TW202120569A - 二次電池用接著劑 - Google Patents
二次電池用接著劑 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
發明領域
本發明係有關於一種二次電池用接著劑、一種二次電池電極用混合劑、一種二次電池電極,以及一種二次電池。
發明背景
近年伴隨著對於解決環境問題、實現持續性循環型社會之關注提高,以鋰離子二次電池為代表之非水電解液二次電池之研究相當盛行。鋰離子二次電池因具有較高使用電壓與能源密度,常被使用作為筆記型電腦、手機、電動汽車等之電源。該等用途因為需要將鋰離子二次電池反覆地充放電並再利用,因此有電池高壽命化之需求。
鋰離子二次電池之電極通常是如此製造︰在將電池電極用接著劑溶解於溶媒或分散於分散媒而成之溶液或漿料中,混入活性物質(電極活性物質)、導電助劑等而成之電池電極用混合漿料(以下會有僅稱為漿料之情況)塗布於集電體,再將溶媒或分散媒以乾燥等方式除去,使活性物質集電體間及活性物質彼此間相互接著而製造。
例如,正極是由將活性物質(鈷酸鋰(LiCoO2
)等)、接著劑(聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)等)、導電助劑(碳黑等)等分散於分散媒而成之正極混合劑之漿料於鋁箔集電體上塗布.乾燥而獲得。
又,負極是由將活性物質(石墨(graphite)等)、接著劑(羧甲基纖維素(CMC)、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)、PVDF、聚醯亞胺等)、導電助劑(碳黑)等分散於水或有機溶媒中而成之負極混合劑之漿料於銅箔集電體上塗布.乾燥而獲得。
先行技術文獻
專利文獻
[專利文獻1]特開平8-264180號公報
[專利文獻2]特開平4-188559號公報
[專利文獻3]特開平10-284082號公報
[專利文獻4]特開平7-240201號公報
[專利文獻5]特開平10-294112號公報
[專利文獻6]國際公開第2004/049475號公報
[專利文獻7]特開平10-302799號公報
非專利文獻
[非專利文獻1]鋰二次電池,p.132(株式會社Ohmsha,平成20年3月20日發行)
發明概要
發明欲解決之課題
伴隨著鋰離子二次電池之擴大應用,主要是以電池之大容量化作為目的,對於各種石墨利用作為對於電極反應有直接幫助的負極活性物質持續進行研討。特別是關於人造石墨,已知因為原材料、碳化溫度之差異會導致結晶狀態變化,造成作為負極活性物質之能量容量變化,故對於易石墨化碳(軟碳)、難石墨化碳(硬碳)、碳纖維等正進行著各種研討(參照專利文獻1~3)。
又,以鋰離子二次電池之進一步大容量化作為目的,已提出各種化合物作為對於電極反應有直接幫助的電極活性物質,作為負極活性物質,對於與鋰進行合金化之矽(Si)、錫(Sn)、鍺(Ge)或該等之氧化物及合金等正進行研討。該等之負極活性物質材料的理論容量密度比碳材料還大。特別是矽粒子或氧化矽粒子等含矽粒子因為便宜,故被廣泛地研討(參照專利文獻4、5及非專利文獻1)。
然而,矽粒子或氧化矽粒子等含矽粒子作為負極活性物質使用時,充放電時起因於鋰離子之吸收及放出反應造成負極活性物質之體積變化明顯較大,已知容易造成負極混合劑從負極集電體剝離,負極活性物質容易脫離。
以往使用作為接著劑之聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)因為接著力與柔軟性低而需大量使用,而且只溶解於有機溶劑,因此有能降低環境負荷之接著劑的需求(參照專利文獻6及7)。
作為不減低接著力而能預期有降低環境負荷效果之水系接著劑,考慮使用橡膠質聚合物之苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)。然而若使用有如使用了含矽粒子之負極活性物質般膨脹收縮明顯的活性物質時,接著力仍是課題所在。
在如此狀況下,本發明是以提供一種具有優異接著力之二次電池用接著劑為主要目的。又,本發明亦以提供一種使用了該二次電池用接著劑之二次電池電極用混合劑、二次電池用電極、及二次電池為目的。
用以解決課題之手段
本發明者等為解決前述課題而進行深入研討。結果發現,含高分子化合物之二次電池用接著劑當中,作為高分子化合物,包含有下述式(1)、下述式(2)及下述式(3)所示之重複單元,且將構成高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,藉由將下述式(3)所示含有內酯構造之重複單元之合計比率設為特定比率,能發揮出優異接著力。本發明即是依據該等見解並進行深入研討而完成。
