TW201843254A - 消光聚醯胺-pud - Google Patents
消光聚醯胺-pud Download PDFInfo
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- TW201843254A TW201843254A TW107114541A TW107114541A TW201843254A TW 201843254 A TW201843254 A TW 201843254A TW 107114541 A TW107114541 A TW 107114541A TW 107114541 A TW107114541 A TW 107114541A TW 201843254 A TW201843254 A TW 201843254A
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- Prior art keywords
- polymer
- dispersion
- group
- carbon atoms
- amine
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Abstract
本發明揭示一種聚合物,其帶有連接多異氰酸酯之二級或三級聚醯胺段的部分。這些聚合物具有強化的消光性質。強化的消光性質來自不使用任何分離細粒尺寸消光添加劑而從聚合物製造固有消光表面。習知消光劑,如細粒尺寸氧化矽,通常造成物理性質損失,如因消光劑而在塗層中發生霧化及孔隙度。本發明亦揭示這些聚合物及其他聚醯胺類、聚胺基甲酸酯與乙烯基聚合物(丙烯酸酯)的複合物及混成物。
Description
本發明關於含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之水媒性聚合物分散液,其包含衍生自環形脂肪族或芳香族一級或二級胺經一些形式的反應性羰基(如羧酸)反應之聚醯胺段。這些聚醯胺意料外地對衍生自該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物分散液之塗層的表面賦與特徵為低光澤讀數之紋路。
在塗料工業中,有時需要高光澤的非常光滑護層。其他時候需要消光(低光澤)塗層或印墨表面,其由於塗層的表面變動而在各方向反射入射光。現已發展許多種對不同型式的塗層(溶劑系及水系)降低光澤(消光)之機構及產品。塗料工業需要消光程度之均勻性及一致的控制,以及在塗料製造及塗料塗佈方法之任何階段容易調整消光程度的能力。
控制粒度之氧化矽現已廣泛用於製造消光護層。據信氧化矽粒子的功能為擴大塗層表面而在塗層表面上製造在各方向反射光之高點。用於此應用之氧化矽有多孔性結構,其增加護層的孔隙度(氧化矽越多則消光 越多,且孔隙度越大)。塗層中的孔隙度降低其對各種可能使塗層變色,使塗層髒污或軟化,或者不利地與塗層底下的基材反應(如造成金屬腐蝕)之液體的抗性。氧化矽亦使塗層增加一些不透明性,因為其折射率與大部份黏合劑顯著不同。
本申請人現有2件早期申請案(US 9,527,961及US 2016009953號專利),其揭述含聚醯胺之聚合物及聚胺基甲酸酯分散液,其中高百分比的聚醯胺為衍生自哌之三級聚醯胺。
本發明關於含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的水性介質(例如水及選用的水溶性有機物)分散液,其含有得自指定的環形脂肪族或芳香族一級或二級胺基之聚醯胺,而對由聚合物水性介質分散液塗佈之塗層賦與低光澤(高消光)護層。這些聚醯胺可作為塗料、印墨、或黏著劑之黏合劑中的片段。這些聚醯胺亦可分別從一級聚合黏合劑(例如第二聚合物)製備,其均為水性介質分散液之形式。該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物可在將摻合物分散於水性介質中之前摻合第二聚合物。或者可將具有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物、及第二聚合物各分別分散於水性介質中,然後可將得自各水性介質的分散粒子摻合在一起。或者可以這些具有聚醯胺之聚合物作為母料,視情況具有第二聚合物,且可將該母料摻合一種或以上的其它聚合物分散液,而製造塗料、 印墨、或黏著劑用之黏合劑。黏合劑之聚合物可為熱塑性、熱固性、或彈性,且通常為這些樹脂之水媒性分散液。這些具有其指定聚醯胺之聚合物分散液的獨特特點為其對最終塗層或印墨賦與紋路表面的能力,其中該紋路表面降低塗層或印墨護層之光澤(增加消光)。塗料或印墨之聚合物中的聚醯胺量影響所得光澤降低或消光的程度。
定義:使用括號表示1)其視情況存在而使得單體表示一單體或多單體,或者(甲基)丙烯酸酯表示甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酸酯,2)限定或進一步定義前述術語,或3)列出較窄義的具體實施例。
