazole)、汰芬隆(diafenthiuron)、歐蟎多(propargite)、四氯二苯碸、克凡派(chlorofenapyr)、DNOC、布芬淨(buprofezine)、賽滅淨(cyromazine)、雙甲脒(amitraz)、愛美松(hydramethylnon)、亞醌蟎(acequinocyl)、福克毗(fluacrypyrim)、魚藤酮(rotenone)或其衍生物。
殺真菌劑包括以下類別之殺真菌劑:二硝苯胺、烯丙胺、苯胺基嘧啶、抗生素類、芳族烴、苯磺醯胺、苯并咪唑、苯并異噻唑、二苯基酮、苯并噻二唑、苯并三嗪、胺基甲酸芐酯、胺基甲酸酯、甲醯胺、羧酸二醯胺、氯腈、氰基乙醯胺肟、氰基咪唑、環丙烷甲醯胺、二甲醯亞胺、二氫二嗪、巴豆酸二硝苯酯、二硫胺基甲酸酯、二噻𠷬、乙基膦酸酯、乙基胺基噻唑甲醯胺、胍、羥基-(2-胺基)嘧啶、羥基苯胺、咪唑、咪唑啉酮、無機物質、異苯并呋喃酮、甲氧基丙烯酸酯、甲氧基胺基甲酸酯、啉、N-苯基胺基甲酸酯、唑啶二酮、羥亞胺基乙酸酯、羥亞胺基乙醯胺、肽基嘧啶核苷、苯基乙醯胺、苯基醯胺、苯基吡咯、苯基脲、膦酸酯、硫代磷酸酯、鄰苯二甲酸、鄰苯二甲醯亞胺、哌、哌啶、丙醯胺、噠嗪酮(pyridazinone)、吡啶、吡啶基甲基苯甲醯胺、嘧啶胺、嘧啶、嘧啶酮腙、吡咯并喹啉(pyrroloquinolinone)、喹唑啉酮、喹啉、醌、磺醯胺、胺磺醯三唑、噻唑甲醯胺、硫代胺基甲酸酯、多保淨(thiophanate)、噻吩甲醯胺、甲苯醯胺、三苯錫化合物、三嗪、三唑。
除草劑包括以下類別之除草劑:乙醯胺、醯胺、芳氧基苯氧基丙酸酯、苯甲醯胺、苯并呋喃、苯甲酸、苯并噻二嗪酮(benzothiadiazinone)、聯吡啶鎓(bipyridylium)、胺基甲酸酯、氯乙醯胺、氯羧酸、環己二酮、二硝基苯胺、二硝基苯酚、二苯醚、甘胺酸、咪唑啉酮(imidazolinone)、異唑、異唑烷酮(isoxazolidinone)、腈、N-苯酞醯亞胺、二唑、唑烷二酮、氧基乙醯胺、苯氧基羧酸、苯基胺基甲酸酯、苯基吡唑、苯基吡唑啉、苯基嗒、次膦酸、磷醯胺酸酯(phosphoroamidate)、二硫代磷酸酯、鄰苯甲醯胺甲酸酯(phthalamate)、吡唑、噠嗪酮、吡啶、吡啶羧酸、吡啶甲醯胺、嘧啶二酮、(硫代)苯甲酸嘧啶酯、喹啉羧酸、縮胺脲、磺醯基胺基羰基三唑啉酮、磺醯脲、四唑啉酮、噻二唑、硫代胺基甲酸酯、三嗪、三嗪酮、三唑、三唑啉酮、三唑甲醯胺、三唑嘧啶、三酮、尿嘧啶、脲。不同殺蟲劑之混合物亦為合適的。
有機化合物可為藥物。藥物包括解熱劑,如布洛芬(ibuprofen)、萘普生(naproxen)、可洛芬(ketoprofen)、尼美舒利(nimesulide)、水楊酸膽鹼、水楊酸鎂及水楊酸鈉、撲熱息痛/乙醯胺酚、萘丁美酮(nabumetone)、非那宗(phenazone);鎮痛劑,如撲熱息痛/乙醯胺酚、非類固醇消炎藥,諸如水楊酸鹽、及類鴉片藥,諸如嗎啡及羥考酮;抗瘧疾藥,如奎寧、氯化奎寧、阿莫待奎(amodiaquine)、乙胺嘧啶(pyrimethamine)、氯胍(proguanil)、磺醯胺、美爾奎寧(mefloquine)、阿托奎酮(atovaquone)、派馬喹、青蒿素、鹵泛群(halofantrine)、去氧羥四環素、克林達黴素;抗生素,如青黴素、頭孢菌素、多黏菌素、雷福黴素、閏年黴素(lipiarmycin)、喹啉酮、磺醯胺、巨環內酯、林可醯胺(lincosamide)、四環素、達托黴素(daptomycin)、替加環素(tigecycline)、利奈唑胺(linezolid)、非達黴素(fidaxomicin);情緒穩定劑,如丙戊酸(valproate)、拉莫三嗪(lamotrigine)、卡巴馬平、阿立哌唑、利培酮、奧氮平、喹硫平、阿塞那平(asenapine)、帕利哌酮(paliperidone)、齊拉西酮、魯拉西酮(lurasidone);激素替代物,如雌性激素及助孕素;口服避孕藥,如雌性激素、黃體素、左炔諾孕酮(levonorgestrel)、乙酸烏利司他(ulipristal acetate)、美服培酮及米索前列醇(misoprostol);興奮劑,如派醋甲酯(methylphenidate)、安非他命;鎮靜劑,如美普巴(meprobamate)、氯丙嗪、利血平(reserpine)、氯二氮平、二氮平及三氮二氮平;或斯他汀藥物,如洛伐他汀(lovastatin)、普伐他汀(pravastatin)及辛伐他汀(simvastatin)。
有機化合物可為清潔添加劑,諸如表面活性劑或螯合劑。表面活性劑包括非離子表面活性劑,諸如烷氧基化醇、環氧乙烷及環氧丙烷之二嵌段及多嵌段共聚物以及山梨糖醇酐與環氧乙烷或環氧丙烷之反應產物、烷基聚醣苷(alkyl polyglycoside;APG)、羥烷基混合醚及氧化胺;陰離子表面活性劑,諸如C8-C18烷基硫酸鹽、C8-C18脂肪醇聚醚硫酸鹽、乙氧基化C4-C12烷基酚(乙氧基化:1至50 mol環氧乙烷/mol)之硫酸半酯、C12-C18磺基脂肪酸烷基酯,例如C12-C18磺基脂肪酸甲酯,還有C12-C18烷基磺酸及C10-C18烷基芳基磺酸之鹼金屬鹽及銨鹽;兩性表面活性劑,諸如甜菜鹼,例如椰油醯胺丙基甜菜鹼(月桂醯胺丙基甜菜鹼)。螯合劑包含乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、亞胺基二琥珀酸(IDS)、S,S-乙二胺-N,N'-二琥珀酸(EDDS)、甲基甘胺酸二乙酸(MGDA)、麩胺酸二乙酸(GLDA)、聚天冬胺酸、或檸檬酸酯膦酸酯之鹽,例如1-羥基乙烷1,1-二膦酸(HEDP)。鹽之實例包括鈉鹽、鉀鹽及銨鹽,特別是鈉鹽,例如甲基甘胺酸二乙酸三鈉鹽(MGDA-Na3)、麩胺酸二乙酸四鈉鹽(GLDA-Na4)或1-羥基乙烷1,1-二膦酸四鈉鹽(HEDP-Na4)。