亦即,本發明提供一種具備有下述構成之發明。
項1.一種二次電池用接著劑,是包含有高分子化合物之二次電池用接著劑,其中︰
前述高分子化合物包含有下述式(1)、下述式(2)及下述式(3)所示之重複單元;
將構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,下述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2mol%以上20mol%以下。
[化2]
[式(1)中,R1
是氫原子或甲基,M是氫原子或鹼金屬原子;式(3)中,R2
是氫原子或甲基。]
項2.如項1之二次電池用接著劑,其中將構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2mol%以上15mol%以下。
項3.如項1或2之二次電池用接著劑,其中將構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(1)所示之重複單元之合計比率為5mol%以上50mol%以下。
項4.一種二次電池電極用混合劑,包含有如項1至3中任一項之二次電池用接著劑,以及活性物質。
項5.如項4之二次電池電極用混合劑,其中前述活性物質包含有碳材料。
項6.如項4或5之二次電池電極用混合劑,其中前述活性物質包含有矽及矽氧化物中至少一者。
項7.一種二次電池用電極,包含有如項4至6中任一項之二次電池電極用混合劑。
項8.一種二次電池,包含有如項7之二次電池用電極。
項9.一種鋰離子二次電池,包含有如項7之二次電池用電極。
發明效果
依據本發明,能提供一種接著力優異之二次電池用接著劑。又,本發明亦以提供一種使用了該二次電池用接著劑之二次電池電極用混合劑、二次電池用電極,以及二次電池(鋰離子二次電池等)為目的。
用以實施發明之形態
本發明之二次電池用接著劑為包含有高分子化合物之二次電池用接著劑,其特徵在於高分子化合物包含有下述式(1)、下述式(2)及下述式(3)所示之重複單元,且當構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,下述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2mol%以上20mol%以下。本發明之二次電池用接著劑(以下有時會稱作「接著劑」)因為具備有如此特徵,能發揮優異接著性。以下將針對本發明之二次電池用接著劑,以及使用其之二次電池電極用混合劑、二次電池用電極,以及二次電池(鋰離子二次電池等)進行詳述。
此外,在本說明書中,所謂「包含有」包含了「本質上由其所構成」與「由其所構成」(The term “comprising” includes “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of”.)。又,在本說明書中,所謂「(甲基)丙烯酸」是指「丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸」,而「(甲基)丙烯酸酯」是指「丙烯酸酯或甲基丙烯酸酯」。
又,本說明書中以「~」連接的數值是指包含「~」前後的數值作為下限值及上限值之數值範圍。若分別記載有複數個下限值與複數個上限值之情況,可選擇任意下限值與上限值並以「~」相連接。
1.二次電池用接著劑
本發明之二次電池用接著劑為包含有高分子化合物之二次電池用接著劑。高分子化合物包含有前述式(1)、前述式(2)及前述式(3)所示之重複單元。此外,當構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2~20mol%。
前述式(1)所示之重複單元為丙烯酸系重複單元。
前述式(1)中,R1
是氫原子或甲基,在高分子化合物中僅需要含有R1
是氫原子之重複單元,以及R1
是甲基之重複單元當中的至少一者即可。亦即,包含於高分子化合物之前述式(1)的重複單元可以僅是前述式(1)中R1
是氫原子之重複單元,也可以僅是前述式(1)中R1
是甲基之重複單元,
亦可包含有該等兩者。