在本發明之內文中,術語「烴基」或「伸烴基」表示具有直接附接其餘分子之碳原子,且具有烴或主要為烴特徵之基。此基包括純烴基,即脂肪族,視情況及含有非烴取代基(雜原子)之基,其不改變該基之主要烴特徵。非烴取代基之實例包括羥基、硝基、氰基[氰基經由C原子附接,而醯基亦如是]、烷氧基、醯基等。合適的雜原子對所屬技術領域者為明白的,且包括例如氮、氧、與硫。
本發明之第一部分為由環形脂肪族或芳香族一級或二級二胺型成分經一些形式的反應性羰基(如羧酸,經常為二羧酸、羥基羧酸、或得自羥基羧酸之內酯) 反應而產生聚醯胺段。在一較佳具體實施例中,兩個氮原子均附接環形或芳香族環且在氮與環之間無中介原子。此胺與羧酸的反應產生水作為副產物(或在內酯的情形為羥基)及醯胺鍵聯。聚醯胺段之形成可藉由移除水副產物而促進。通常數量平均分子量為約500至5000克/莫耳,更佳為約800或1000至3000克/莫耳之聚醯胺可藉此技術易於處理成為最終黏合劑。本申請人使用聚醯胺表示寡聚物或聚合物中的二個或以上的醯胺鍵聯。這些聚醯胺最初可被胺、羥基、或羧酸封端。通常希望形成羥基端基,因為其為聚胺基甲酸酯先體用之習知端基。
許多實例使用相對反應性羰基及/或羧酸官能基之莫耳數稍微過量的二胺,且反應到非常低的酸數而消耗實質上全部可用的羧基。調整反應性胺與酸基之化學計量可助於控制分子量及主要端基。在一些具體實施例中,唯一的羧酸基為羥基羧酸或得自其之內酯,且如此生成羥基封端聚醯胺,其在以多異氰酸酯反應時形成聚胺基甲酸酯。
在其他具體實施例中,首先將胺重複單元以二羧酸反應而製造胺封端聚醯胺,然後在該胺封端聚醯胺的末端,進行內酯聚合而將聚醯胺延長鏈。其他反應物(例如三官能基胺或三官能基羧酸或單官能基胺或單官能基羧酸)或雜質可被包括於聚醯胺之形成,其條件為其相對所需反應物以少量使用,且不會不當地增加或降低反應產物之分子量。
較佳的環形脂肪族或芳香族及一級或二級二 胺反應物為下式Ib至IVb。
其中R1至R5獨立選自H或C1至C4線形或分支烷基,及在一具體實施例中,希望胺重複單元中全部R5基之至少80、90、或95重量百分比為H。
較佳的環形脂肪族或芳香族及一級或二級二胺重複單元為式I至IV。
其中R1至R5獨立選自H或C1至C4線形或分支烷基,及在一具體實施例中,希望胺重複單元中全部R5基之至少80、90、或95重量百分比為H,且該分子之環形脂肪族或芳香族部分之至少80、90、或95重量百分比為環形脂肪族,使得式I及II(較佳)變成在此所示的式Ia及IIa: ,及/或式IIa
其中R1至R4獨立為H或C1至C4烷基。在一具體實施例中,用以製造聚醯胺或聚醯胺的胺重複單元之式Ib-IVb、式I-IV、及式Ia-IIa之二胺的R1、R2、R3、與R4基之至少60、70、或80為氫。在一具體實施例中,希望R5基之至少80、90、95、99、或100莫耳百分比為氫而生成一級二胺。這些一級胺在反應成為聚醯胺時產生及式IIa的重複單元,其中R1至R4如上所述。脂肪族一級環形二胺之實例包括1,3-二胺基環己基及4,4’-亞甲雙(環己胺),視情況經單或二烷基(較佳為甲基)取代,如以上所教示。雖然顯示環形脂肪族二胺及環形芳香族二胺,但據信芳香族二胺在暴露於光源時會在聚合塗料及印墨中產生黃色。因此,一級脂肪族及/或二級二胺略佳。
具有式I-IV之特定脂肪族環形或芳香族結構,且胺基直接附接併入作為胺化合物主幹的環形結構 之碳原子的一級及/或二級二胺之量,按聚胺基甲酸酯分散液中聚合物總量(即通常為塗料重量減去水相、填料、與顏料重量)計為該聚合物分散液中全部聚合物之約1或2至約20或25重量百分比,更希望為4至15重量百分比,且較佳為6至15重量百分比。
在一具體實施例中,經脂肪族環形二胺成分反應的二酸為C4至C50或60二羧酸,其包括C10至C40二羧酸及二聚物脂肪酸。特佳的較大二酸包括癸二酸、十二烷二酸、及二聚物酸。由其得到的重複單元具有結構,其中Ra為C2至C48或58烴基,更佳為C8至C38烴基。較佳的二酸包括癸二酸及C10至C40脂肪族二酸。二聚物及三聚物脂肪酸在此應用非常有用。
術語二聚物脂肪酸(亦稱為二聚物二酸或二聚物脂肪二酸)及三聚物脂肪酸在所屬技術領域為眾所周知的,且有關單或多不飽和脂肪酸及/或其酯之二聚合或三聚合產物。其係在壓力下聚合脂肪酸,然後藉蒸餾移除大部分未反應脂肪酸原料而製備。最終產物通常含有少量單脂肪酸及三聚物脂肪酸,但是大多由二聚物脂肪酸構成。
用於本發明之二聚物及三聚物脂肪酸較佳為衍生自C10至C30脂肪酸,更佳為C12至C24脂肪酸,特別是C14至C22脂肪酸,進一步較佳為C16至C20脂肪酸, 且尤其是C18脂肪酸的二聚合產物。因此,生成的二聚物脂肪酸較佳為每個分子包含20至60,更佳為24至48,特別是28至44,進一步較佳為32至42,且尤其是36個之範圍的碳原子。較佳為用以製造二聚物之脂肪酸原料為線形單不飽和脂肪酸。
