TW202146556A - 纖維素纖維、纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法、以及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法 - Google Patents
纖維素纖維、纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法、以及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本發明係提供一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型,且經改善耐熱性,以及纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法。一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型,咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下。
Description
本發明係關於纖維素纖維、纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法。特別是關於使用了再生纖維素的纖維素纖維。
為了提高塑膠之強度及剛性,摻合了如玻璃纖維的高強度且高彈性纖維而得之纖維複合材料,係使用在汽車零件、運動用品、建材、雜貨等各種領域。
作為輕量高強度材料使用之玻璃纖維強化樹脂材料,使用中可發揮優秀的特性。但是,若使用玻璃纖維作為強化纖維,則存在廢棄時產生殘渣而對環境之負擔大之問題。
此外,為了改善絕緣性、剛性,在印刷電路板中亦使用玻璃纖維作為基材。但是,此處也有若使用玻璃纖維,則存在廢棄時產生殘渣而對環境之負擔大之問題。
因此,有人在研究代替玻璃纖維的強化纖維,特別是使用纖維素纖維作為纖維強化樹脂材料用之強化纖維(專利文獻1、專利文獻2)。
[先前技術文獻]
[專利文獻]
[專利文獻1] 國際公開第2019/066069號
[專利文獻2] 國際公開第2019/066070號
[發明所欲解決之課題]
而,纖維素係豐富地存在於自然中,被使用在各種的領域。此處,有關纖維素,已知天然之纖維素及再生纖維素其結晶結構不相同。更具體來說,天然纖維素係具有纖維素I型之結晶結構,再生的纖維素係具有纖維素II型之結晶結構。並且,本發明者研究之結果,已知纖維素II型所構成的纖維素纖維有耐熱性不良之傾向。
本發明之目的係解決如此課題,目的係提供一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型的纖維素纖維並改善了耐熱性,並且提供使用了上述纖維素纖維的纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法。
[解決課題之手段]
基於上述課題,本發明者進行研究之結果,藉由令纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下,可解決上述課題。具體來說,藉由下述手段可解決上述課題。
<1>一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型,咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下。
<2>如<1>記載之纖維素纖維,上述纖維素纖維係由含有原料纖維素與咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液所形成。
<3>如<1>或<2>記載之纖維素纖維,上述咪唑鹽為1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物,上述烷基之碳數為2以上6以下。
<4>如<1>~<3>中任1項記載之纖維素纖維,上述咪唑鹽之含量為0.01質量%以上。
<5>如<1>~<4>中任1項記載之纖維素纖維,上述纖維素纖維之5%重量減少溫度為280℃以上。
<6>一種纖維強化樹脂組成物,含有樹脂及如<1>~<5>中任1項記載之纖維素纖維。
<7>一種纖維素纖維之製造方法,包含:將含有原料纖維素及咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液浸漬於凝固液並進行紡紗;上述纖維素纖維含有1質量%以下之比例之咪唑鹽。
<8>如<7>記載之製造方法,上述纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之含量為0.01質量%以上。
<9>一種纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法,包含:將如<1>~<5>中任1項記載之纖維素纖維含浸於樹脂、或混練於樹脂。
[發明之效果]
根據本發明,可提供一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型並改善了耐熱性,且可提供使用了上述纖維素纖維的纖維強化樹脂組成物、纖維素纖維之製造方法及纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法。