又,前述式(1)中,M是氫原子或鹼金屬原子,在高分子化合物中僅需要含有M是氫原子之重複單元,以及M是鹼金屬原子之重複單元當中的至少一者即可。亦即,包含於高分子化合物之前述式(1)的重複單元可以僅是前述式(1)中M是氫原子之重複單元,也可以僅是前述式(1)中M是鹼金屬原子之重複單元,亦可包含有該等兩者。作為鹼金屬原子,可舉出Li、Na、K等為較佳。若M是鹼金屬原子之情況,作為高分子化合物之前述式(1)之M,可以僅含有1種鹼金屬離子,也可以包含有複數種類的鹼金屬原子。
高分子化合物當中,關於前述式(1)所示之重複單元的合計比率,以使前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率成為2~20mol%為限,則無特別限制。從使本發明之二次電池用接著劑的接著力進一步提升之觀點來看,構成高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(1)所示之重複單元的合計比率的較佳下限為5mol%,更佳之下限為10mol%;較佳上限為95mol%,更佳之上限為80mol%,上限更以50mol%為佳;較佳之範圍是5~95mol%、5~80mol%、5~50mol%、10~95mol%、10~80mol%、10~50mol%。
前述式(2) 所示之重複單元為乙烯醇重複單元。
高分子化合物當中,關於前述式(2)所示之重複單元的合計比率,以使前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率成為2~20mol%為限,則無特別限制。從使本發明之二次電池用接著劑的接著力進一步提升之觀點來看,構成高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(2)所示之重複單元的合計比率的較佳下限為5mol%,更佳之下限為20mol%,下限更以50mol%為佳;較佳上限為95mol%,更佳之上限為90mol%;較佳之範圍是5~95mol%、5~90mol%、20~95mol%、20~90mol%、50~95mol%、50~90mol%。
前述式(3)所示之重複單元是含有內酯構造之重複單元。
前述式(3)中,R2
是氫原子或甲基,在高分子化合物中僅需要含有R2
是氫原子之重複單元,以及R2
是甲基之重複單元當中的至少一者即可。亦即,包含於高分子化合物之前述式(3)的重複單元可以僅是前述式(3)中R2
是氫原子之重複單元,也可以僅是前述式(3)中R2
是甲基之重複單元,亦可包含有該等兩者。
高分子化合物當中,關於前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率,在構成高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,為2~20mol%。前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率之下限只要是2mol%以上即可,較佳為3mol%以上,更佳為4mol%以上;上限則是只要在20mol%以下即可,較佳為15mol%以下,更佳為10mol%以下,特別是以8mol%以下為佳。
高分子化合物當中,前述式(1)、前述式(2)及前述式(3)所示之重複單元的排列可以是無規的,也可以是嵌段的,從進一步提高接著力之觀點來看,是以無規為佳。
在構成高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,高分子化合物當中,前述式(1)所示之重複單元的合計比率、前述式(2)所示之重複單元的合計比率,以及前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率總和之比率,從較好地提高接著力的觀點來看,較佳為80mol%以上,更佳為90mol%以上,更以95mol%以上為佳,特別是以95mol%以上為佳,亦可為100mol%(亦即,構成高分子化合物之重複單元只有前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示之重複單元)。
作為構成高分子化合物之重複單元,亦可包含有相異於前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示重複單元之其他重複單元。作為此種其他重複單元,只要是能與形成前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示重複單元之單體進行共聚合之單體所形成之重複單元即可。作為此種能進行共聚合之單體,可舉出具有乙烯性不飽和鍵結之單體。作為前述具有乙烯性不飽和鍵結之單體,具體來說可舉出丙烯酸酯、醋酸乙烯酯、苯乙烯、氯乙烯、乙烯、丁二烯、丙烯醯胺、乙烯磺酸、順丁烯二酸等。