該二聚物脂肪酸之分子量(重量平均)較佳為450至690,更佳為500至640,特別是530至610,且尤其是550至590克/莫耳之範圍。該三聚物脂肪酸之分子量(重量平均)較佳為750至950,更佳為790至910,特別是810至890,且尤其是830至870之範圍。除了二聚物脂肪酸,二聚合通常造成不同量的三聚物脂肪酸(所謂的「三聚物」)、寡聚脂肪酸、及單聚脂肪酸殘基(所謂的「單體」)、或其酯存在。其得自Croda之商標名PripolTM或Arizona Chemical之商標名UnidymeTM。
用於本發明之二聚物脂肪酸較佳為具有大於60重量百分比,更佳為大於70重量百分比,特別是大於80重量百分比,且尤其是大於85重量百分比之二聚物脂肪酸(或二聚物)含量。另外,特佳的二聚物脂肪酸可具有小於40重量百分比,更佳為小於30重量百分比,特別是小於20重量百分比,且尤其是小於15重量百分比之三聚物脂肪酸(或三聚物)含量。此外,該二聚物及/或三聚物脂肪酸較佳為包含小於10重量百分比,更佳為小於6重量百分比,特別是小於4重量百分比,且尤其是小於3.5重量百分比之單脂肪單酸(或單體)。以上的重量百分比值均按存在的聚合脂肪酸與單脂肪酸的總重量 計。
式HO-C(=O)-Rf-O-H之較佳羥基羧酸、及由 其得到的式之環形內酯包括具有2至15個碳原子,更佳為2至5個碳原子的上式之線形、分支、及環形Rf結構(其中Rf具有1至14個碳原子,更佳為1至4個碳原子)。較佳為各種未取代及經烷基取代己內酯及戊內酯。如果以羥基羧酸開始,羥基羧酸及由其得到的內酯均生成結構-(C(=O)-Rf-O-)-的重複單元且產生1莫耳的水。
如在【發明內容】所指示,可使用羥基羧酸或由其得到的內酯,在有或無二羧酸(且反之亦同)下,而產生醯胺鍵聯,及使用內酯或羥基羧酸將具有聚酯重複單元之本發明聚醯胺延長鏈。當以得自羥基羧酸或由其得到的內酯的聚酯重複單元將聚醯胺延長鏈時,聚酯重複單元之量希望為聚胺基甲酸酯分散液的聚合物之約1至約75重量百分比。
1莫耳之二酸與1莫耳之指定一級二胺的聚醯胺重複結構似為
其中一級二胺成分似為
及二胺之Rb似為選自或 之群組之結構,其中R1至R4如以上所述。如果胺重複單元為具有非氫R5基之二級胺型,則該結構之R5基在醯胺鍵聯之氮上。這些重複單元在聚醯胺中為最常見,但可存在單官能基醯胺形成反應物或三官能基醯胺形成反應物,其條件為胺反應物之至少50、70、80、90、或95莫耳百分比為二官能基。
本發明之第二具體實施例為a)將第二、第三或更多聚合物併入或摻合欲分散於水性介質中的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物,或b)製造含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物,及第二、第三或更多聚合物之分別水性介質分散液,然後如分散液而摻合形成摻合物。此二步驟為希望的,因為具有式I至IV的重複單元的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的量控制最終聚合物 膜之消光或光澤降低相對量。摻合兩種聚合物,其一具有式I至IV的重複單元之聚醯胺,另一為實質上無式I至IV的重複單元之聚合物,可控制消光或光澤降低程度。其可使用a)與b)的組合,其中在分散於水性介質之前,將第二聚合物摻合含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物,及將第三聚合物製成分別的水性介質分散液,且在以後摻合含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物與第二聚合物(其在分散於水性介質之前摻合)。在提到聚胺基甲酸酯中的聚合物段時,通常使用術語併入表示共價鍵結至聚胺基甲酸酯。通常使用術語摻合表示形成物理摻合物。
以上本發明具體實施例的一變體(視情況組合使用)包括藉由對聚醯胺鏈端聚合a)酯形成單體及/或b)其他聚醯胺形成單體,或者將聚醯胺偶合其他大寡聚物或聚合物種,如以Zerewitinoff反應性基對具有多異氰酸酯之寡聚或聚合物種反應,而將含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物併入較大的聚胺基甲酸酯結構中的選項。
在一具體實施例中,將聚酯段經由對聚醯胺聚合物的一或兩端進行酯聚合而加入。其可藉由將聚酯形成單體加入聚醯胺,視情況催化該酯聚合,且將反應物攪拌及加熱而完成。在一具體實施例中,聚(己內酯)可經由酯聚合加入聚醯胺的一或兩端。聚酯段之分子量可藉所加入的聚酯形成反應物相對聚醯胺段數量之量及反應條件而被控制。或者可在聚醯胺存在下聚合二羧酸 及二羥基化合物,及藉習知縮合聚合而部分或完全偶合該二羧酸及二羥基化合物至聚醯胺。