有機化合物可為飽和、單不飽和或多不飽和脂肪酸。飽和脂肪酸包括丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、己酸、庚酸、辛酸、壬酸、癸酸、十一酸、十二酸、十三酸、十四酸、十五酸、十六酸、十七酸、十八酸、十九酸、二十酸、二十一酸、二十二酸、二十三酸、二十四酸、二十五酸、二十六酸、二十七酸、二十八酸、二十九酸、三十酸、三十一酸、三十二酸、三十三酸、三十四酸、三十五酸及/或三十六酸。單不飽和脂肪酸包括肉豆蔻油酸、棕櫚油酸、皂苷酸(sapienic acid)、油酸、反油酸、牛油酸或芥子酸。多不飽和酸(亦稱為「PUFA」)可為共軛脂肪酸,諸如共軛亞麻油酸(linoleic acid)、亞油酸(linoelaidic acid)、α-次亞麻油酸(α-linolenic acid)、花生油酸、二十碳五烯酸、二十二碳六烯酸或松子油酸(pinolenic acid)。較佳的多不飽和脂肪酸為所謂之omega-3脂肪酸、omega-6脂肪酸及omega-9脂肪酸。
有機化合物亦可為含有一種或多於一種上述脂肪酸之脂肪。
有機化合物較佳含有官能基,特別是羥基、醛基或酮基、醚基、酯基、醯胺基、胺基、亞胺基、腈基、硫醇基、硫醚基、硫酮基、亞碸基、碸基或烯烴基。有機化合物較佳具有小於2000 g/mol、更佳小於1000 g/mol,特別是小於600 g/mol之分子量。
較佳地,粒子具有0.5至1000 μm,更佳1至200 μm,甚至更佳1.5至100 μm,特別是2至50 μm,例如2至8 μm或5至20 μm之重量平均平均粒度。平均粒度較佳藉由光散射所測量。
在根據本發明之方法之步驟(a)中,使有機粒子彼此運動。這可藉由多種方式實現,例如藉由使用混合器,諸如犁鏵混合器(plough share mixer)、自由落體混合器或摻合機;乾燥器,諸如槳式乾燥器;聲學混合器;流體化床反應器;噴流床反應器或轉鼓;空間反應器,諸如輸送反應器;振動或脈衝振動設備;或串聯,諸如混合器、乾燥器或空間反應器之串聯。不同技術之組合亦為合適的,諸如流體化與振動相結合。流體化床反應器為較佳的,特別是與振動結合之流體化床反應器。因此,較佳地,將有機粒子流體化。
使粒子彼此運動典型地可避免粒子在塗佈方法期間團聚,並且產生具有更均勻塗層之有機粒子。因此,有機粒子較佳在塗佈方法之大部分期間,特別是在整個塗佈方法期間保持運動。有機粒子較佳在步驟(b)期間保持運動,更佳地,有機粒子在步驟(b)及步驟(c)期間保持運動。可操作步驟(a)使得其構成乾燥步驟。這可藉由在室溫或高溫(例如30至80℃)下用乾燥空氣或惰性氣體(諸如氮氣或氬氣)吹掃有機粒子例如10分鐘至2小時來完成。
較佳地,在步驟(b)之前,即在將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸之前,將有機粒子與呈氣態之預處理化合物接觸。預處理化合物較佳為水、醇或羧酸。醇包括一元醇,如甲醇、乙醇、正丙醇、異丙醇、正丁醇、二級丁醇、異丁醇、三級丁醇;以及二醇,如乙二醇、丙-1,2-二醇、丁-1,2-二醇、丁-1,4-二醇、己-1,2-二醇、己-1,4-二醇。羧酸包括單羧酸,如甲酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、乳酸、丙酮酸、甘胺酸、丙胺酸;以及二羧酸,如草酸、丙二酸、戊二酸、己二酸、順丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、檸檬酸、羥丙二酸、中草酸、酒石酸、蘋果酸。較佳地,預處理化合物具有500 g/mol或更小,特別是200 g/mol或更小之分子量。較佳地,預處理化合物在80℃下具有至少1毫巴之蒸氣壓。較佳地,將有機粒子與呈氣態之預處理化合物接觸,同時有機粒子保持運動。
較佳地,將有機粒子與預處理化合物接觸1秒至30分鐘,特別是1分鐘至10分鐘。較佳地,將有機粒子與預處理化合物在0℃至150℃,更佳20℃至120℃,特別是25℃至80℃之溫度下接觸。較佳地,將有機粒子與預處理化合物在1毫巴至1巴,更佳2至100毫巴,特別是5至100毫巴之預處理化合物之分壓下接觸。較佳地,將有機粒子與呈氣態之預處理化合物及惰性氣體(例如氮氣或氬氣)之混合物接觸。呈氣態之預處理化合物及惰性氣體之混合物可具有約環境壓力之壓力,諸如0.8至1.2巴。可藉由針對下述含金屬或半金屬之化合物所描述之技術將預處理化合物變成氣態。較佳地,在有機粒子與預處理化合物接觸之後並且在有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸之前,將任何過量之預處理化合物從氣態去除。這種去除可藉由抽空或吹掃(例如用惰性氣體,諸如氮氣或氬氣)來實現。抽空或吹掃可需要10秒至1小時,較佳1至45分鐘,特別是5至30分鐘。
根據本發明,在步驟(b)中,有機粒子在第一溫度下依序地與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸。依序地可意指首先將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸,隨後與分解化合物接觸。因此,進行之順序包含將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸以及將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸。該順序可進行1至500次,較佳2至100次,例如3至20次或10至50次。較佳地,將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸10秒至1小時,較佳1至45分鐘,特別是5至30分鐘。