高分子化合物之數量平均分子量並無特別限制,例如10,000~8,000,000左右,較佳為30,000~1,000,000左右。高分子化合物之數量平均分子量是以GPC(凝膠滲透層析儀)並以標準聚乙二醇/環氧乙烷作為基準而算出之值。
關於包含有前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示重複單元之高分子化合物之製造方法,並無特別限制,可使用周知之共聚物的製造方法進行製造。作為周知之共聚物的製造方法,可舉出WO2017/168947記載之乙烯醇與乙烯性不飽和羧酸鹼金屬中和物的共聚物之製造方法,在製造出該共聚物後,促進前述式(1)所示重複單元與前述式(2)所示重複單元彼此鄰接之位置的閉環反應,使其形成內酯構造,並以使前述式(3)所示之重複單元的合計比率成為2~20mol%範圍之方式進行調整。又,包含有前述式(1)、(2)所示重複單元之高分子化合物,亦可舉出把會形成個別重複單元之單體在酸性條件下加熱並使該等共聚合之方法。此外,作為在高分子化合物中形成前述式(3)所示之重複單元的內酯構造之方法,可舉出調整共聚物之乾燥溫度及乾燥時間之方法、或將共聚物置於相對高酸性環境之方法等。
本發明之接著劑當中,前述高分子化合物之比率,是以能發揮優異接著力為限,較佳為80質量%以上,更佳為90質量%以上,又更以95質量%以上為佳,亦可為100質量%(亦即,本發明之接著劑僅由前述高分子化合物構成)。
本發明之接著劑亦可包含有與前述高分子化合物相異之其他接著劑材料。作為其他接著劑材料,可舉出可溶解或可分散於水中之水系接著劑。作為其他接著劑材料之具體例,可舉出羧甲基纖維素(CMC)、丙烯酸樹脂、聚丙烯酸鈉、海藻酸鈉、聚醯亞胺(PI)、聚醯胺、聚醯胺醯亞胺、聚丙烯酸、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)、苯乙烯-乙烯-丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)、聚乙烯醇(PVA)、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)等。包含於本發明之接著劑的其他接著劑材料可為1種類,亦可為2種類以上。本發明之接著劑若含有其他接著劑材料時,其含量相對於前述高分子化合物100質量份,可在0~100質量份範圍內適當地調整。
本發明之接著劑適合使用作為二次電池之接著劑(電極用或分隔件用),特別是適合使用作為二次電池電極用混合劑所含之接著劑。此外,二次電池電極適合使用在正極及負極之任一者。
2.二次電池電極用混合劑
本發明之二次電池電極用混合劑(以下,有時會寫作「電極用混合劑」),特徵在於包含有前述本發明之二次電池用接著劑、及活性物質。如同前述,本發明之接著劑因為接著力優異,適合與活性物質一起使用於二次電池電極用混合劑。
本發明之電極用混合劑當中,本發明之接著劑的含有率是以0.5~40質量%為佳,較佳為1~25質量%、更佳為1.5~10質量%。因為本發明之接著劑的含有率在0.5質量%以上,能抑制因接著力不足造成的循環壽命特性惡化、及漿料黏性不足造成的凝集。另一方面,因為將該含有率設為40質量%以下,在電池充放電時會有獲得高容量之傾向。
本發明之電極用混合劑使用本發明之接著劑,且能利用周知之方法進行製造。例如,可將活性物質、本發明之接著劑、水、及因應需要添加之導電助劑、分散助劑等進行混合,形成糊狀的漿料,藉此進行製造。添加水的時機並無特別限定,可以將本發明之接著劑預先溶解於水中,再與活性物質等混合形成漿料,也可以將活性物質、本發明之接著劑、及因應需要添加之導電助劑、分散助劑等在固體狀態下混合後,再加水形成糊狀漿料。
本發明之電極用混合劑當中,水的比率相對於電極用混合劑之固體成份100質量份,是以40~2000質量份為佳,較佳為50~1000質量份。因為水的比率在上述範圍內,本發明之電極用混合劑(漿料)之操作性有進一步提升之傾向。
[活性物質]
活性物質是指電極活性物質,可舉出負極活性物質與正極活性物質。活性物質若是負極活性物質,可含有例如碳材料,或者可含有例如矽及矽氧化物中至少一者。負極活性物質及正極活性物質之具體的材料例示如下。