以下,針對用以實施本發明之形態(以下,簡稱為「本實施形態」)進行詳細地說明。另外,以下之本實施形態係為了說明本發明之例示,本發明並不僅限定於本實施形態。
另外,在本說明書中使用的「~」,係包含記載在其前後的數值作為下限值及上限值之意思。
除非另有說明,在本說明書中各種物性值及特性值係設定於23℃者。
在本說明書中,ppm意為質量ppm。
在本說明書中,Me係表示甲基,Bu係表示丁基。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維之特徵,係含有纖維素II型,咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下。藉由令纖維素纖維為如此構成,可得到耐熱性優秀的纖維素纖維。
同上述,含有纖維素II型的纖維素纖維,有耐熱性不良之傾向。本實施形態中,推測藉由減少咪唑鹽之含量,而成功改善含有纖維素II型的纖維素纖維之耐熱性。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維含有纖維素II型。
本實施形態中使用的纖維素,只要係具有纖維素II型之結晶結構,並不特別限定其種類等。纖維素II型,係含有藉由將纖維素溶解於溶媒並再度固化所形成之結晶結構之纖維素,能夠與天然纖維素具有的結晶結構(纖維素I型)作區別。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維中,纖維素結晶中之纖維素II型相對於纖維素I型及纖維素II型之合計之比例(纖維素II型結晶分率),以占有90質量%以上為佳,以占有95質量%以上為較佳,以占有98質量%以上為更佳,亦可占有99質量%以上。此外,在不超出本實施形態之要旨之範圍內,本實施形態之纖維素纖維亦可含有纖維素II型以外之纖維素結晶。本實施形態之纖維素纖維中之纖維素II型以外之纖維素結晶之比例,例如為10質量%以下,以5質量%以下為佳,以3質量%以下為較佳,以1質量%以下為更佳。
纖維素II型結晶分率可藉由以下的方法測定。
纖維素纖維之結晶結構,係將纖維素纖維經由冷凍粉碎而粉末化後,藉由X射線繞射測定裝置來確認。測定條件,係設定X射線輸出:40kV、15mA,測定範圍:繞射角2θ=5~45°,X射線之掃描速率:10°/min。基於下式,由得到的X射線繞射強度,計算出纖維素II型結晶分率。
纖維素II型結晶分率(質量%)=[2III
/(II
+2III
)]×100
(式中,III
係表示纖維素II型結晶之晶格面(1,-1,0)(繞射角2θ=12.0°)之繞射強度,II
係表示纖維素I型結晶之晶格面(1,-1,0)(繞射角2θ=14.9°)與晶格面(1,1,0)(繞射角2θ=16.6°)之繞射強度之和)
X射線繞射測定裝置,可使用Rigaku公司製、「МiniFlex600」。
本實施形態中的纖維素纖維中,咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下,以0.8質量%以下為佳,以0.7質量%以下為較佳,以0.65質量%以下為更佳,以0.5質量%以下為更佳,以0.4質量%以下為更佳,以0.3質量%以下為更佳。藉由設定含量為上述上限值以下,可改善纖維素纖維之耐熱性。
此外,本實施形態中的纖維素纖維中,咪唑鹽之含量以0.01質量%以上為佳,以0.02質量%以上為較佳,以0.05質量%以上為更佳,以0.08質量%以上為更佳,以0.1質量%以上為更佳。藉由纖維素纖維含有微量之咪唑鹽,因而可有效地保持表面之光滑的狀態,有改善操作性之傾向。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維,咪唑鹽可僅含有1種,亦可含有2種以上。含有2種以上之情況,合計量宜成為上述範圍。
本實施形態中的咪唑鹽,一般為離子液體,宜為由具有咪唑環的陽離子與陰離子形成的鹽。陰離子可舉例為氯化物陰離子、溴化物陰離子、醋酸鹽陰離子、磷酸鹽陰離子、丙酸鹽陰離子、甲酸鹽陰離子,以氯化物陰離子、溴化物陰離子為佳,以氯化物陰離子為較佳。
本實施形態中的咪唑鹽,分子量宜為100~500。
本實施形態中的咪唑鹽之具體例,可舉例為1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸鹽、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑二乙基-磷酸鹽、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸鹽、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑丙酸鹽、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑甲酸鹽、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二甲基磷酸鹽、1,3-二甲基咪唑醋酸鹽、