TW202107042A - 空間調變裝置 - Google Patents

空間調變裝置 Download PDF

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TW202107042A
TW202107042A TW108141387A TW108141387A TW202107042A TW 202107042 A TW202107042 A TW 202107042A TW 108141387 A TW108141387 A TW 108141387A TW 108141387 A TW108141387 A TW 108141387A TW 202107042 A TW202107042 A TW 202107042A
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optical elements
substrate
different
electromagnetic radiation
radiation
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大衛 艾倫 派史杜巴
約翰 史蒂芬 派卡
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加拿大商11093606加拿大公司
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    • G01D5/26Mechanical means for transferring the output of a sensing member; Means for converting the output of a sensing member to another variable where the form or nature of the sensing member does not constrain the means for converting; Transducers not specially adapted for a specific variable characterised by optical transfer means, i.e. using infrared, visible, or ultraviolet light
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    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
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Abstract

本發明提供一種用於在高頻下空間調變電磁輻射的方法,其中該調變為相位、偏光或傳播方向,該方法包含承載一有序光學元件陣列之一基板相對於欲調變之一入射電磁輻射光束相對運動,及量測該相對運動。該陣列包含至少三個光學元件以及至少兩個不同類型之光學元件。該些光學元件中之至少一些由基板材料形成並與該基板材料成整體。該些光學元件可以藉由一減去法製造在該基板材料上。欲調變之該電磁輻射入射在該基板之被稱為作用區域之一區域上。當該基板相對於該入射電磁輻射移動時,該作用區域亦移動,且個別光學元件的名稱亦改變。

Description

空間調變裝置
本發明係關於一種用於在高頻下空間調變電磁輻射之方法及裝置。調變可以為相位、偏光或傳播方向。
多工光譜學需要一種用以空間調變輻射場的構件。在古典傅立葉變換光譜學中,相位調變係藉由位於垂直於光軸之平面中之光學元件沿著光軸執行的。在古典哈德瑪光譜學中,將碼遮罩放置於與光軸相交之平面中,且入射輻射沿偵測器之方向透射或反射。此等方法中之調變通常沿著一條路徑。較佳但非必須地,本發明與本申請人於2018年5月23日提交的美國申請案15/987,279中所描述的高效多工(HEMS)一起使用,該申請案對應於2018年11月29日作為WO 2018/213923公開的PCT申請案PCT/CA2018/050599,其公開內容以引用的方式併入本文中。HEMS為一種多工方法,其可藉由沿著多個路徑調變粒子通量來改良粒子通量量測值之信雜比(SNR)。因此,HEMS方法產生對具有多個輸出方向之新型空間調變器的需求,這在先前技術中未要求。本發明提供一種適合在HEMS系統內使用的調變系統。下文之描述包含對HEMS的一些參考,且應瞭解,此等僅僅為例示性,且本發明在本文中可以與其他方法一起使用。