或者除了將直接得自單體之不同的聚合物結構聚合至該聚醯胺或與該聚醯胺聚合,亦可使用多異氰酸酯反應物將該得自環形脂肪族或芳香族及一級或二級多胺之聚醯胺偶合至其他單體、或寡聚或聚合物種。例如可將每段具有約2個終端Zerewitinoff基之聚酯、聚醚、或聚碳酸酯段以多異氰酸酯偶合至聚醯胺段而提供消光。該聚酯、聚醚、或聚碳酸酯段希望每段具有約2個終端Zerewitinoff基,因為據信當多異氰酸酯在每個多異氰酸酯具有約2個反應性異氰酸基時,生成線形聚合物。已知可使用極少的單官能基反應物或三官能基反應物,結果類似(尤其是如果單官能基與三官能基反應物之莫耳數大約相同,使得平均官能基維持約2)。然而,如果使用太多單官能基或三官能基反應物,則產物可能分子量太低或太高。Zerewitinoff基為眾所周知的且定義為含有對異氰酸酯類為反應性而形成共價化學鍵(稱為脲或胺基甲酸酯鍵聯)的活性氫之基(如胺或羥基,其在本發明中為主要的Zerewitinoff基)。當形成胺基甲酸酯鍵聯時,該鍵在羥基與異氰酸基之間,及若,該鍵在胺基與異氰酸基之間,則形成脲鍵聯。在一較佳具體實施例中,該具有Zerewitinoff終端基之聚酯、聚醚、或聚碳酸酯段之數量平均分子量為約500至約5000克/莫耳。
如果該聚酯、聚醚、或聚碳酸酯為二官能基,則可計算此數量平均分子量,且藉由將樣品中的段克數 簡單除以(樣品中的官能基莫耳數乘以0.5)而得知每個聚合物段之官能基之數量及型式。此數量平均分子量亦可藉凝膠滲透層析術(GPC),在良好溶劑(如四氫呋喃)中,及以一系列的市售已知分子量之聚苯乙烯校正樣品校正GPC管柱而測定。通常該兩種方法產生非常類似的分子量。
製造得自習知二官能基酸及環脂肪族一級二胺之一系列的聚醯胺寡聚物。最初寡聚物可包含胺端基、羧基端基、或將終端胺基或終端羧基以其他反應物反應而衍生之其他端基。這些結構之強烈氫鍵使其在膜形成期間較不會變形,及不欲受理論約束,當由水性分散液形成膜時,似乎利於形成具有高消光/低光澤護層之所欲紋路塗層表面。其甚至在得自特定脂肪族或芳香族環形一級或二級二胺之低分子量聚醯胺發生。
本說明書之許多種寡聚物、遙螯物、及聚合物係藉所欲單羧酸或二羧酸單體之反應性基、與環脂肪族及/或芳香族一級或二級二胺單體的縮合反應而製造。三胺單體與三羧酸因據信其製造高分支較不變形聚醯胺而較不欲。羧酸基與胺或羥基之間的這些縮合反應為已知的,且藉由移除水或藉觸媒驅動。從羧酸基與胺基的反應形成醯胺可藉硼酸、硼酸酯、硼烷、磷酸、磷酸鹽、磷酸酯、胺、酸、鹼、矽酸鹽、及半矽氧烷進行催化。額外的觸媒、條件等可得自如Larock之“Comprehensive Organic Transformations”之教科書。
兩件早期申請案(US 9,527,961及US 20160009953號專利)揭述含有三級聚醯胺之聚合物及聚胺基甲酸酯分散液,其中高百分比的醯胺鍵聯為衍生自哌及其他二級二胺之三級醯胺鍵聯。這些聚合物在塗料應用中並非自我消光或低光澤。在此揭示之一具體實施例中,希望將本發明之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之消光聚合物摻合(在分散於水性介質之前或之後)或相互合併早期含有三級聚醯胺之聚合物。如此對這些聚醯胺賦與可變程度的平坦性或光澤降低。在一具體實施例中,希望包括5-85重量百分比,更希望為至少10、15、20、或25重量百分比,及至多約65重量百分比之聚醯胺(按含有聚醯胺之聚胺基甲酸酯水性介質分散液中的聚合物組合重量計),其中聚醯胺特徵為至少75重量百分比之醯胺重複單元及至少60、75、或80莫耳百分比之醯胺鍵聯為三級醯胺鍵聯,及醯胺重複單元中至少60、70、或80重量百分比之胺基係基於其中氮原子為環部分且具有3或4至10個碳原子之環形二胺,如哌或經單或二烷基(C1-C4)取代哌。
這些早期揭示之三級聚醯胺的最低膜形成溫度(通常為約-10至約20、25、或30℃)比大部分得自一級胺之聚醯胺低,使得其在或接近室溫(約20-25℃)無需很多塑化劑、溶劑、或聚結劑而形成膜。這些揭示之三級醯胺鍵聯係由二級胺與羧酸基之間的共價鍵形成,且生成三級醯胺鍵聯(這些早期揭示得到較低的最低膜形成溫度之重要態樣)。一級胺與羧酸型基反應而形成二級醯胺,其他條件相同,則其通常最低膜形成溫度較高。
有時希望將羧酸封端聚醯胺段藉由以胺基醇(如N-甲胺基乙醇或HN(Rα)(Rβ))反應而轉化成羥基(Zerewitinoff基),其中Rα為C1至C4烷基,及Rβ包含醇基與C2至C12伸烷基,或者Rα與Rβ可交連形成C3至C16伸烷基,其包括環形結構及側接羥基(如在2-羥基甲基哌啶中),其均可製造具有終端羥基之聚醯胺。二級胺(與羥基相反)與羧酸的反應可因使用100莫耳百分比過量之胺基醇,及在160℃ +/-10或20℃進行反應而受益。過量的胺基醇可在反應後藉蒸餾移除。
在一具體實施例中,如下兩段所揭述,將含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物分散液共聚合,或摻合其他含有聚醯胺之聚合物分散液(如先前三級聚醯胺所述)。用以形成先前三級聚醯胺之較佳二羧酸為其中二羧酸之伸烷基部分為2至36個碳原子之環形、線形、或分支(視情況包括芳香族基)伸烷基,其視情況每3或10個碳原子,更佳為4、8、或12至36個碳原子包括至多1個雜原子(該二酸包括比伸烷基部分多2個碳原子)。其包括二聚物脂肪酸、氫化二聚物酸、癸二酸等。通常偏好伸烷基較大的二酸,因為其通常提供最低膜形成溫度較低的聚醯胺重複單元。