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑丙酸鹽、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑甲酸鹽、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑溴化物、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑二甲基磷酸鹽、1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物等,宜含有1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物。
1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物中的烷基之碳數宜為2以上6以下。1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物具有的烷基,宜為丁基。丁基可為第三丁基、正丁基、第二丁基、異丁基中任一種,宜為正丁基。1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物較宜為1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物。
本實施形態中,得到1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物等咪唑鹽之方法並無特別限定,可利用公知的技術得到。例如,可由1-甲基咪唑與RCl(R為碳數2~6之烷基)之反應生成物得到1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物。
本實施形態中,例如,由含有原料纖維素及咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液形成纖維素纖維,藉此使咪唑鹽進入至纖維素纖維。本實施形態之纖維素纖維之製造方法之細節為下述。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維宜為重量減少溫度高。
具體來說,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之3%重量減少溫度,以268℃以上為佳,以270℃以上為較佳,以273℃以上為更佳,以275℃以上為更佳,以278℃以上為更佳。此外,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之3%重量減少溫度之上限並無特別限定,例如,實際上為380℃以下,更進一步為330℃以下。
此外,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之5%重量減少溫度,以280℃以上為佳,以285℃以上為較佳,以287℃以上為更佳,以290℃以上為更佳,以295℃以上為更佳。此外,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之5%重量減少溫度之上限並無特別限定,例如,實際上為390℃以下,更進一步為340℃以下。
此外,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之10%重量減少溫度,以290℃以上為佳,以292℃以上為較佳,以297℃以上為更佳,以300℃以上為更佳,以305℃以上為更佳,以310℃以上為更佳。此外,本實施形態之纖維素纖維之10%重量減少溫度之上限並無特別限定,例如,實際上為400℃以下,更進一步為350℃以下。
重量減少溫度,係依循記載在下述的實施例之方法測定。
接著,針對本實施形態之纖維素纖維之製造方法進行說明。可藉由公知的方法製造本實施形態之纖維素纖維,宜為藉由將含有原料纖維素及咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液浸漬於凝固液,並進行紡紗來製造。上述纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之含量,係如同在本實施形態之纖維素纖維之態樣之說明中所述。
在本實施形態之纖維素纖維之製造方法中,含有原料纖維素及咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液(以下,單純稱作「纖維素溶液」)中,咪唑鹽之含量以80質量%以上為佳,以83質量%以上為較佳,以86質量%以上為更佳。此外,上述纖維素溶液中的咪唑鹽之含量,以99質量%以下為佳,以97質量%以下為較佳,以95質量%以下為更佳,以93質量%以下為更佳。此外,在上述纖維素溶液中,以咪唑鹽佔有纖維素溶液中含有的溶媒之90質量%以上為佳,以佔有95質量%以上為較佳,以佔有98質量%以上為更佳,以佔有99質量%以上為更佳。咪唑鹽可僅使用1種,亦可使用2種以上。使用2種以上之情況,合計量宜成為上述範圍。
其他咪唑鹽之細節,與上述的本實施形態之纖維素纖維之態樣之說明中所述事項相同。