多工光譜儀中光譜頻道的數目與量測系列中應用於輸入輻射之不同調變型樣的數目N成比例。光譜頻道的數目的範圍可自數百至數千,此取決於應用所需要的光譜頻寬及解析度。對於高產出量工業檢查應用,每分鐘檢查數百至數千個物件,需要在數毫秒內收集每一物件之資料。組合地考慮此等因素,導致對調變速率的要求超過100 kHz。基於可調諧微反射鏡陣列之可商購獲得的MEMS裝置,能夠維持約5 kHz之持續調變速率及約50 kHz之突發模式速率。最高速率受該反射鏡相對於為移動該反射鏡所提供之(通常為電)力之慣性限制。藉由減小反射鏡大小,且因此減小反射鏡的慣性,可能提高速率。然而,當反射鏡大小接近入射輻射之波長λ時,來自反射鏡邊緣之繞射效應變得越來越重要。本發明之目的為藉由允許使用更大的反射鏡來減少邊緣繞射效應。微反射鏡陣列之持續調變速率受熱因素的限制。然而,MEMS裝置具有能夠動態地改變型樣組以便改變解析度或聚焦在所關注區域的期望特性。因此,需要一種新型空間調變器,其可以超過100 kHz之速率操作,該些速率亦可以動態地自適應。
不同調變型樣之間的轉變引入非所要捲積效應,該些捲積效應使系統效能降級。習知地,在空間調變器組態接近所定義不同調變型樣的間隔期間獲取樣本。在需要在空間調變器組態之間進行快速轉變的系統中,工作循環之很大一部分可能用於轉變,而非收集資料,從而導致可達到之SNR降低。因此,需要增加工作循環、所計數光子的數目及SNR的方法。本發明之又一目的為藉由減少轉變時間來改良工作循環。
根據本發明之一個態樣,提供一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟:
收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射;
將該輻射引導至一基板上之一有序光學元件陣列上;
平移該基板,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合入射輻射;
在該兩個不同時間量測該基板位置;
及將該些位置傳輸至一使用者;
其中該光學元件陣列具有至少三個光學元件及至少兩個光學元件,該些光學元件以不同方式調變入射在其上之該輻射。
根據本發明之一個態樣,提供一種用於量測一基板之位移的方法,該方法包含以下步驟:
用一反射或透射位置指示器陣列將一光束引導至該基板上;
致使該基板相對於該光束移動,以便在不同時間透射或反射來自至少兩個不同位置標記器之該光束之部分;
按時間間隔量測所透射或反射光之強度;
及分析該所量測光強度複數次,以提供關於該基板之位置的資訊。
根據本發明之一個態樣,提供一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟:
收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射;
將該輻射引導至一基板材料上之一有序光學元件陣列上;
平移該基板材料,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合入射輻射;
其中該些光學元件中之至少一些由該基板材料形成並與該基板材料成整體。
根據本發明之一個態樣,提供一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟:
收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射;
將該輻射引導至一基板上之一有序光學元件陣列上;
平移該基板,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合入射輻射;
其中該基板為形成一閉合迴路的一可撓性捲帶,其中該捲帶圍繞該迴路平移,且該些光學元件沿著該平移方向配置。
本發明包含一基板,該基板承載一有序光學元件陣列,其相對於欲調變之一入射電磁輻射光束相對運動,及用以量測該相對運動的一構件,其中該陣列包含至少三個光學元件及至少兩個不同類型之光學元件。