用以形成該三級聚醯胺之較佳二胺為具有6至60個碳原子,更希望為6至20,且較佳為6或12、或13至15、17或20個碳原子者,其視情況二胺之每3或10個碳原子包括1個雜原子(除了兩個氮原子,及視情況包括各種環形、芳香族、或雜環形基,其條件為胺 基之一或兩者為一級胺,較佳式為及Rb為直接鍵,或2至36個碳原子,且更佳為2或4至12個碳原子之線形或分支(視情況為或包括環形、雜環形、或芳香族部分)伸烷基(視情況二胺之每10個碳原子含有至多1或3個雜原子),及Rc與Rd個別為1至8個碳原子,更佳為1或2至4個碳原子之線形或分支烷基,或者視情況Rc與Rd連接在一起形成1至8個碳原子之單一線形或分支伸烷基,或者視情況Rc與Rd之一連接Rb之碳原子,且更希望為其中連接在一起及組合的Rc與Rd為1或2至4個碳原子。
在關於三級聚醯胺之先行揭示的一具體實施例中,希望至少50重量百分比,更希望為至少60、70、80、或90重量百分比之該聚醯胺寡聚物或遙螯聚醯胺包含得自重複單元之結構為以下的二酸及二胺的重複單元: 其中Ra為二羧酸之伸烷基部分,且為2至36個碳原子之環形、線形、或分支(視情況包括芳香族基)伸烷基,其視情況二酸之每3或10個碳原子,更佳為4至36個碳原子包括至多1個雜原子(該二酸版本包括比二酸之伸烷基部分多2個碳原子),及 其中Rb為式
其中Rb為2至36或60個碳原子,且更佳為2或4至12個碳原子,及Rc與Rd個別為1至8個碳原子,更佳為1或2至4個碳原子之線形或分支烷基,或者Rc與Rd連接在一起形成1至8個碳原子之單一線形或分支伸烷基,或者視情況Rc與Rd之一連接Rb之碳原子,且更希望為連接在一起的Rc與Rd為1或2至4個碳原子之伸烷基。
在本揭示之聚醯胺與多異氰酸酯反應形成含有聚醯胺之聚胺基甲酸酯之期間,可有其他物種與Zerewitinoff基共存並共反應而生成聚胺基甲酸酯。其可為低分子量物種(例如小於500克/莫耳之二醇類或二胺類)或高分子量物種(例如500至5000克/莫耳之寡聚物,其被添加以在生成的胺基甲酸酯聚合物中形成高或低Tg相)。通常如果想要以低黏度預聚物製造聚合物水性介質分散液,則僅將成分以反應性基之間為化學計量不平衡反應而製造中分子量物種,稱為預聚物,且過量存在的官能基為大部分預聚物單元之主要終端。其通常藉由將異氰酸基對Zerewitinoff基的化學計量保持不為1:1比例(使得因作為終端基之異氰酸酯或Zerewitinoff基過量而製造有限分子量之預聚物)而完成。預聚物之分子量保持相當低(5000克/莫耳至100,000克/莫耳),使得預聚物在室溫或稍微高於室溫(通常為至多約80℃)為液態。 如此在80℃或以下為低黏度利於將液態預聚物混合及剪切成為在水中安定的細微分散之膠態預聚物相。其經常使用過量的異氰酸基,使得預聚物被異氰酸酯封端。
在製造預聚物之分散液之後可增加胺基甲酸酯預聚物之分子量(或者有時稱為將預聚物延長鏈成為胺基甲酸酯聚合物)。其可藉由將可與異氰酸酯封端預聚物反應而將其鍵聯高分子量物種之低分子量物種,如二醇類、三醇類、四醇類、或二胺類、三胺類、或四胺類,加入分散液而完成。預聚物的異氰酸基亦可與連續介質中的水反應而產生CO2氣體、及一些預聚物之終端胺基。然後可將一些預聚物之胺基以其他預聚物之異氰酸基反應,而將二物種延長鏈。雖然下段揭述可被併入預聚物/聚合物中的分散基,但亦可利用陰離子性、陽離子性、非離子性、或兩性離子性型分散劑及界面活性劑、或其混合物,而利於將預聚物/聚合物分散於連續介質中。
若欲將預聚物(或聚合物)分散於連續水相中,則希望將表面活性分散物種,如陰離子性、陽離子性、非離子性、或兩性離子性物種,加入預聚物(或聚合物)。這些分散物種有助於對分散相提供膠態安定性。若欲將表面活化分散基併入聚合物中,則希望將其包括於聚醯胺寡聚物或其他Zerewitinoff反應性基來源的反應中(例如在胺基甲酸酯預聚物製備期間)。為此目的,特佳為具有Zerewitinoff活性基之分散基,其與異氰酸基反應而形成脲或胺基甲酸酯鍵聯。
若想在水性介質中形成聚胺基甲酸酯分散液,則希望包括水分散成分,其為界面活性劑/乳化劑或為可被併入聚胺基甲酸酯本身中的水分散基。因此經常希望將至少一種水分散力強化化合物,即具有分散官能性之單體(其具有至少一個親水性、離子性、或可能離子性基),包括於聚胺基甲酸酯形成聚合物與本發明預聚物的反應物中,以助於將聚合物/預聚物分散於水性介質中。一般而言,其係將帶有至少一個親水性基、或可藉如中和之化學修改而變成親水性之基的化合物,併入(經由化合物之一或兩個Zerewitinoff基)聚合物/預聚物鏈中而完成。這些化合物之本質可為非離子性、陰離子性、陽離子性、或兩性離子性、或其組合。例如可將如羧酸基之陰離子性基併入預聚物中,繼而以鹽形成化合物(如氫氧化銨或以下更詳細定義的三級胺)游離。基於羧酸基之陰離子性可分散胺基甲酸酯預聚物/聚胺基甲酸酯通常具有約1至約60毫克KOH/克,一般為1至約40毫克KOH/克,或甚至10至35、或12至30、或14至25毫克KOH/克之酸數。亦可將其他的水分散力強化化合物經由胺基甲酸酯鍵聯或脲鍵聯而反應至聚胺基甲酸酯預聚物主幹中,包括側向或終端親水性環氧乙烷或脲基單元。