較佳地,在將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸之前去除呈氣態之殘餘含金屬或半金屬之化合物。較佳地,在將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸之前去除呈氣態之殘餘分解化合物。去除可藉由抽空或藉由用惰性氣體(例如氮氣或氬氣)吹掃來實現。因此,該順序可包含將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸,從氣相中去除殘餘含金屬或半金屬之化合物,將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸,以及從氣相中去除殘餘分解化合物。抽空或吹掃可需要10秒至1小時,較佳1至45分鐘,特別是5至30分鐘。
較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物能夠與粒子表面上之有機化合物反應,即能夠與粒子形成永久鍵。含金屬或半金屬之化合物含有至少一種金屬或半金屬原子。金屬包括Li、Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Cs、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg、Tl、Bi。半金屬包括B、Si、Ge、As、Sb、Se、Te。較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物含有Ti、Al、Si、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sn、Zr或Hf。可同時或連續使用多於一種之含金屬或半金屬之化合物。若使用多於一種之含金屬或半金屬之化合物,則所有含金屬或半金屬之化合物可含有相同的金屬或半金屬或不同的金屬或半金屬,較佳其含有不同的金屬或半金屬。
可變成氣態之各種含金屬或半金屬之化合物為合適的。此等化合物包括金屬或半金屬烷基,諸如二甲基鋅或三甲基鋁;金屬烷氧基化物,諸如四甲氧基矽、四異丙氧基鋯、四異丙氧基鈦或二甲基異丙氧基鋁;金屬或半金屬環戊二烯基錯合物,如五甲基環戊二烯基三甲氧基鈦或二(乙基環戊二烯基)錳;金屬或半金屬碳烯,諸如參(新戊基)新亞戊基鉭或雙咪唑烷亞基氯化釕(bisimidazolidinyliden ruthenium chloride);金屬或半金屬鹵化物,諸如三氯化鋁、四氯化矽、五氯化鉭、四氯化鈦、五氯化鉬、四氯化鍺、三氯化鎵、三氯化砷或六氯化鎢;一氧化碳錯合物,如六羰基鉻或四羰基鎳;胺錯合物,諸如雙(三級丁基亞胺基)-雙(二甲基胺基)鉬、雙(三級丁基亞胺基)雙(二甲基胺基)鎢或肆(二甲基胺基)鈦、二(異丙基胺基)矽烷;二酮酸鹽(diketonate)錯合物,諸如參(乙醯丙酮)鋁或雙(2,2,6,6-四甲基-3,5-庚二酮酸)錳(bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionato) manganese)。金屬或半金屬烷基為較佳的,特別是三甲基鋁。較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物之分子量為至多1000 g/mol,更佳至多800 g/mol,特別是至多600 g/mol,諸如至多500 g/mol。較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物在80℃下具有至少1毫巴之蒸氣壓。
較佳地,分解化合物能夠與含金屬或半金屬之化合物反應,從而形成可與其他含金屬或半金屬之化合物反應之官能基。各種分解化合物為合適的,包括電漿,如氧電漿、氫電漿、氨電漿、一氧化二氮或氮電漿;氧化劑,如氧、氧自由基、臭氧、一氧化二氮(N
2O)、一氧化氮(NO)、二氧化氮(NO
2)或過氧化氫;氨或氨衍生物,例如三級丁胺、異丙胺、二甲胺、甲乙胺或二乙胺;肼或肼衍生物,如N,N-二甲基肼;溶劑,如水、烷烴或四氯碳;磷(phosphor)化合物,如氯化磷、磷烷、三甲基磷、六甲基磷三醯胺(HMTP)或三甲基膦酸酯;醇,包括一元醇,如異丙醇或正丁醇,以及二醇,如乙二醇、丙二醇、丁-1,4-二醇、己-1,6-二醇;硫醇,特別是進一步含有羥基之硫醇,如4-巰基苯酚(4-mercaptophenol)或4-巰基苯甲醇(4-mercapotbenzylic alcohol);或硼化合物,如硼烷。選擇取決於所欲的無機化合物之化學結構。對於氧化物,較佳使用氧化劑、電漿或水,特別是氧氣、水、氧電漿或臭氧。對於氮化物,較佳使用氨、肼、肼衍生物、氮電漿或氨電漿。對於硼化物,較佳使用硼化合物。對於碳化物,較佳使用烷烴或四氯碳。對於碳氮化物(carbide nitride),較佳使用包括烷烴、四氯碳、氨及/或肼之混合物。較佳地,分解化合物在80℃下具有至少1毫巴之蒸氣壓。
當與有機粒子接觸時,含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物呈氣態。例如可藉由將其加熱至高溫來將其變成氣態。在任何情況下,必須選擇低於含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物之分解溫度之溫度。分解溫度為原始含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物開始改變其化學結構及組成時之溫度。較佳地,加熱溫度範圍為0℃至300℃,更佳10℃至200℃,甚至更佳15℃至150℃,特別是20℃至100℃。