較佳地,該些光學元件中之至少一些由該基板材料形成並與該基板材料成整體。該些光學元件可以藉由諸如例如蝕刻、機械加工或雷射切割的減去法製造在該基板材料上。可以藉由諸如例如一反射層之沈積的添加法將該些光學元件製造在該基板材料上。
欲調變之該電磁輻射入射在該基板之被稱為作用區域之一區域上。其範圍之至少某一部分在該作用區域中的所有該些光學元件被稱為作用中。所有其餘光學元件皆被稱為非作用中。當該基板相對於該入射電磁輻射移動時,該作用區域亦移動,且個別光學元件的名稱亦改變。較佳地,該相對運動為週期性的,從而致使每一光學元件按規則間隔落入該作用區域的內部及外部。
該相對運動可以為平移、旋轉或平移與旋轉的組合,只要此運動具有致使入射在該基板上之電磁輻射光束之中心按定義順序入射在每一光學元件上的效應。選擇參考坐標系是為了方便起見。對於當前論述,使用入射電磁輻射之參考坐標系。在此狀況下,該入射電磁輻射之源位置以及傳播方向為固定的,且該基板移動。假設光學元件相距一距離α。在線性平移的狀況下,每秒入射的光學元件的數目在本文被稱為線頻率νL = v/α,其中v為基板之線性速度。在此旋轉的狀況下,每秒入射的光學元件的數目為νL = α/rω,其中ω為角速度,且r為放置光學元件之半徑。光學元件在平移(或旋轉)方向上的尺寸可以小於α,在此狀況下,元件之間存在間隙,該間隙不會沿與任何光學元件相同的方向引導入射電磁輻射。較佳地,間隙區域(若存在)為吸收性的。
量測相對運動的配置可以為附接至基板的習知設計的光學或磁性位置編碼器。較佳地,用於量測相對運動的配置為基板固有的。在較佳具體實例中,基板承載沿著基板之平移或旋轉方向放置的反射或透射位置指示器陣列。較佳地,位置指示器陣列具有與光學元件陣列相同的週期性。較佳地,位置標記器陣列平行於且接近於光學元件陣列。較佳地,位置標記器具有尺寸α/2。較佳地,位置指示器之間的基板區域塗覆有吸收材料。位置標記器可以反射或透射探測光束強度的不同部分,以傳達更多資訊。舉例而言,反射或透射探測光束強度的第一部分之第一類型位置標記器表示序列的開始。反射或透射探測光束強度的第二部分之第二類型位置標記器表示二進位1。反射或透射探測光束強度的第三部分之第三類型位置標記器表示二進位0。此三種類型位置標記器足以唯一標記器陣列之每一位置。探測輻射光束自欲調變之入射輻射線性位移,並聚焦至小於或等於由一個位置指示器佔據之區域的區域。自每一位置指示器透射或反射之探測輻射經引導至偵測器,該偵測器可以為例如光電二極體。當探測光束及第一位置指示器對準時,該第一位置標記器類型之探測光束強度特徵的一部分入射在偵測器上。當基板相對於該第一位置指示器位移時,返回至偵測器之探測光束的部分減小至零,且然後隨著接近與第二位置標記器對準而上升至第二位置標記器類型之部分特性。因此,在偵測器處接收之強度在與每一位置標記器對準時週期性地上升至特性值,且在位置標記器之間的中點處下降至零。返回至偵測器之探測光束之強度以取樣頻率νs 進行時間域取樣,該取樣頻率為線頻率νL 的至少四倍。較佳地,νsL >20。由偵測器量測之強度被傳輸至數位處理器,且數位處理器計算基板相對於欲調變之入射電磁輻射中心的位置。
與入射在不同類型之光學元件上之電磁輻射相比,每一不同類型光學元件皆致使入射在彼元件上之電磁輻射以不同狀態離開彼元件。不同狀態可能係關於傳播方向、相位或偏光。在任何時刻,那些有序陣列經劃分成作用區域及非作用區域,該作用區域包含光學元件組,該些光學元件具有入射在其上的欲調變之入射電磁輻射之至少一些;該非作用區域包含光學元件組,該些光學元件使無任何電磁輻射被測量正入射。
一種類型之光學元件為光圈。在此狀況下,除了來自光圈邊緣之繞射效應外,入射電磁輻射未改變地離開此類型光學元件。
第二之類型光學元件為透射的。在此狀況下,入射電磁輻射穿過透明介質,其中相位改變與該透明介質之光學厚度成比例。每一不同光學厚度造成不同的相位改變,且因此對應於不同類型光學元件。
第三類型之光學元件為反射的。在此狀況下,入射電磁輻射以等於入射角之反射角離開光學元件。反射元件之定向可以相對於入射電磁輻射之方向旋轉以給出不同的入射角。每一不同的入射角致使在不同的方向中反射入射輻射,且因此對應於不同類型之光學元件。此外,反射光學元件可以在垂直於入射電磁輻射之方向的平面中,且僅在距平均基板表面之距離上不同。在此狀況下,距平均基板表面之每一距離造成不同的相位改變,且因此構成不同類型之光學元件。