特別有利的水分散力強化化合物為可將弱羧基併入預聚物中者。通常其衍生自具有通式(HO)xQ(COOH)y之羥基-羧酸,其中Q為含1至12個碳原子之直鏈或分支烴基,及x與y為1至3。此羥基-羧酸之實例包括二羥甲基丙酸、二羥甲基丁酸、檸檬酸、 酒石酸、羥乙酸、乳酸、羥丁二酸、二羥基羥丁二酸、二羥基酒石酸等、及其混合物。更佳為二羥基-羧酸,最佳為二羥甲基丙酸與二羥甲基丁酸。
另一組特別有利的水分散力強化化合物為側鏈親水性單體。此實例包括環氧烷聚合物及共聚物,其中環氧烷基具有2-10個碳原子,如美國專利第6,897,281號所示,其揭示納入此處作為參考。現有許多在靠近聚醚之一端具有2個終端羥基之市售聚醚,其可如非離子性分散部分被併入胺基甲酸酯及胺基甲酸酯預聚物中。該聚醚之大部分以繫鏈方式從聚醚一端之2個胺基甲酸酯附接點延伸。其包括用於US 6,897,381號專利之Tegomer® D3403、及得自Perstop之YmerTM N-120。
水分散力強化化合物可對聚胺基甲酸酯賦予陽離子性本質。陽離子性聚胺基甲酸酯含有內建或附接至主幹之陽離子性中心。此陽離子性中心包括銨、鏻、與鋶基。這些基可被以離子性形式聚合至主幹中,或者可視情況由對應氮、磷、或硫部分之後中和或後四級化而產生。其可使用所有以上基的組合,及其與非離子性安定化的組合。胺之實例包括N-甲基二乙醇胺與胺基醇類,其得自Huntsman之商標名Jeffcat®,如DPA、ZF-10、Z-110、ZR-50等。其可與實際上任何酸產生鹽。酸之實例包括氫氯酸、硫酸、乙酸、磷酸、硝酸、過氯酸、檸檬酸、酒石酸、氯乙酸、丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、伊康酸、順丁烯二酸、丙烯酸2-羧基乙酯等。四級化劑包括氯甲烷、氯乙烷、鹵烷類、氯化苄基、溴甲烷、溴乙烷、溴 化苄基、硫酸二甲酯、硫酸二乙酯、氯乙酸等。四級化二醇之實例包括氯化二甲基二乙醇銨、與N,N-二甲基貳(羥乙基)四級銨甲磺酸鹽。
其他合適的水分散力強化化合物包括硫乙醇酸、2,6-二羥基苯甲酸、磺痠基間苯二甲酸、聚乙二醇等、及其混合物。
雖然較佳為使用水分散力強化化合物,但是使用高剪切分散法及以界面活性劑安定,則無水分散力強化化合物即可製備本發明之分散液。
(i)多異氰酸酯
合適的多異氰酸酯類每分子具有平均約二個或以上的異氰酸基,較佳為平均約2至約4個異氰酸基,且包括脂肪族、環脂肪族、芳脂肪族、芳香族、及雜環族多異氰酸酯類,以及其寡聚產物,單獨或以二種或以上的的混合物使用。更佳為二異氰酸酯類。多異氰酸酯 可為式,其中RQ為5至20個碳原子之伸烴基,視情況包括一個或以上的環形脂肪族結構或一個或以上的芳香族環,及Z為1至4,更希望為1至3,且較佳為絕大多平均2。
合適的脂肪族多異氰酸酯類之指定實例包括具有5至20個碳原子之α,ω-伸烷基二異氰酸酯類,如六亞甲基-1,6-二異氰酸酯、1,12-十二烷二異氰酸酯、2,2,4三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯、2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯、2-甲基-1,5-五亞甲基二異氰酸酯等。可使用碳 原子少於5個之多異氰酸酯類,但因其高揮發性及毒性而較不佳。較佳的脂肪族多異氰酸酯包括六亞甲基-1,6-二異氰酸酯、2,2,4三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯、與2,4,4-三甲基六亞甲基二異氰酸酯。
合適的環脂肪族多異氰酸酯類之指定實例包括二環己基甲烷二異氰酸酯(由Bayer Corporation以DesmodurTM W市售)、異佛酮二異氰酸酯、1,4-環己烷二異氰酸酯、1,3-貳(異氰酸基甲基)環己烷等。較佳的環脂肪族多異氰酸酯類包括二環己基甲烷二異氰酸酯與異佛酮二異氰酸酯。
合適的芳脂肪族多異氰酸酯類之指定實例包括間四甲基苯二甲二異氰酸酯、對四甲基苯二甲二異氰酸酯、1,4-苯二甲二異氰酸酯、1,3-苯二甲二異氰酸酯等。較佳芳脂肪族多異氰酸酯為間四甲基苯二甲二異氰酸酯。
合適的芳香族多異氰酸酯類之實例包括4,4’-二苯基亞甲基二異氰酸酯、甲苯二異氰酸酯、其異構物、萘二異氰酸酯等。較佳的芳香族多異氰酸酯類包括4,4’-二苯基亞甲基二異氰酸酯與甲苯二異氰酸酯。
合適的雜環族多異氰酸酯類之實例包括5,5’-亞甲基貳糠異氰酸酯與5,5’-亞異丙基貳糠異氰酸酯。