上述纖維素溶液中,原料纖維素之含量以1質量%以上為佳,以3質量%以上為較佳,以5質量%以上為更佳,以7質量%以上為更佳。此外,上述纖維素溶液中,原料纖維素之含量以20質量%以下為佳,以17質量%以下為較佳,以14質量%以下為更佳。此外,上述纖維素溶液中,原料纖維素可僅使用1種,亦可使用2種以上。使用2種以上之情況,合計量宜成為上述範圍。纖維素溶液中之原料纖維素可為I型纖維素,亦可為II型纖維素。具體來說,可舉例為木漿、綿、木材中之纖維素、嫘縈、銅銨人造絲(cupra)、萊賽爾(Lyocell)等。
除了上述之外,上述纖維素溶液亦可含有非質子性之極性溶媒及/或穩定劑。非質子性溶媒,可舉例為二甲基亞碸、吡啶、N,N-二甲基乙酼胺、N,N-二甲基甲醯胺、N-甲基-2-吡咯烷酮等。穩定劑,可舉例為焦兒茶酸、五倍子酚、沒食子酸、沒食子酸甲酯、沒食子酸乙酯、沒食子酸丙酯、沒食子酸異丙酯、土耳其鞣酸(ellagic acid)、草酸、磷酸、六偏磷酸鈉、單寧、單寧酸等。
在上述纖維素溶液中,原料纖維素及咪唑鹽以合計佔有98質量%以上為佳,以佔有99質量%以上為較佳。
以下,依照圖1說明本實施形態之纖維素纖維之製造方法。不言可喻,本實施形態之製造方法不限於此等。
圖1,係表示製造本實施形態之纖維素纖維之裝置之示意圖之一例,1係表示纖維素溶液,2係表示噴嘴,3係表示纖維素纖維,4係表示凝固液,5係表示卷取機。並且,在上述裝置中,亦可具有用以洗淨纖維素纖維之投入了洗淨液的洗淨浴槽。此外,洗淨浴槽可以係其他的裝置。
本實施形態中,纖維素溶液1係由噴嘴2噴吐。由噴嘴噴吐時,纖維素溶液1有黏度高,流動性不良之傾向。因此,為了提高流動性,宜為加熱噴吐。噴吐時之纖維素溶液之溫度,以70℃以上為佳,以80℃以上為較佳。藉由設定溫度為70℃以上,有更提高纖維素溶液之流動性之傾向。此外,噴吐時之纖維素溶液之溫度之上限,以130℃以下為佳,以120℃以下為較佳。藉由設定溫度為130℃以下,可更有效地抑制纖維素之分解。
此外,噴吐時之噴嘴徑,例如可為0.1~0.5mm。
由噴嘴2噴吐的纖維狀之纖維素溶液,係浸漬於凝固液4。藉由浸漬於凝固液,使纖維狀之纖維素溶液進行紡紗。紡紗為一邊追加凝固液一邊將溶媒之濃度保持在一定量以下的連續式、或是當凝固液中之溶媒之濃度成為一定程度以上則更換凝固液的批次式中之任一種皆可。溶解在上述凝固液中的溶媒,可回收並再利用於纖維素纖維之製造。
由噴嘴2吐出的纖維狀之纖維素進入凝固液4前之氣隙宜為3~30cm。
凝固液,可使用0℃以上100℃以下之範圍之溫度之水,或-40℃以上100℃以下之範圍之溫度之低級醇、極性溶媒、無極性溶媒等。若考慮經濟性及作業環境性,宜為含有水的溶媒。
藉由浸漬於凝固液之期間,或是其之後之洗淨,從紡紗過的纖維素溶液釋出溶媒,而可得到纖維素纖維。洗淨液宜為水。
本實施形態中,浸漬於凝固液的時間及浸漬於洗淨液的時間,雖然亦會取決於此等液體之體積及溫度等之條件,合計為例如,以0.1秒以上為佳,以6秒以上為較佳。藉由令時間為上述下限值以上,可有效地減少得到的纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之量。此外,浸漬於凝固液的時間之上限,以48小時以下為佳,以24小時以下為較佳,並且,可為10小時以下、3小時以下、2小時以下。藉由令時間為上述上限值以下,可在纖維素纖維中殘留微量的咪唑鹽,使纖維表面保持光滑的狀態,有更改善操作性之傾向。
浸漬於凝固液之時間,一般係與浸漬於洗淨液的時間相同,或少於該時間。
此外,浸漬於洗淨液的時間之一例,可舉例設定為30秒~24小時。
由卷取機5捲取浸漬於上述凝固液後的纖維素纖維。藉由調整卷取機之卷取速度,可延伸得到的纖維素纖維,調整纖維素纖維之纖維徑。此外,亦可在卷取機以外設置延伸輥等並延伸。
此外,纖維素纖維之延伸倍率,以1~30倍為佳,以3~20倍為較佳。
相對於由噴嘴噴吐纖維素纖維之速度,調整卷取速度並延伸之情況,其比(卷取速度/吐出速度),以10~100倍為佳,以30~70倍為較佳。
此外,得到的纖維素纖維之數目平均纖維徑,以1~30μm為佳,以3~20μm為較佳。
接著描述關於本實施形態之纖維素纖維之用途。
本實施形態之纖維素纖維可廣泛使用在公知的用途,宜作為樹脂之強化材(纖維強化樹脂材料)使用。即,可舉例為含有樹脂與本實施形態之纖維素纖維的纖維強化樹脂組成物。上述纖維強化樹脂組成物,可舉例為在樹脂中含浸本實施形態之纖維素纖維者(例如,預浸體)、在樹脂中混練本實施形態之纖維素纖維者(例如,樹脂丸粒)。
本實施形態之纖維強化樹脂組成物中,樹脂之比例宜為10~90質量%(以30~90質量%為佳),本實施形態之纖維素纖維之比例宜為90~10質量%(以70~10質量%為佳)。
上述樹脂可舉例為聚醯胺樹脂(尼龍)、聚縮醛樹脂、聚碳酸酯樹脂、聚氯乙烯樹脂、ABS樹脂、聚碸樹脂、聚乙烯樹脂、聚丙烯樹脂、聚苯乙烯樹脂、(甲基)丙烯酸樹脂、氟樹脂;熱硬化性樹脂可舉例為不飽和聚酯樹脂、環氧樹脂、三聚氰胺樹脂、酚醛樹脂。此外,纖維強化樹脂組成物含有熱硬化性樹脂之情況,可因應需要含有低收縮劑、阻燃劑、阻燃助劑、塑化劑、抗氧化劑、紫外線吸收劑、著色劑、顏料、填充劑等之添加劑。