第四類型之光學元件為折射的。在此狀況下,入射電磁輻射入射在不同於1之入射折射率之一材料上,且以取決於入射角及該折射率之角度離開光學元件。由於入射角及折射率兩者皆可以變化以變更電磁輻射之離開方向,因此折射率與入射角之每一組合構成不同類型之光學元件。
第五之類型之光學元件為繞射的。在此狀況下,入射電磁輻射入射在可能在間距及定向上變化之一組繞射光柵線。間距及定向之每一變化皆致使入射電磁輻射在不同的方向上繞射及建設性干涉,且因此其每一組合皆構成不同類型之光學元件。
第六類型之光學元件為偏光的。在此狀況下,入射電磁輻射入射在偏光光學器件上,該偏光光學器件之定向可變化,每一定向致使入射電磁輻射以不同偏光狀態離開。因此,每一偏光器定向構成不同類型之光學元件。
上文列舉之不同類型之光學元件可被組合以產生變更入射輻射之至少一個特性的其他類型之光學元件。
在一些具體實例中,光學元件為平面的,且在其他具體實例中,光學元件具有彎曲表面。具體而言,具有彎曲表面之光學元件可以用於將入射在該表面上之輻射聚焦至偵測器位置。
在最佳之具體實例中,可移動基板為可撓性捲帶,其在閉合迴路中平移光學元件陣列,其中對於沿著閉合迴路之至少一個區域,該捲帶實質上為扁平的。較佳地,藉由兩個或多於兩個鏈輪將該捲帶迴路保持為剛性形狀,該兩個或多於兩個鏈輪藉由驅動孔隙接合該捲帶,以便以受控速率平移該捲帶。術語「實質上扁平」意指該捲帶表面平行於兩個鏈輪之間的線,且公差為2度。如此定義之扁平基板表面可以對應於入射電磁輻射與光學元件陣列互動之作用區域。每一類型之光學元件作用為沿共同方向引導電磁輻射。在HEMS應用中,每一類型之光學元件將電磁輻射引導至專用於那個類型之偵測器。光學元件典型地在垂直於扁平基板之方向上具有大於基板表面中之標準偏差的特徵。
在一些具體實例中,該捲帶包含光學厚度變化之區域,且光學厚度變化之區域經配置彼此接近,以改變入射輻射通量之相位,以便產生干涉型樣。
在一些具體實例中,繞射特徵之間距沿著該捲帶之長度變化。此特徵可用於使繞射系統之自由光譜範圍變化,例如在低光譜解析度之寬光譜量測與所關注光譜區域之較高解析度掃描之間交替。
在較佳具體實例中,可移動基板為一圓盤,且光學元件陣列圍繞旋轉中心沿一軌道配置靠近圓盤之周邊,且接近於光學元件陣列之第二同心軌道包含具有與光學元件相同的角度間距的位置標記器陣列。
在一些具體實例中,可移動基板為相對於入射輻射經歷諧波運動的圓弧,且光學元件陣列沿著圓弧之外邊緣配置。
在一些具體實例中,光學元件可以在至少兩種不同類型之間轉變,且該轉變發生在光學元件處於非作用區域中時之週期期間。此特徵允許本發明之空間調變器動態地改變其調變方案,而不會由於轉變時間而損失工作循環。例如,微反射鏡在非作用區域中自第一固定角度改變為第二固定角度。
在一些具體實例中,諸如空間調變器上之微反射鏡的光學元件可以改變定向。當元素處於非作用區域中時,發生定向改變。例如,在具有在0與10度之間的有效區域的旋轉圓盤空間調變器上,光學元件之定向在0至10度範圍內為固定的。轉變發生在10至360度範圍內。在此實例中,所要求調變速率降低了36倍。此配置將平移調變器之高線頻率與動態可調整微反射鏡陣列之適應性組合在一起。
在一些具體實例中,至少一些光學元件由對電光效應作出回應的材料構成,且藉由在該些光學元件上施加電壓來實現類型之改變。
圖1示出本發明之較佳具體實例的透視圖。呈捲帶10形式之可移動基板沿指示為30的方向以速度v自左向右平移,該可移動基板承載光學元件111陣列40穿過區域200,該光學元件111陣列40包括組件11、12、13、14、15、16、17、19,在區域200入射電磁輻射是入射在基板10上。區域200被稱為作用區域,且毗鄰區域201被稱為非作用區域。作用區域200內之光學元件將入射電磁輻射調變為「接通」狀態。非作用區域201內之光學元件將入射電磁輻射調變為「關斷」狀態。所示出之區段較佳為總長度為L之閉合迴路的一部分。作用區域200的長度為A。作用區域中之光學元件將在具有重複週期為L/v之時間A/v內沿由光學元件類型規定之不同方向引導入射EM輻射。
光學元件11為光圈,該光圈允許入射EM輻射實質上不改變地從中穿過,除了由於光圈之邊緣所致的繞射效應之外。若光圈之側面比入射EM輻射之波長大得多,則繞射效應最小。光圈11在非作用區域201內,且因此在所說明的時刻無任何EM輻射從中穿過。然而,當基板10沿方向30平移時,光圈11將在稍後的時間進入作用區域200。因為僅當光圈11在作用區域200中時才發生穿過光圈11的透射,所以實現調變。