將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物變成氣態之另一種方式為直接液體注射(direct liquid injection;DLI),例如US 2009 / 0 226 612 A1中所述。在該方法中,典型地將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物溶解在溶劑中並且在載氣或真空中噴霧。若含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物之蒸氣壓及溫度足夠高並且壓力足夠低,則將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物變成氣態。可使用各種溶劑,條件為含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物在該溶劑中表現出足夠的溶解度,諸如至少1g/l,較佳至少10g/l,更佳至少100g/l。此等溶劑之實例為配位溶劑,諸如四氫呋喃、二烷、二乙氧基乙烷、吡啶,或非配位溶劑,諸如己烷、庚烷、苯、甲苯或二甲苯。溶劑混合物亦為合適的。
或者,可藉由直接液體蒸發(direct liquid evaporation;DLE)將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物變成氣態,如例如J. Yang等人(Journal of Materials Chemistry C, volume 3 (2015), pages 12098-12106)所述。在該方法中,將含金屬或半金屬之化合物與溶劑(例如烴,諸如十四烷)混合,並且將其加熱到低於溶劑之沸點。藉由蒸發溶劑,將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物變成氣態。該方法之優點為不形成粒狀污染物。
較佳地,在減壓下將含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物變成氣態。以此方式,該方法通常可在較低的加熱溫度下進行,致使含金屬或半金屬之化合物之分解減少。亦可使用增壓將呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物推向固體基板。較佳地,使用約環境壓力之壓力,諸如0.8至1.2巴。為了此目的,通常使用惰性氣體(諸如氮氣或氬氣)作為載氣。較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物或分解化合物之分壓為100至10
-3毫巴,更佳10毫巴至0.01毫巴,特別是5至0.05毫巴,諸如1至0.1毫巴。
在根據本發明之方法中所用之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物以高純度使用以獲得最佳結果。高純度意指所用之物質含有至少90重量%之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物,較佳至少95重量%,更佳至少98重量%,特別是至少99重量%。純度可根據DIN 51721(Prüfung fester Brennstoffe - Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Kohlenstoff und Wasserstoff - Verfahren nach Radmacher-Hoverath, August 2001)藉由元素分析所測定。
步驟(b)中將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸是在第一溫度下進行。第一溫度是指當將有機粒子在步驟(b)中與含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸時有機粒子之溫度。有機粒子之溫度典型地藉由調節氣體及有機粒子周圍之設備之溫度來控制。第一溫度可為20℃至100℃,較佳40℃至90℃,特別是50℃至80℃。
根據本發明之方法進一步包含(c)依序地將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸。至於步驟(b),可進行包含將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸以及將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸之順序。該順序可進行1至500次,較佳2至100次,例如3至20次或10至50次。步驟(c)之順序可比步驟(b)之順序進行更少次數或相等次數或更多次數。較佳地,步驟(c)之順序比步驟(b)之順序進行更多次數,例如步驟(c)之順序進行步驟(b)之順序至少1.5倍,或步驟(c)之順序進行步驟(b)之順序至少2倍。
較佳地,在將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸之前去除呈氣態之殘餘含金屬或半金屬化合物。較佳地,在將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸之前去除呈氣態之殘餘分解化合物。去除可藉由抽空或藉由用惰性氣體(例如氮氣或氬氣)吹掃來實現。因此,該順序可包含將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸,從氣相中去除殘餘含金屬或半金屬之化合物,將有機粒子與分解化合物接觸以及從氣相中去除殘餘分解化合物。抽空或吹掃可需要10秒至1小時,較佳1至45分鐘,特別是5至30分鐘。