形成於本發明分散液中之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物可藉所屬技術領域者 熟知的方法,結合相容性聚合物(即第二聚合物)及/或聚合物分散液。通常第二聚合物可異於該分散液的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物,因為其未共價鍵結該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物及/或其具有較少指定量的界定本揭示獨特聚合物之式I及/或II的胺重複單元。此聚合物、聚合物溶液、及分散液包括在Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,John Wiley & Sons,第3版,第20卷,編者H.F.Mark等人,第207-230頁(1982)的A.S.Teot之“Resins,Water-Soluble”所述者。
在一具體實施例中可使用乙烯不飽和單體作為溶劑,而在預聚物、或含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物之製備及分散期間降低預聚物的黏度,繼而聚合不飽和單體而形成聚合物。乙烯不飽和單體及其他的可自由基聚合單體可藉習知的自由基來源聚合,而在含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物粒子內形成聚合物,而與分散液之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物形成複合聚合物。乙烯基聚合物為衍生自大部分不飽和單體之聚合物、或衍生自這些單體之聚合物的通用名詞。丙烯酸系(經常被視為乙烯基之子集)係指丙烯酸、丙烯酸酯類(丙烯酸之酯類)、與烷基丙烯酸酯類(如甲基丙烯酸酯類與乙基丙烯酸酯類)、及由其得到的聚合物。各種苯乙烯及經烷基取 代苯乙烯型單體(包括二乙烯基苯乙烯)、(甲基)丙烯腈、乙烯酯(如乙酸乙烯酯)、不飽和醯胺(如丙烯醯胺)、4至6個碳原子之二烯、具有分散部分之乙烯基單體(如AMP單體(2-丙烯醯胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸))、及其他易與丙烯酸系單體共聚合的乙烯基單體。額外的可自由基聚合材料,例如其他的不飽和單體,可被加入該乙烯基或丙烯酸系單體而共聚合。這些其他單體可為技術上不為乙烯不飽和之單體,如順丁烯二酸酐、順丁烯二酸,及其他其中碳-碳雙鍵的反應性(可共聚合性)與乙烯不飽和單體幾乎相同的單體。二烯被視為乙烯不飽和,且與寬廣類別的乙烯基單體及較窄類別的丙烯酸系單體共聚合。
聚胺基甲酸酯粒子內的聚合可藉由形成含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物複合物之水性分散液,然後在這些分散液存在下藉乳化或懸浮聚合以聚合額外單體而完成。另一種製造複合聚合物的方法為預聚物形式的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物中包括乙烯不飽和單體,例如與反應物形成預聚物及/或在將聚胺基甲酸酯預聚物分散前的任何時間,且造成這些單體在預聚物被分散於水性介質之前、期間及/或之後聚合。在一具體實施例中,在該具有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物分散液中,按100份的組合含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物與可自由基聚合單體及任何額外摻合或併入的聚合物計,得自可自由基聚合單體之聚合物(或由其得到的聚合物)為至少1、5、或10重量百分比,及希 望為至多30、40、或50重量百分比之結合聚合物。
一種方法為將可自由基聚合單體(乙烯不飽和單體)在預聚物形成期間作為稀釋劑(或塑化劑)。本發明之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物有及無可自由基聚合單體(例如丙烯酸系)或其聚合物的複合物可藉任何這些方法製造。
複合物(亦已知為混成組成物)可被調整聚醯胺重複單元相對含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物中其他重複單元(例如視情況之聚醚、聚碳酸酯、聚酯段、聚矽氧烷等)的重量百分比,而將消光效果或光澤讀數最適化。因此,此技術提供數種獨立控制複合聚胺基甲酸酯粒子中聚醯胺量的方式,而可影響複合物粒子之極性或氫鍵,複合物粒子之表面張力,及/或複合聚合物在特定重要溫度之模數、拉伸強度等。
術語複合物及/或混成物意圖包括各種其他聚合物與富含聚醯胺聚合物型的混合物,如含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物。含有聚醯胺段之聚合物可具有直接或間接鍵聯聚醯胺段之其他共單體或共單體段。這些共單體包括如聚醚類、聚酯類、聚碳酸酯類、聚矽氧烷類等。該複合物及/或複合物之混成聚合物及/或混成分散液具有如聚胺基甲酸酯於水中的分散液所揭示的大約相同粒度範圍。
該複合物及/或混成聚合物分散液可在聚合 物內具有陰離子性、非離子性、或兩性離子性膠態安定基,如先前所揭示。