(負極活性物質)
作為負極活性物質並無特別限制,可使用在本技術領域當中所使用的負極活性物質,例如可使用結晶質碳或非晶碳等碳材料。作為結晶質碳之例,可舉出如無定形、板狀、鱗片狀(flake)、球狀或纖維狀之天然石墨或人造石墨等石墨。作為非晶碳之例,可舉出軟碳(易石墨化性碳)或硬碳(難石墨化性碳)、介相瀝青碳化物、經過燒結之焦炭等。又,作為負極活性物質,可使用如矽(Si)、錫(Sn)、Ti(鈦)等能大量吸收放出鋰離子的材料。只要屬於如此之材料,即便是單一物質、合金、化合物、固溶體及包含有含矽材料、含錫材料、含鈦材料之複合活性物質當中任一者,都能夠發揮本發明之效果。作為含矽材料,可使用Si、SiOx(0.05<x<1.95)、或者該等當中任一者之Si的一部分被選自於由B、Mg、Ni、Ti、Mo、Co、Ca、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn、Nb、Ta、V、W、Zn、C、N、Sn所構成之群中至少1個以上的元素取代而成之合金或化合物、或是固溶體等。該等可以是矽或矽氧化物。作為含錫材料,可使用Ni2
Sn4
、Mg2
Sn、SnOx(0<x<2)、SnO2
、SnSiO3
、LiSnO等。作為含鈦材料,可使用Li2
TiO3
、Li4
Ti5
O12
等的鈦酸鋰、鈦-鈮複合化合物等。該等材料可單獨使用一種,亦可將兩種以上組合使用。該等之中,是以矽單獨使用或氧化矽等矽或矽氧化物為佳。
作為負極活性物質,是以將矽或矽氧化物作為第1負極活性物質、並將碳材料作為第2負極活性物質,將混合第1與第2負極活性物質而獲得之複合體作為負極活性物質使用為佳。此時,第1及第2負極活性物質之混合比率以質量比計,是以5/95~95/5為佳。作為碳材料,只要是一般使用在非水電解質二次電池之碳材料皆可使用,其代表例為結晶質碳、非晶碳,亦可將該等一起使用。作為結晶質碳之例,可舉出如無定形、板狀、鱗片狀、球狀或纖維狀之天然石墨或人造石墨等石墨。作為非晶碳之例,可舉出軟碳或硬碳、介相瀝青碳化物、經過燒結之焦炭等。
關於負極活性物質之製造方法,並無特別限制。在製造混合有第1負極活性物質與第2負極活性物質之活性物質複合體時,只要是能將兩者均勻地分散之方法即無特別限定。作為負極活性物質之製造方法,可舉例如將第1負極活性物質與第2負極活性物質用球磨機混合之方法。此外,可舉例如使第1負極活性物質之粒子表面負載有第2負極活性物質前驅物,並將其藉由加熱處理法進行碳化之方法。作為第2負極活性物質前驅物,只要是能藉由加熱處理法成為碳材料之碳前驅物即可,可舉例如葡萄糖、檸檬酸、瀝青、焦油、接著劑材料(例如聚偏二氟乙烯、羧甲基纖維素、丙烯酸樹脂、聚丙烯酸鈉、海藻酸鈉、聚醯亞胺、聚四氟乙烯、聚醯胺、聚醯胺醯亞胺、聚丙烯酸、苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠、聚乙烯醇、乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物等)等。
所謂加熱處理法,是在非氧化性氣體環境(還原氣體環境、惰性氣體環境、減壓氣體環境等不易被氧化之氣體環境)下,於600~4000℃下實施加熱處理以使碳前驅物碳化,獲得導電性之方法。
(正極活性物質)
作為正極活性物質並無特別限制,可使用在本技術領域當中所使用的正極活性物質,正極活性物質亦可為含鋰之複合氧化物。含鋰之複合氧化物可舉例如LiMnO2
、LiFeO2
、LiCoO2
、LiMn2
O4
、Li2
FeSiO4
、LiNi1/3
Co1/3
Mn1/3
O2
、LiNi0.5
Co0.2
Mn0.3
O2
、LiNi0.6
Co0.2
Mn0.2
O2
、LiNi0.8
Co0.1
Mn0.1
O2
、LiNix
Coy
Mz
O2
(然而,0.01<x<1、0≦y≦1、0≦z≦1、x+y+z=1,且M為選自於由Mn、V、Mg、Mo、Nb、Fe、Cu及Al所構成之群中至少1種的元素。)、LiFePO4
等。
[導電助劑]
作為導電助劑並無特別限制,可使用在本技術領域當中所使用的導電助劑。作為導電助劑,只要是具有導電性之物則無特別限定,以碳粉末為佳。作為碳粉末,可舉出通常使用之物,例如乙炔黑(AB)、科琴黑(Ketjenblack,KB)、石墨、碳纖維、碳管、石墨烯、非晶碳、硬碳、軟碳、玻璃石墨、奈米碳纖維、奈米碳管等碳材料。該等可單獨使用一種,亦可將兩種以上併用。