步驟(c)中將有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸是在第二溫度下進行。第二溫度是指當將有機粒子在步驟(c)中與含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸時有機粒子之溫度。有機粒子之溫度典型地藉由調節氣體及有機粒子周圍之設備之溫度來控制。第二溫度可為40℃至200℃,較佳60℃至150℃,特別是80℃至120℃。
根據本發明,第二溫度比第一溫度高至少20℃,較佳至少25℃,特別是至少30℃,例如至少35℃或至少40℃。令人驚訝地發現,該溫度差使得該方法甚至適用於含有敏感化合物之有機粒子並且致使非常低的團聚程度。
在步驟(c)中可使用與步驟(b)中相同的含金屬或半金屬之化合物或不同的含金屬或半金屬之化合物,較佳不同的含金屬或半金屬之化合物。上述含金屬或半金屬之化合物及較佳具體實例之描述亦適用於步驟(c)。在步驟(c)中可使用與步驟(b)中相同的分解化合物或不同的分解化合物,較佳不同的分解化合物。上述分解化合物及較佳具體實例之描述亦適用於步驟(c)。另外,上述將含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物變成氣態之方法適用於步驟(c)。
本發明之方法可包含以下順序之步驟:
(a) 使含有有機化合物之粒子彼此運動,
(b) 在第一溫度下依序地將有機粒子與呈氣態之第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物及第一分解化合物接觸,並且
(c) 在第二溫度下依序地將經流體化之有機粒子與呈氣態之第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物及第二分解化合物接觸,
其中第二溫度比第一溫度高至少20℃。
較佳地,第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第一分解化合物之反應之反應焓低於第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第二分解化合物之反應之反應焓,較佳地,第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第一分解化合物之反應之反應焓比第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第二分解化合物之反應之反應焓低20%,特別是第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第一分解化合物之反應之反應焓比第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第二分解化合物之反應之反應焓低30%。第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第一分解化合物在25℃下之反應之反應焓可小於800 kJ/mol,特別是小於600 kJ/mol。第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物與第二分解化合物在25℃下之反應之反應焓可大於800 kJ/mol,特別是大於1000 kJ/mol。
反應焓可藉由計算試劑之標準形成焓與含金屬或半金屬之化合物與分解化合物之間之反應產物之間之差來獲得。標準形成焓可在各種數據庫中找到,例如NIST Chemistry WebBook(https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry)或Detherm database(https://i-systems.dechema.de/detherm/mixture.php)。
當第一分解化合物及第二分解化合物相同時,第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性可低於第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性。例如,第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物可為二乙基鋅、四氯化矽、肆(二甲基胺基)鈦(IV)或四氯化鈦中之一者。第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物可為三甲基鋁或二甲基異丙氧基鋁中之一者。
當第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物及第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物相同時,第一分解化合物與第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性可小於第二分解化合物與第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性。例如,第一分解化合物可為異丙醇,並且第二分解化合物可為水。