使用了本實施形態之纖維素纖維的纖維強化樹脂組成物之細節,可參照國際公開第2019/066069號、國際公開第2019/066070號之記載,本說明書中係納入此等的內容。
[實施例]
以下,舉實施例更具體地說明本發明。以下之實施例中所示之材料、使用量、比例、處理內容、處理步驟等,只要不超出本發明之要旨,可適當變更。因此,本發明之範圍並不限定於以下所示之具體例。
實施例中使用之測定機器等因為停產等難以取得之情況,可使用其他具有同等之性能的機器測定。
(實施例1)
在1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物(BmimCl、Sigma-Aldrich製、品號:94128(離子液體))中,添加溶解木漿(日本製紙製、品號:NDPT),於100℃攪拌,調製9質量%之濃度之纖維素溶液。
由經上述調製的纖維素溶液,使用如圖1所示的裝置製造纖維素纖維。即,將纖維素溶液1投入注射器,由噴嘴徑為0.27mm的噴嘴2噴吐,以卷取機5卷取經浸漬於水(凝固液4)而凝固的纖維素纖維。之後,將纖維素纖維從卷取機5再次卷出,並於水(洗淨液)中以表1表示的浸漬時間洗淨纖維素纖維。
如下述,針對得到的纖維素纖維,測定纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽量及重量減少溫度。
<咪唑鹽量(BmimCl量)>
所得到的纖維素纖維中含有的咪唑鹽即1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物之量(BmimCl量),係依循以下之方法測定。
裝置係使用日東精工Analytech公司製之微量全氮分析裝置「TN-2100H」。令氬氣流量為300mL/min、氧氣流量為300mL/min。電爐之溫度係令Inlet為800℃、Outlet為900℃。由各試料之全氮量,減去使用於原料的溶解木漿之全氮量,以BmimCl之氮檢測率與分子量175進行修正,藉此計算出BmimCl量。
纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之量之單位,係以質量%表示。
<重量減少溫度>
加熱得到的纖維素纖維時,係依循以下之方法測定減少3%重量之溫度(3%重量減少溫度)、減少5%重量之溫度(5%重量減少溫度)、減少10%重量之溫度(10%重量減少溫度)。
以100℃將樣本乾燥30分鐘後,在鋁製樣本盤中加入樣本10mg。將樣本於氮氣流量200mL/min中,以昇溫速度10℃/min從室溫昇溫至400℃。令在100℃之重量為起點,令重量減少3%、5%、10%之溫度為各重量減少溫度。單位係以℃表示。
裝置係使用日立High-Tech公司製之熱重量示差熱分析裝置「TGDTA7220」。
(實施例2、3、比較例1、2)
除了如同表1所示,變更實施例1中對水(洗淨液)之浸漬時間之外,其他係以相同方式進行。
[表1]
比較例1 | 比較例2 | 實施例1 | 實施例2 | 實施例3 | |
BmimCl(質量%) | 8.08 | 2.70 | 0.61 | 0.27 | 0.23 |
3%重量減少溫度(℃) | 250 | 265 | 280 | 288 | 284 |
5%重量減少溫度(℃) | 258 | 276 | 291 | 300 | 299 |
10%重量減少溫度(℃) | 266 | 287 | 304 | 314 | 315 |
浸漬時間(秒) | 0 | 5 | 60 | 1800 | 7200 |
於實施例1~3得到的纖維素纖維,皆進行了X射線繞射測定之結果,未確認到纖維素I型結晶之峰部,此外,有確認到纖維素II型結晶之峰部。
1:纖維素溶液
2:噴嘴
3:纖維素纖維
4:凝固液
5:卷取機
[圖1]圖1係表示用以製造纖維素纖維之裝置之示意圖之一例。
1:纖維素溶液
2:噴嘴
3:纖維素纖維
4:凝固液
5:卷取機
Claims (9)
- 一種纖維素纖維,含有纖維素II型,咪唑鹽之含量為1質量%以下。
- 如請求項1之纖維素纖維,該纖維素纖維係由含有原料纖維素與咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液所形成。
- 如請求項1或2之纖維素纖維,該咪唑鹽為1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑氯化物,該烷基之碳數為2以上6以下。
- 如請求項1或2之纖維素纖維,該咪唑鹽之含量為0.01質量%以上。
- 如請求項1或2之纖維素纖維,該纖維素纖維之5%重量減少溫度為280℃以上。
- 一種纖維強化樹脂組成物,含有樹脂及如請求項1~5中任1項之纖維素纖維。
- 一種纖維素纖維之製造方法,包含:將含有原料纖維素及咪唑鹽的纖維素溶液浸漬於凝固液並進行紡紗; 該纖維素纖維含有1質量%以下比例之咪唑鹽。
- 如請求項7之纖維素纖維製造方法,該纖維素纖維中之咪唑鹽之含量為0.01質量%以上。
- 一種纖維強化樹脂組成物之製造方法,包含:將如請求項1~5中任1項之纖維素纖維含浸於樹脂、或混練於樹脂。
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