導電助劑之比率並無特別限定,例如,在活性物質、接著劑、及導電助劑之合計質量100質量%當中,是以0.1~30質量%為佳,較佳為0.5~10質量%,更佳為2~5質量%。導電助劑之比率若小於0.1質量%,會有電極之導電性無法充分提升之虞。導電助劑之比率若超過30質量%,活性物質之比率會相對地減少而使電池充放電時難以獲得高容量,且碳會撥水因而難以均勻分散而導致活性物質凝集,加上其相比於活性物質較小因而表面積較大造成使用的接著劑量增加等事項,所以不適合。
[分散助劑]
本發明之電極用混合劑還可包含有分散助劑。作為分散助劑並無特別限制,是以包含有選自於由羥基、胺基及亞胺基所構成之群中至少一種的取代基、及羧基之有機酸,或者腐植酸為佳。作為具有羥基及羧基之有機酸,可舉例如乳酸、酒石酸、檸檬酸、蘋果酸、乙醇酸、羥丙二酸、葡萄糖醛酸、腐植酸等。作為具有胺基及羧基之有機酸,可舉例如甘胺酸、丙胺酸、苯丙胺酸、4-胺基丁酸、白胺酸、異白胺酸、離胺酸、麩胺酸、天冬胺酸、麩醯胺酸、天冬醯胺酸、組胺酸、色胺酸、半胱胺酸、及該等的聚合物等。作為具有亞胺基及羧基之有機酸,可舉例如脯胺酸、3-羥基脯胺酸、4-羥基脯胺酸、六氫菸鹼酸(pipecolic acid)等。該等之中,從容易取得之觀點來看,是以葡萄糖醛酸、腐植酸、甘胺酸、聚甘胺酸、天冬胺酸、麩胺酸為佳。
關於分散助劑之比率,將活性物質、接著劑、及導電助劑之合計質量設為100質量份,只要在0.01質量份以上,於活性物質分散液調製時能將活性物質等高效率且有效地進行微分散。此外,為了維持微分散性及分散安定性,其添加量在5.0質量份以下就足夠。
本發明之電極用混合劑亦可包含有其他慣用的添加劑等。
本發明之電極用混合劑當中,本發明之接著劑是以使活性物質彼此、活性物質與導電助劑,以及該等與集電體之接著為目的進行使用。亦即,是為了在兩極之集電體上塗布漿料,並使其乾燥之時能形成良好的活性物質層而使用。
3.二次電池用電極
本發明之二次電池用電極(以下有時會稱作「電極」)包含有前述本發明之二次電池電極用混合劑。本發明之電極是利用本發明之二次電池電極用混合劑(亦即利用本發明之接著劑),並以本技術領域所使用的方法進行製作。亦即,本發明之電極可透過例如將本發明之電極用混合劑塗布於集電體,並使其乾燥之方式進行製作。
當本發明之電極為負極時,用來作為構成集電體之素材,可舉例如C、Cu、Ni、Fe、V、Nb、Ti、Cr、Mo、Ru、Rh、Ta、W、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Al等的導電性物質,以及含有兩種以上該等導電性物質的合金(例如不鏽鋼)。又,集電體可以是在Fe鍍上Cu而形成之物質。從電傳導性高、且在電解液中的安定性與耐氧化性優異之觀點來看,負極之集電體的素材是以Cu、Ni、不鏽鋼等為佳,又從材料成本之觀點來看,是以Cu、Ni為較佳。
當本發明之電極為正極時,用來作為構成集電體之素材,可舉例如C、Ti、Cr、Mo、Ru、Rh、Ta、W、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Al等的導電性物質,以及含有兩種以上該等導電性物質的合金(例如不鏽鋼)。從電傳導性高、且在電解液中的安定性與耐氧化性優異之觀點來看,正極之集電體的素材是以C、Al、不鏽鋼等為佳,又從材料成本之觀點來看,是以Al為較佳。
集電體之形狀並無特別限制,可使用例如箔狀基材、三次元基材等。不過,若使用三次元基材(發泡金屬、網格、織布、不織布、膨脹素材等),即使是對於集電體缺乏密接性的接著劑,亦能獲得高容量密度之電極。此外高功率充放電特性也會變好。
4.二次電池
本發明之二次電池包含有前述本發明之二次電池用電極。本發明之二次電池只要是正極與負極之任一者或兩者具備有本發明之二次電池用電極即可。作為本發明之二次電池的製造方法,可利用本發明之二次電池用電極(亦即利用本發明之接著劑),並以本技術領域所使用的方法進行製作。
本發明之二次電池是以非水電解質二次電池為佳,特別是以鋰離子二次電池為佳。鋰離子二次電池因為必須含有鋰離子,故電解質是以鋰鹽為佳。作為該鋰鹽,可舉例如六氟磷酸鋰、過氯酸鋰、四氟硼酸鋰、三氟甲磺酸鋰等。電解質可以單獨使用一種,亦可將兩種以上組合使用。
作為電解液,可使用例如碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、γ-丁內酯等。電解液可以單獨使用一種,亦可將兩種以上組合使用。特別是以碳酸丙烯酯單獨使用、碳酸乙烯酯與碳酸二乙酯之混合物、亦或γ-丁內酯單獨使用為佳。此外,上述碳酸乙烯酯與碳酸二乙酯之混合物的混合比可以在其中一者的成份佔10~90體積%之範圍內作任意地調整。