當第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物及第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物彼此不同,並且第一分解化合物與第二分解化合物不同時,第一分解化合物與第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性可小於第二分解化合物與第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物之反應性。例如,第一含金屬或半金屬之化合物可為二乙基鋅,第一分解化合物可為水,第二含金屬或半金屬之化合物可為三甲基鋁,並且第二分解化合物可為臭氧。
本發明亦涉及可藉由根據本發明之方法獲得之有機粒子。除非下文明確相反地說明,否則與包括較佳具體實例之方法有關之任何描述均適用於有機粒子。有機粒子含有核及圍繞核之殼。
核含有如上所述用於該方法之有機化合物。較佳地,核具有0.5至1000 μm,更佳1至200 μm,甚至更佳2至100 μm,特別是3至50 μm,例如5至20 μm之重量平均平均粒度。平均粒度較佳藉由光散射所測量。
殼含有內部部分及外部部分,其中內部部分及外部部分含有金屬或半金屬。金屬包括Li、Be、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Sc、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ga、Rb、Sr、Y、Zr、Nb、Mo、Tc、Ru、Rh、Pd、Ag、Cd、In、Sn、Cs、Ba、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Pm、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Hf、Ta、W、Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Hg、Tl、Bi。半金屬包括B、Si、Ge、As、Sb、Se、Te。較佳地,含金屬或半金屬之化合物含有Ti、Al、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sn、Zr或Hf。殼可含有無機化合物,例如金屬或半金屬之金屬或半金屬氧化物、氮化物、硼化物、碳化物或碳氮化物。無機化合物可含有一種金屬或半金屬或多於一種金屬或半金屬。較佳地,殼含有至少90重量%之無機化合物,甚至更佳至少95重量%,特別是至少98重量%。
殼之內部部分具有比殼之外部部分更低之折射率。不希望受任何理論之束縛,據信製造殼之內部部分之較低溫度致使了較低的折射率,這可能是由於不完全的化學轉化以及因此較低的結晶度及較多的晶體缺陷。M. D. Groner等人之Chemistry of Materials, volume 16 (2004), pages 639-645已證明折射率對膜沉積溫度之依賴性。折射率可藉由相位差成像來測量,例如藉由Zernike相位差顯微鏡法、微分干涉相位差顯微鏡法(differential interference contrast microscopy;DIC)或干涉法。較佳地,殼之內部部分之折射率比殼之外部部分之折射率高0.05,特別是殼之內部部分之折射率比殼之外部部分之折射率高0.1。
殼之內部部分可具有比殼之外部部分更低之密度。較佳地,殼之內部部分之密度比繁殖材料(諸如種子(例如GF))之外部部分之密度低2%。該等及其他組成物類型定義於「Catalogue of pesticide formulation types and international coding system」, Technical Monograph No. 2, 6
thEd. May 2008, CropLife International。
組成物是以已知方式所製備,諸如由Mollet及Grubemann,Formulation technology, Wiley VCH, Weinheim, 2001;或Knowles,New developments in crop protection product formulation, Agrow Reports DS243, T&F Informa, London, 2005所描述。
較佳地,該組成物含有一或多種選自以下之助劑:溶劑、液體載體、固體載體或填料、表面活性劑、分散劑、乳化劑、潤濕劑、佐劑、助溶劑、滲透促進劑、保護膠體、黏著劑、增稠劑、保濕劑、驅除劑、引誘劑、激食物質、增容劑、殺菌劑、防凍劑、消泡劑、著色劑、增黏劑及黏合劑。
合適的溶劑及液體載體為水及有機溶劑,諸如中沸點至高沸點之礦物油餾分,例如煤油、柴油;植物或動物來源之油;脂族、環狀及芳族烴,例如甲苯、石蠟、四氫萘、烷基化萘;醇,例如乙醇、丙醇、丁醇、苯甲醇、環己醇;乙二醇;DMSO;酮,例如環己酮;酯,例如乳酸酯、碳酸酯、脂肪酸酯,γ-丁內酯;脂肪酸;膦酸酯;胺;醯胺,例如N-甲基吡咯啶酮、脂肪酸二甲基醯胺;及其混合物。
合適的固體載體或填料為礦土,例如矽酸鹽、矽膠、滑石、高嶺土、石灰石、石灰、白堊、黏土、白雲石、矽藻土、膨潤土、硫酸鈣、硫酸鎂、氧化鎂;多醣粉末,例如纖維素、澱粉;肥料,例如硫酸銨、磷酸銨、硝酸銨、脲;植物來源之產物,例如穀物粉、樹皮粉、木粉、堅果殼粉及其混合物。
合適的表面活性劑為表面活性化合物,諸如陰離子、陽離子、非離子及兩性表面活性劑、嵌段聚合物、聚電解質及其混合物。此類表面活性劑可用作乳化劑、分散劑、助溶劑、潤濕劑、滲透促進劑、保護膠體或佐劑。表面活性劑之實例列於McCutcheon’s, Vol.1: Emulsifiers & Detergents, McCutcheon’s Directories, Glen Rock, USA, 2008(International Ed. or North American Ed.)。