光學元件12及13為具有不同間距的繞射光柵。每一波長之入射EM輻射經繞射為多個階。對於0階,EM輻射藉由繞射光柵12及13反射至同一方向。對於除0以外之階,(即,+ /-1),繞射光柵12及13將入射EM輻射繞射成不同角度。繞射光柵12完全在非作用區域201中,且因此在由繞射光柵12之間距判定之角度處未觀察到任何EM輻射。繞射光柵13部分在作用區域200中,且因此只要繞射光柵13保持在作用區域200內,即將入射EM引導至由光柵間距判定之角度。光學元件12及13可以為由動態可調整微反射鏡陣列構成的繞射光柵,該些動態可調整微反射鏡陣列可以當在非作用區域201中時藉由改變微反射鏡列之定向而改變間距。
光學元件14及15為相對於入射EM輻射100以不同角度傾斜的反射鏡,且因此當反射鏡14及15在作用區域200內時,該EM輻射經反射為不同角度。放置在每一反射鏡之適當反射角處之偵測器將觀察經反射EM輻射,例如,單純存在可以表示二進位「1」。隨著基板捲帶10沿方向30平移,光學元件15將進入非作用區域201,且不久之後光學元件15將進入非作用區域201。經反射EM輻射之不存在可以例如表示二進位「0」。在一些具體實例中,反射鏡元件14及15之傾斜角度可以當該些元件在非作用區域201中時改變。
光學元件16及17為平行於基板表面之反射鏡。每一入射EM輻射由每一反射鏡以相同角度反射,但其中由於超過平均基板平面之高程差造成不同相位。光學元件16及17可以例如為法比-培羅特(Fabry Perot)濾光器或干涉儀的一部分。光學元件16及17可以例如為步進掃描邁克生(Michelson)干涉儀的一部分。如所示出,光學元件16及17在作用區域200中。隨著沿方向30平移,光學元件16及17進入非作用區域201,其中在一些具體實例中,反射鏡表面之高程可以改變以在元件L/v的下一重複週期中產生不同相移。
光學元件19為具有毗鄰緩衝區域18之色散稜鏡,兩者皆位於非作用區201內。當稜鏡在作用區域200中時,入射EM輻射被折射成由稜鏡幾何形狀及稜鏡之折射率判定的角度。在一些具體實例中,緩衝區域18用於為毗鄰光學元件提供無阻礙光學路徑。在一些具體實例中,光學元件不鄰接任何緩衝區域。
位置指示器陣列在20處被示出,其為接近於且平行於光學元件40陣列。如所示出,位置指示器為光圈,其當該些光圈的一部分與探測光束(未示出)相交時透射探測光束。偵測器(未示出)量測經透射探測光束的強度,且計算裝置計算基板相對於探測光束之位置。
圖1中所示出之實例可以例如在如上文引用之HEMS應用中所描述之多工光譜儀中使用。
圖2給出圖1中所示出配置的示意性俯視圖。捲帶基板10圍繞鏈輪51、52及53形成閉合迴路。該捲帶承載光學元件,該些光學元件包含經示出為14及15的具有不同傾斜角度的反射鏡以及光圈11。欲調變之入射EM輻射100入射在作用區域200上,該作用區域200在鏈輪51與53之間實質上扁平。在HEMS應用中,入射EM輻射可以例如按波長分散在作用區域200上方。來自光圈元件11之經調變EM輻射沿方向31行進,且在偵測器41處被觀察到。來自反射鏡元件14之經調變EM輻射沿方向34行進,且在偵測器44處被觀察到。來自反射鏡元件15之經調變EM輻射沿方向35行進,且在偵測器45處被觀察到。處於說明的目的,將偵測器44及45繪製在捲帶基板10之平面中。在較佳具體實例中,反射鏡14及15在垂直於皮帶運動方向的方向上傾斜,且偵測器44及45在圖之平面的上方及下方。探測光束101由光源80產生,且透射穿過位置指示器光圈(未示出)的部分產生光束102,該光束102被光電二極體81接收並由類比轉數位轉換器82轉換為數位振幅。數位振幅之序列由計算裝置83分析,計算裝置83輸出傳輸到使用者之基板捲帶位置84之數位表示。位置資訊對於基於本文中之配置的空間調變器的光學儀器的操作至關重要,此係因為可以根據位置資訊及空間調變器幾何形狀的知識來計算可操作的精確調變組態。在HEMS應用中,光圈11以及反射鏡14及15可例如沿著捲帶行進方向具有50微米的寬度及50 m/s的捲帶基板速度,以給出1 MHz的調變速率。藉助此實例之配置,可以在1 ms內量測具有1000個波長頻道之光譜。藉由圖2之配置可以產生更高及更低的調變速率。