關於其他的二次電池組成,可採用周知的二次電池之組成。
[實施例]
以下將列舉實施例及比較例並對本發明進行更詳細的說明。然而,本發明不受實施例所限制。
[二次電池用接著劑之合成]
(製造例1)
在具備有攪拌機、溫度計、N2
氣體導入管、還流冷卻機及滴液漏斗之反應槽內,加入水768質量份及無水硫酸鈉12質量份,灌入N2
氣體使系統內脫氧。接著,加入部份皂化之聚乙烯醇(皂化度88%)1質量份及月桂基過氧化物(lauryl peroxide)1質量份,將內溫提升至60℃後,將預先混合了丙烯酸甲酯51.8質量份及醋酸乙酯208質量份而成的液體利用滴液漏斗花費4小時進行滴液。其後,將內溫保持在65℃持續2個小時。其後,過濾分離出固形成份。在上述同樣的反應槽內,加入上述固形成份、甲醇450質量份、水420質量份、氫氧化鈉132質量份、聯胺0.52質量份,在30℃攪拌3小時。攪拌結束後,中和該反應液,並過濾分離出固體後,以甲醇洗淨,並在減壓下於70℃乾燥8小時,獲得乙烯醇/乙烯性不飽和羧酸酯共聚物(二次電池用接著劑)。對於所獲得之共聚物,在以下條件之下進行1
H-NMR(BRUKER)測定之結果,將構成共聚物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之含有內酯構造的重複單元之合計比率為2mol%。構成共聚物之前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示各個重複單元之合計比率分別表示於表1。
(以1
H-NMR進行之重複單元的鑑定)
量取所獲得之共聚物2g,添加重水33g,在90℃進行加熱溶解3小時。將所獲得之重水溶液於下述條件下實施NMR測定。
裝置︰Bruker社製AVANCE IIIHD400 (AVANCE III400)
測定法︰1
H NMR
測定核頻率︰bf1(400.1300000)
頻譜寬︰Sw(20.5524)
觀測點︰td (65536)
資料點︰Si (65536)
測定溫度︰27℃
(製造例2)
在具備有攪拌機、溫度計、N2
氣體導入管、還流冷卻機,且容量2L之反應槽內,加入製造例1所獲得之共聚物21質量份及水189質量份,在90℃攪拌3小時。接著,滴下90%質量醋酸2質量份,在酸性條件下攪拌。接著滴下丙酮1500質量份,在5℃攪拌1小時後,過濾分離出固形成份。將過濾分離出的固形成份在減壓下於60℃乾燥8小時。對於所獲得之共聚物,與製造例1同樣地進行1
H-NMR(BRUKER)測定之結果,將構成共聚物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之含有內酯構造的重複單元之合計比率為5mol%。構成共聚物之前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示各個重複單元之合計比率分別表示於表1。
(製造例3)
除了製造例1當中的最終乾燥步驟在減壓下於90℃實施以外,與製造例1同樣地進行,獲得乙烯醇/乙烯性不飽和羧酸酯共聚物(二次電池用接著劑)。對於所獲得之共聚物,與製造例1同樣地進行1
H-NMR(BRUKER)測定之結果,將構成共聚物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之含有內酯構造的重複單元之合計比率為11mol%。構成共聚物之前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示各個重複單元之合計比率分別表示於表1。
(製造例4)
除了製造例1當中的最終乾燥步驟在減壓下於60℃實施以外,與製造例1同樣地進行,獲得乙烯醇/乙烯性不飽和羧酸酯共聚物(二次電池用接著劑)。對於所獲得之共聚物,與前述同樣地進行1
H-NMR(BRUKER)測定之結果,將構成共聚物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之含有內酯構造的重複單元之合計比率為1mol%。構成共聚物之前述式(1)、(2)及(3)所示各個重複單元之合計比率分別表示於表1。
[二次電池電極用混合劑及電極之製作]
(實施例1)