合適的陰離子表面活性劑為磺酸鹽、硫酸鹽、磷酸鹽、羧酸鹽之鹼金屬鹽、鹼土金屬鹽或銨鹽,及其混合物。磺酸鹽之實例為烷基芳基磺酸鹽、二苯基磺酸鹽、α-烯烴磺酸鹽、木質素磺酸鹽、脂肪酸及油之磺酸鹽、乙氧基化烷基酚之磺酸鹽、烷氧基化芳基酚之磺酸鹽、縮合萘之磺酸鹽、十二烷基苯及十三烷基苯之磺酸鹽、萘及烷基萘之磺酸鹽、磺基琥珀酸鹽或磺基琥珀醯胺酸鹽。硫酸鹽之實例為脂肪酸及油之硫酸鹽、乙氧基化烷基酚之硫酸鹽、醇之硫酸鹽、乙氧基化醇之硫酸鹽或脂肪酸酯之硫酸鹽。磷酸鹽之實例為磷酸酯。羧酸鹽之實例為烷基羧酸鹽及羧化醇或烷基酚乙氧基化物。
合適的非離子表面活性劑為烷氧基化物、N-取代之脂肪酸醯胺、氧化胺、酯、糖基表面活性劑、聚合表面活性劑及其混合物。烷氧基化物之實例為已被1至50當量烷氧基化之化合物,諸如醇、烷基酚、胺、醯胺、芳基酚、脂肪酸或脂肪酸酯。環氧乙烷及/或環氧丙烷可用於烷氧基化,較佳環氧乙烷。N-取代之脂肪酸醯胺之實例為脂肪酸葡萄糖胺(fatty acid glucamide)或脂肪酸烷醇醯胺。酯之實例為脂肪酸酯、甘油酯或單酸甘油酯。糖基表面活性劑之實例為山梨糖醇酐、乙氧基化山梨糖醇酐、蔗糖及葡萄糖酯或烷基聚葡糖苷。聚合表面活性劑之實例為乙烯基吡咯啶酮、乙烯醇或乙酸乙烯酯之均聚物或共聚物。
合適的陽離子表面活性劑為四級表面活性劑,例如具有一或二個疏水基團之四級銨化合物,或長鏈一級胺之鹽。合適的兩性表面活性劑為烷基甜菜鹼及咪唑啉。合適的嵌段聚合物為包含聚環氧乙烷及聚環氧丙烷嵌段之A-B或A-B-A型嵌段聚合物,或包含烷醇、聚環氧乙烷及聚環氧丙烷之A-B-C型嵌段聚合物。合適的聚電解質為多元酸或多元鹼。多元酸之實例為聚丙烯酸之鹼金屬鹽或多元酸梳形聚合物。多元鹼之實例為聚乙烯胺(polyvinylamine)或聚乙烯胺(polyethyleneamine)。
合適的佐劑為其本身具有可忽略之殺蟲活性或甚至沒有殺蟲活性並且改善化合物I對靶標之生物性能之化合物。實例有表面活性劑、礦物油或植物油以及其他助劑。其他實例列於Knowles, Adjuvants and additives, Agrow Reports DS256, T&F Informa UK, 2006, chapter 5。
合適的增稠劑為多醣(例如黃原膠、羧甲基纖維素)、無機黏土(經有機改質或未經改質)、聚羧酸鹽及矽酸鹽。合適的殺菌劑為溴硝丙二醇(bronopol)及異噻唑啉酮(isothiazolinone)衍生物,諸如烷基異噻唑啉酮及苯并異噻唑啉酮。合適的防凍劑為乙二醇、丙二醇、脲及甘油。合適的消泡劑為矽氧烷、長鏈醇及脂肪酸鹽。合適的著色劑(例如紅色、藍色或綠色)為低水溶性顏料及水溶性染料。實例為無機著色劑(例如氧化鐵、氧化鈦、六氰鐵酸鐵)及有機著色劑(例如茜素著色劑、偶氮著色劑及酞菁著色劑)。合適的增黏劑或黏合劑為聚乙烯吡咯啶酮、聚乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇、聚丙烯酸酯、生物蠟或合成蠟以及纖維素醚。
組成物可為用作清潔組成物之組成物(特別是若粒子含有清潔添加劑之情況下)。在這種情況下,較佳地,組成物含有表面活性劑、漂白劑、漂白催化劑、漂白活化劑、腐蝕抑制劑、增滌劑、酶、鋅鹽中之一或多者。
表面活性劑可選自陰離子表面活性劑、兩性表面活性劑或非離子表面活性劑,較佳非離子表面活性劑。陰離子表面活性劑為C
8-C
18烷基硫酸鹽、C
8-C
18脂肪醇聚醚硫酸鹽、乙氧基化C
4-C
12烷基酚(乙氧基化:1至50 mol環氧乙烷/mol)之硫酸半酯、C
12-C
18磺基脂肪酸烷基酯,例如C
12-C
18磺基脂肪酸甲酯,還有C
12-C
18烷基磺酸及C
10-C
18烷基芳基磺酸之鹼金屬鹽及銨鹽、十八酸、油酸、十六酸、醚羧酸鹽及烷基醚磷酸鹽之鈉鹽或鉀鹽。兩性表面活性劑為在使用條件下在同一分子中帶有正電荷及負電荷之表面活性劑。兩性表面活性劑之較佳實例為所謂之甜菜鹼表面活性劑。甜菜鹼表面活性劑之許多實例每分子帶有一個四級銨化氮原子及一個羧酸基團。兩性表面活性劑之特佳實例為椰油醯胺丙基甜菜鹼(月桂醯胺丙基甜菜鹼)。非離子表面活性劑可為烷氧基化醇、環氧乙烷及環氧丙烷之二嵌段及多嵌段共聚物以及山梨糖醇酐與環氧乙烷或環氧丙烷之反應產物、烷基聚醣苷(APG)、羥烷基混合醚及氧化胺。
漂白劑可選自氯漂白劑及過氧化物漂白劑,並且過氧化物漂白劑可選自無機過氧化物漂白劑及有機過氧化物漂白劑。較佳的是無機過氧化物漂白劑,其選自鹼金屬過碳酸鹽、鹼金屬過硼酸鹽及鹼金屬過硫酸鹽。有機漂白劑之實例為過羧酸。組成物可含有3至10重量%之漂白劑。
漂白催化劑可選自促進漂白之過渡金屬鹽或過渡金屬錯合物,諸如例如錳-、鐵-、鈷-、釕-或鉬-柳醛乙二亞胺錯合物或羰基錯合物。具有含氮三腳配位體之錳、鐵、鈷、釕、鉬、鈦、釩及銅錯合物以及鈷-、鐵-、銅-及釕-胺錯合物亦可用作漂白催化劑。
漂白活化劑可選自N-甲基嗎啉鎓-乙腈鹽(N-methylmorpholinium-acetonitrile salts;MMA鹽)、三甲基銨乙腈鹽、N-醯基醯亞胺(N-acylimide),諸如例如N-壬醯基琥珀醯亞胺、1,5-二乙醯基-2,2二氧代六氫-1,3,5-三嗪(1,5-diacetyl-2,2 dioxohexahydro-1,3,5-triazine;DADHT)或腈四級銨鹽(三甲基銨乙腈鹽)、四乙醯乙二胺(tetraacetylethylenediamine;TAED)及四乙醯己二胺。
腐蝕抑制劑典型地為抑制金屬腐蝕之化合物。合適的腐蝕抑制劑之實例為三唑,特別是苯并三唑、雙苯并三唑、胺基三唑、烷基胺基三唑,還有苯酚衍生物,諸如例如氫醌、鄰苯二酚、羥基氫醌、沒食子酸、間苯三酚或鄰苯三酚。較佳地,組成物包含0.1至1.5重量%之腐蝕抑制劑。