圖3給出圖1中所示出之捲帶基板的示意圖。三種類型之光學元件13、14及15(陰影不同)沿著捲帶軸線經陣列化在一條直線上,從而沿方向30移動。作用區域經表示為200。光學元件14為在非作用區域201中之可移動反射鏡,其經展示放大為圍繞樞軸25旋轉到新位置的24。位置指示器20位於平行於光學元件40陣列的一列(row)中。圖3中所示出的兩列孔隙21與圖2上所示出之鏈輪51、52及53接合以平移捲帶基板10。
圖4a示出替代配置,其中圖1中最佳示出之光學元件111陣列被安裝在基板301上,該基板301經承載在進行諧波運動之擺錘或桿300上。桿可以例如經激勵以在MEMS裝置上以諧振頻率振盪。對於亞毫米級的MEMS裝置,相較於線性平移,振盪在技術上較容易實現。光學元件既可以在由擺錘臂掃出之平面中沿圓弧安裝,亦或可以在垂直於擺錘軸之平面中沿圓弧安裝。圖4a中所示出之實例可以例如在如HEMS應用中所描述之多工光譜儀中使用。
圖4b示出一具體實例的透視圖,其中光學元件111陣列圍繞圓盤112之圓周安裝成垂直於該圓盤之平面。在此配置中,光學元件對於入射輻射處於恆定半徑且預設恆定寬度。經配置以填充圓盤之平面中的空間的光學元件通常為楔形,此使HEMS光譜儀之解析度失真。藉由增加光學元件所處之半徑,可以將失真減小低於臨限值。
圖5示出呈圓盤28形式之基板10的俯視圖,該基板具有旋轉軸線27以及旋轉方向31。作用區域經表示為200。圓盤基板10承載三種類型之光學元件13、14及15,其以不同的陰影配置以在作用區域200中形成長度為十的碼序列。在74、75及76處示出三種不同類型之位置指示器,具有不同的徑向尺寸。位置標記器74、75及76透射不同振幅之探測光束,如在圖2中最佳示出。在所示出實例中,具有最大徑向長度之位置標記器75表示碼序列的開始,且位置標記器74及76分別表示二進位「0」及「1」,其用於標記器碼序列之每一扇區。位置標記器76與位置標記器74的區別在於更大的徑向長度。指派至不同長度之位置標記器的值可以互換,且可以存在表示複數個值之複數個長度。在雜訊環境中,如說明之二進位位準最穩健。在所示出之實例中,有效區域中之扇區標籤由位置指示器76及77表示為二進位「11」。在所示出之實例中,兩個二進位數字足以唯一地標記器所有扇區。可以使用更多的二進位數字。扇區標籤之開始及結束藉由相對於指標峰值75的位移指代。如所示出之扇區標籤毗鄰於指標峰值75,但可能出現在指標峰值之間的任何位置。在第一指標峰值與第二指標峰值之間的扇區標籤區域較佳地更靠近第一指標峰值,在此狀況下,可以推斷出平移或旋轉的方向。圖5中所示出之實例可以例如在如HEMS應用中所描述之多工光譜儀中使用。
圖6示出由圖2上的偵測器81接收之理論波形(底部曲線)及添加雜訊之對應波形(頂部曲線)。主峰值對應於標記器碼序列的開始之位置指示器,在圖5上最佳示出為75,且被稱為指標峰值。其餘峰值與圖5中之位置指示器74相對應。一些位置標記器74可以用作扇區標識符,在此狀況下,其皆具有相同值。當用先前技術比較器進行分析時,峰值位置之週期性由於雜訊而變化。當達到臨限值時,比較器觸發。信號中之雜訊使臨限值之位置移位,且比較器中之雜訊可能會使臨限值本身移位。在本發明中,藉由以比波形頻率高得多之頻率對來自位置指示器之波形取樣,以獲得每個峰值至少4個點且較佳地多於20個點,來大大降低由雜訊引起之位置抖動。在模擬中,較高的取樣率減小量測位置與實際位置之間的差,並提供對雜訊效應之經改良抵抗。峰值從指標峰值開始連續編號。
如在圖7中所示出,一旦知道了波形之近似頻率及相位,即可計算出波形中之最小值相對於指標峰值的近似位置,並將其用作積分極限以計算峰值面積及矩(moment)。峰值矩經計算為:自指標峰值之位移總和(以部分峰寬為單位)乘以在近似最小位移之間的每一位移處所量測之峰值振幅。峰值面積為近似最小位移之間的峰值振幅之總和。峰值中心經計算為峰值矩除以峰值面積。獲得N個峰值中心之位置,然後進行最小平方回歸以使峰值數目與峰值中心相關(correlate)。回歸之斜率及截距分別給出頻率及相位。此等對頻率及相位的經改良近似值用於計算下一組最小值。亦即,隨著演算法之每一疊代,在存在雜訊的情況下所量測之峰值位置收斂至實際峰值位置。可以根據自上一個指標峰值以來的時脈刻度(clock tick)的頻率、相位及數目(ADC處之量測值)來計算基板之位置。所實現之準確度大約為ADC量測值之間轉換的20%,這轉換成每線路週期20次量測時光學元件大小的約1%。