將製造例1所獲得之共聚物4質量份溶解於水96質量份,獲得接著劑(接著劑組成物)之水溶液。接著,作為電極活性物質,將人造石墨(日立化成株式會社製,MAG-D)90.2質量份、一氧化矽(OSAKA Titanium Technologies Co.,Ltd.)6.8質量份及接著劑水溶液75質量份加以捏合。此外,添加調製黏度用的水96質量份進行捏合,調製出漿料狀的負極混合劑。將獲得的負極混合劑塗布於厚度18μm的壓延銅箔上,使其乾燥後,利用輥壓機(Oono-roll Corporation製)使壓延銅箔與塗膜緊密接合,接著進行加熱處理(減壓,120℃,12小時以上)以製作出負極。所獲得的負極之活性物質層的厚度為42μm,該負極之容量密度為3.24mAh/cm2
。
(實施例2)
除了使用製造例2所獲得之共聚物作為接著劑以外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作出負極。
(實施例3)
除了使用製造例3所獲得之共聚物作為接著劑以外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作出負極。
(比較例1)
除了使用製造例4所獲得之共聚物作為接著劑以外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作出負極。
(比較例2)
除了使用苯乙烯-丁二烯橡膠(SBR)/羧甲基纖維素(CMC)=(質量比50/50)作為既有的二次電池用接著劑以外,與實施例1同樣地進行,製作出負極。
[接著力]
對於實施例1-3及比較例1-2所獲得之負極,對於分別從作為集電體之銅箔上剝離活性物質層時的剝離強度(N/15mm)進行測定,以作為接著力。作為具體方法,從負極切取出幅寬80mm×15mm並將黏著膠帶貼附於表面(負極活性物質層之側)後,用雙面膠帶貼附在不鏽鋼製的板並將負極(集電體之側)固定住,將其作為評價用樣本。以該評價用樣本使用拉伸試驗機(株式會社島津製作所製,小型桌上試驗機EZ-SX)實施相對於不鏽鋼製板之負極的90度剝離試驗(黏著膠帶相對於固定在不鏽鋼製板之負極的90度剝離試驗),測定負極中活性物質層與集電體間的剝離強度。於表2表示剝離試驗(剝離強度)之評價結果。
[表1]
構成共聚物之各個重複單元之合計比率 | 接著力 | |||
式(1) 丙烯酸系重複單元 | 式(2) 乙烯醇重複單元 | 式(3) 含有內酯構造之重複單元 | N/15mm | |
實施例1 | 18mol% | 80mol% | 2mol% | 0.27 |
實施例2 | 17mol% | 78mol% | 5mol% | 0.48 |
實施例3 | 15mol% | 74mol% | 11mol% | 0.23 |
比較例1 | 17mol% | 82mol% | 1mol% | 0.21 |
比較例2 | - | - | - | 0.21 |
實施例1-3之電極(負極)是使用了含有由製造例1-3製造的接著劑(包含有共聚物(高分子化合物)之二次電池用接著劑,該共聚物包含有前述式(1)、前述式(2)及前述式(3)所示之重複單元,且當構成共聚物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2mol%以上20mol%以下)、與活性物質之電極用混合劑的二次電池用電極。關於實施例1-3之電極,可知接著劑之接著力較高。
(無)
Claims (9)
- 如請求項1之二次電池用接著劑,其中將構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(3)所示之重複單元之合計比率為2mol%以上15mol%以下。
- 如請求項1或2之二次電池用接著劑,其中將構成前述高分子化合物之重複單元的合計比率設為100mol%時,前述式(1)所示之重複單元之合計比率為5mol%以上50mol%以下。
- 一種二次電池電極用混合劑,包含有如請求項1至3中任一項之二次電池用接著劑,以及活性物質。
- 如請求項4之二次電池電極用混合劑,其中前述活性物質包含有碳材料。
- 如請求項4或5之二次電池電極用混合劑,其中前述活性物質包含有矽及矽氧化物中至少一者。
- 一種二次電池用電極,包含有如請求項4至6中任一項之二次電池電極用混合劑。
- 一種二次電池,包含有如請求項7之二次電池用電極。
- 一種鋰離子二次電池,包含有如請求項7之二次電池用電極。
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