增滌劑可選自有機及無機增滌劑。合適的無機增滌劑之實例為硫酸鈉或碳酸鈉或矽酸鹽,特別是二矽酸鈉及偏矽酸鈉、沸石、片狀矽酸鹽,特別是式α-Na
2Si
2O
5、β-Na
2Si
2O
5及δ-Na
2Si
2O
5者,還有脂肪酸磺酸鹽、α-羥基丙酸、鹼金屬丙二酸鹽、脂肪酸磺酸鹽、烷基及烯基二琥珀酸鹽、酒石酸二乙酸酯、酒石酸單乙酸酯、氧化澱粉及聚合物增滌劑,例如聚羧酸鹽及聚天冬胺酸。有機增滌劑之實例尤其為聚合物及共聚物。在本發明之一個具體實例中,有機增滌劑選自聚羧酸鹽,例如(甲基)丙烯酸均聚物或(甲基)丙烯酸共聚物之鹼金屬鹽。較佳地,組成物含有10至70重量%之增滌劑。
酶可選自脂肪酶、水解酶、澱粉酶、蛋白酶、纖維素酶、酯酶、果膠酶、乳糖酶及過氧化酶。較佳地,組成物含有0.1至5重量%之酶。
鋅鹽可選自水溶性及水不溶性鋅鹽。水不溶性是指在25℃下在蒸餾水中溶解度為0.1 g/l或更低之鋅鹽。因此,在水中具有較高溶解度之鋅鹽在本發明之上下文中被稱為水溶性鋅鹽。較佳地,鋅鹽選自苯甲酸鋅、葡萄糖酸鋅、乳酸鋅、甲酸鋅、ZnCl
2、ZnSO
4、乙酸鋅、檸檬酸鋅、Zn(NO
3)
2、Zn(CH
3SO
3)
2及沒食子酸鋅,較佳ZnCl
2、ZnSO
4、乙酸鋅、檸檬酸鋅、Zn(NO
3)
2、Zn(CH
3SO
3)
2及沒食子酸鋅、ZnO、ZnO·aq、Zn(OH)
2及ZnCO
3。
實施例
實施例1(本發明)
將d50為2.4 µm之殺芬草(saflufenacil)粉末在80°C下在真空烘箱中乾燥過夜。將23 g之該經乾燥之殺芬草粉末裝入配備有振動單元之體積為300 ml之流體化床反應器中。在環境壓力下用N
2氣體(純度等級5.0)使粉末流體化,加熱至60℃之溫度並且暴露於三甲基鋁(TMA)蒸氣5分鐘。在該過程期間TMA保持在35°C。所有前驅物流速均為100 sccm。在該時間之後,藉由用氮氣吹掃15分鐘來去除TMA蒸氣。隨後,以與上述相同之方式將水蒸氣與粉末接觸5分鐘。吹掃之後,進行14個由5分鐘TMA暴露及5分鐘水暴露組成之循環。隨後,將粉末分成兩半並且將10 g重新引入至反應器中,將其加熱至100°C。使用與之前相同之劑量時間進行15個循環。獲得自由流動之白色粉末。
實施例2(比較)
重複實施例1,不同之處在於將殺芬草粉末暴露於TMA及水蒸氣之溫度對於所有循環都為100℃。觀察到粉末團聚及變黃。
無
無
Claims (15)
- 一種製備經塗佈之有機粒子之方法,其包含以下順序之步驟: (a) 使含有有機化合物之粒子彼此運動, (b) 在第一溫度下依序地將該有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸,並且 (c) 在第二溫度下依序地將該有機粒子與呈氣態之含金屬或半金屬之化合物及分解化合物接觸, 其中該第二溫度比該第一溫度高至少20℃。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該第一溫度為40℃至90℃。
- 如請求項1或2之方法,其中該第二溫度為60℃至150℃。
- 如請求項1至3中任一項之方法,其中該有機粒子經流體化。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之方法,其中該含金屬或半金屬之化合物含有Ti、Al、Si、Fe、Mg、Zn、Sn、Zr或Hf。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之方法,其中在步驟(b)中進行包含將該有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸,從氣相中去除殘餘含金屬或半金屬之化合物,將該有機粒子與分解化合物接觸,以及從氣相中去除殘餘分解化合物之順序2至100次。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之方法,其中在步驟(c)中進行包含將該有機粒子與含金屬或半金屬之化合物接觸,從氣相中去除殘餘含金屬或半金屬之化合物,將該有機粒子與分解化合物接觸,以及從氣相中去除殘餘分解化合物之順序2至100次。
- 如請求項1至7中任一項之方法,其中在步驟(b)之前將該有機粒子與呈氣態之預處理化合物接觸,其中該預處理化合物為水、醇或羧酸。
- 如請求項1至8中任一項之方法,其中步驟(b)中之該含金屬或半金屬之化合物不同於步驟(c)中之該含金屬或半金屬之化合物,或步驟(b)中之該分解化合物不同於步驟(c)中之該分解化合物。
- 一種含有核及殼之有機粒子,其中 該核含有有機化合物,及 該殼含有內部部分及外部部分,其中該內部部分及該外部部分含有金屬或半金屬,並且其中該內部部分具有比該外部部分更低之折射率。
- 如請求項10之有機粒子,其中該核具有2至100 μm之重量平均平均粒度。
- 如請求項10或11之有機粒子,其中殼具有0.5至100 nm,更佳1至50 nm之厚度。
- 一種含有如請求項10至12中任一項之有機粒子之組成物。
- 如請求項13之組成物,其中該粒子含有殺蟲劑、殺真菌劑或除草劑以及一或多種選自以下之助劑:溶劑、液體載體、固體載體或填料、表面活性劑、分散劑、乳化劑、潤濕劑、佐劑、助溶劑、滲透促進劑、保護膠體、黏著劑、增稠劑、保濕劑、驅除劑、引誘劑、激食物質、增容劑、殺菌劑、防凍劑、消泡劑、著色劑、增黏劑及黏合劑。
- 如請求項13之組成物,其中該粒子含有清潔添加劑以及表面活性劑、漂白劑、漂白催化劑、漂白活化劑、腐蝕抑制劑、增滌劑、酶及鋅鹽中之一或多者。
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