10:捲帶/基板/基板捲帶 11:組件/光圈 12:組件/繞射光柵 13:組件/繞射光柵 14:組件/光學元件/反射鏡/反射鏡元件 15:組件/光學元件/反射鏡/反射鏡元件 16:組件/光學元件 17:組件/光學元件 18:緩衝區域 19:組件/光學元件 20:位置指示器陣列 21:孔隙 24:可移動反射鏡 25:樞軸 27:旋轉軸線 28:圓盤 30:方向 31:方向 34:方向 35:方向 40:陣列/光學元件 41:偵測器 44:偵測器 45:偵測器 51:鏈輪 52:鏈輪 53:鏈輪 74:位置指示器/位置標記器 75:位置指示器/位置標記器/指標峰值 76:位置指示器/位置標記器 77:位置指示器 80:光源 81:光電二極體/偵測器 82:類比轉數位轉換器 83:計算裝置 84:基板捲帶位置 100:入射EM輻射 101:探測光束 102:光束 111:光學元件 112:圓盤 200:區域/作用區域 201:非作用區域 300:擺錘/桿 301:基板 A:長度
[圖1]為本發明之較佳具體實例之放大區段的側面圖。 [圖2]為圖1之具體實例的示意圖,示出了閉合迴路。 [圖3]為較佳具體實例的另一示意圖,示出了動態改變的光學元件。 [圖4a]為本發明之擺錘具體實例的示意圖。 [圖4b]為本發明之圓盤具體實例的側面圖。 [圖5]為本發明之圓盤具體實例的示意圖,示出了不同類型之位置標記器。 [圖6]為一系列位置標記器之理論及雜訊波形的圖。 [圖7]為說明用於量測位置的方法的流程圖。
10:捲帶/基板/基板捲帶
11:組件/光圈
12:組件/繞射光柵
13:組件/繞射光柵
14:組件/光學元件/反射鏡/反射鏡元件
15:組件/光學元件/反射鏡/反射鏡元件
16:組件/光學元件
17:組件/光學元件
18:緩衝區域
19:組件/光學元件
20:位置指示器陣列
30:方向
40:陣列/光學元件
100:入射EM輻射
111:光學元件
201:非作用區域
A:長度

Claims (26)

  1. 一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟: 收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射; 將該輻射引導至一基板上之一有序光學元件陣列上; 平移該基板,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合該入射輻射; 在該兩個不同時間量測該基板位置; 及將該些位置傳輸至一使用者; 其中該光學元件陣列具有至少三個光學元件及至少兩個光學元件,該些光學元件以不同方式調變入射在其上之該輻射。
  2. 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件將欲調變之電磁輻射引導至至少兩個不同方向上。
  3. 如請求項1所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件將欲調變之電磁輻射引導至至少三個不同方向上。
  4. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件在欲調變之該電磁輻射中產生至少兩個不同的相位改變。
  5. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件在欲調變之該電磁輻射中產生至少三個不同的相位改變。
  6. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件以至少兩種不同的方式變更欲調變之入射輻射之偏光。
  7. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件以至少三種不同的方式變更欲調變之入射輻射之偏光。
  8. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該空間調變器之該些光學元件與該基板材料成整體。
  9. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該些光學元件選自光圈、反射鏡、繞射光柵、相位板、折射楔、折射稜鏡及偏光器之集合。
  10. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該些光學元件包含可以採取至少兩種不同組態之反射鏡。
  11. 如請求項9所述之方法,其中至少一個反射鏡至少改變一次組態,且當該反射鏡未曝露於欲調變之電磁輻射時發生該組態改變。
  12. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該位置量測使用與該基板成整體且接近於該些光學元件之一組件。
  13. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該基板為形成一閉合迴路之一可撓性捲帶,其中該捲帶圍繞該迴路平移,且該些光學元件沿著平移方向配置。
  14. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該基板為一旋轉圓盤,且該些光學元件經配置在距一旋轉軸線之一共同徑向距離處。
  15. 如請求項1至請求項3中任一項所述之方法,其中該基板為一圓弧,該圓弧圍繞該圓弧之一軸線經歷週期性及/或往復旋轉運動,且該些光學元件沿著該圓弧配置在距該旋轉軸線之一共同徑向距離處。
  16. 一種用於量測一基板之位移的方法,該方法包含以下步驟: 用一反射或透射位置指示器陣列將一光束引導至該基板上; 致使該基板相對於該光束移動,以便在不同時間透射或反射來自至少兩個不同位置標記器之該光束之部分; 按時間間隔量測所透射或反射光之強度; 及分析該所量測光強度複數次,以提供關於該基板之位置的資訊。
  17. 如請求項16所述之方法,其中該光束在任何時刻與零個或一個位置標記器相交,且該光束在不同時刻與至少兩個不同的位置標記器相交。
  18. 如請求項17所述之方法,其中在四個不同的基板位置處量測自每一位置標記器透射或反射之該光束之該強度至少四次;且其中在每一量測中包括自該位置標記器透射或反射之至少一些光。
  19. 如請求項17所述之方法,其中在至少二十個不同的基板位置處量測自每一位置標記器透射或反射之該光束之該強度至少二十次;且其中在每一量測中包括自該位置標記器透射或反射之至少一些光。
  20. 如請求項16至19中任一項所述之方法,其中藉由對至少三個位置標記器之該些位置進行最小平方擬合來計算該基板之該位置。
  21. 如請求項16至請求項19中任一項所述之方法,其中存在至少兩個類型之位置標記器,該些位置標記器透射或反射一探測光束之不同部分,且分析強度差以提供關於該基板之該位置的資訊。
  22. 一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟: 收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射; 將該輻射引導至一基板材料上之一有序光學元件陣列上; 平移該基板材料,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合該入射輻射; 其中該些光學元件中之至少一些由該基板材料形成並與該基板材料成整體。
  23. 如請求項22所述之方法,其中該些光學元件藉由諸如例如蝕刻、機械加工或雷射切割的一減去法製造在該基板材料上。
  24. 如請求項22或請求項23所述之方法,其中該些光學元件藉由諸如例如沈積一反射層的一添加法製造在該基板材料上。
  25. 如請求項22或請求項23所述之方法,其中該基板為形成一閉合迴路之一可撓性捲帶,其中該捲帶圍繞該迴路平移,且該些光學元件沿著平移方向配置。
  26. 一種用於空間調變電磁輻射的方法,該方法包含以下步驟: 收集欲空間調變之該電磁輻射; 將該輻射引導至一基板上之一有序光學元件陣列上; 平移該基板,以致使至少兩個不同光學元件在兩個不同時間接合該入射輻射; 其中該基板為形成一閉合迴路的一可撓性捲帶,其中該捲帶圍繞該迴路平移,且該些光學元件沿著平移方向配置。
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US20200149931A1 (en) 2020-05-14
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JP2022512980A (ja) 2022-02-07
CN113167998A (zh) 2021-07-23

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