水可以水性介質分散液形式的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物之約10、20、或30重量百分比至約70、80、或90重量百分比之量存在。一般而言,較低的水含量節省等量聚合物之運送成本,但是當水含量最小時,分散液黏度趨於提高。
在一具體實施例中,希望含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物、或其中的第二或第三聚合物之一被部分交聯而提升聚合物的物理性質,如拉伸強度及模數。其可藉由對分散液中的聚合物添加各種交聯官能基,或對分散液形式的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物添加分別的交聯成分而完成。該交聯成分可包括多異氰酸酯、經封阻多異氰酸酯、氮丙啶(aziridines)、酮-肼交聯等。該多異氰酸酯、經封阻多異氰酸酯、及酮-肼交聯均為較佳型式。
經封阻多異氰酸酯(例如MEKO)或1,3-二羰基化合物型式(例如DEM)之反應性交聯部分可藉單成分系統傳送二成分性能。其可使用許多型式的化合物作為封阻(亦已知為保護或遮蔽)劑,而對胺基甲酸酯聚合物及塗料組成物提供交聯官能基。其功能為暫時保護異氰酸基免於不欲的反應。對於封阻化合物之主要需求為其與異氰酸酯反應為可逆的。當反應被反轉時,異氰酸基被再生且在去封阻後可用於進一步反應。去封阻反應可藉物理或化學手段觸發,例如藉高溫、輻射、真空、觸 媒、具有活性氫之化合物、或其組合。丙二酸酯(如DEM)為封阻化合物之變體,因為其確實封阻異氰酸基免於不欲的反應(如與水),但是當在交聯期間結合含羥基基材而非在較高溫度去封阻時,其在較低溫度反應而與此反應性羥基形成化學鍵。
反應性交聯部分(包括封阻劑)之實例包括1,3-二羰基化合物、肟類、及其他的N-羥基化合物、酚類、醇類、內醯胺類、咪唑類、吡唑類、酸類、巰類、醯亞胺類、二級胺、氰乙酸酯、丙二腈及其衍生物、及亞硫酸酯。較佳的反應性交聯劑(包括封阻劑)為1,3-二羰基化合物(二羰基甲烷)(美國專利第2,826,526號)。實例包括乙醯基丙酮及其衍生物、乙醯乙酸烷酯、乙醯乙酸烷氧基烷酯、巴比妥酸及其衍生物。該反應性交聯部分可被反應成為預聚物然後為聚胺基甲酸酯,或者其可為分別的基於異氰酸酯之化合物/部分(例如經封阻多異氰酸酯部分、或多異氰酸酯與1,3-二羰基化合物的反應產物),其反應而交聯聚胺基甲酸酯或使聚胺基甲酸酯黏合基材。
肟類為另一組通常較佳的封阻劑。肟類可由通式CRR'=NOH表示,其中R與R’可獨立為H或CnH2n+1。R與R’亦可含有環脂肪族、芳香族基,及具有雜原子(包括雜環形基)之基。當R與R’之一或兩者為氫時肟可為醛肟,或者當R與R’均為烴基(希望為具有1至12個碳原子之烷基)時為酮肟。醛肟之實例包括甲醛肟、乙醛肟、丙醛肟、丁醛肟、苯甲醛肟等。酮肟之實 例包括丙酮肟、丁酮肟、甲乙酮肟(MEKO)、甲基異丁酮肟、環戊酮肟、環己酮肟、苯乙酮肟等。1,3-二羰基化合物與肟可單獨或組合使用。其可經其他封阻劑部分取代。
其他的封阻劑包括內醯胺類、二級與三級醇類、酚類、吡唑類、巰類、N-羥基化合物、及其混合物。其他合適的封阻劑之一些指定實例包括三唑、四唑、咪唑、己內醯胺、酚及其衍生物(如羥基苯甲酸之酯)、吡唑、3,5-二甲基吡唑、二丁胺、二異丙胺、哌啶、哌、三級丁醇、環己醇、異丙醇、甘油碳酸酯、N-羥基琥珀醯亞胺、羥基吡啶、及羥胺酸之酯。如果希望為逐步反應,則二種或以上的封阻劑的組合較佳,尤其是在不同溫度去封阻的封阻劑混合物。
異氰酸酯封阻反應可在PUD合成的實際上任何階段實行,且通常在高於30℃的溫度進行。反應時間可變且依溫度,以及異氰酸酯、封阻劑及其他成分之型式及濃度而定。封阻反應可使用觸媒加速。合適的觸媒包括布忍斯特鹼/或路易士酸。實例包括鹼金屬醇化物及酚化物、及金屬羧酸鹽。
去封阻可在鏈延長期間或在聚合物乾燥期間及/或在分別硬化期間發生。其經常較佳為使用在乾燥或硬化期間從聚合物蒸發之封阻劑。在這些情形,較佳為低分子量封阻劑,如丙二酸二甲酯、丙二酸二乙酯、丙酮肟、丁酮肟、丁醛肟等。
本發明之經封阻異氰酸酯亦可結合其他交聯 化學使用,如J.W.Taylor與M.A.Winnik之“Functional Latex and Thermoset Latex Films”,J.Coatings Tech.,Research,第1卷,第3期,第163頁(2004)所歸納,其納入此處作為參考。其包括基於三聚氰胺之交聯劑、金屬羧酸鹽、氮丙啶、羰二醯亞胺、環氧化物、不飽合化合物、乙醯乙醯氧基與酮官能基聚合物及添加劑、烯胺與胺交聯、異氰酸酯與自封阻異氰酸酯、OH-官能基聚酯與丙烯酸酯、酸官能基樹脂、及羥基烷基醯胺。
在一涉及酮-肼交聯之具體實施例中,含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物中的酮可交聯官能基之量為每克該聚合物分散液至少0.05毫當量,或至多約1毫當量,較佳為每克該聚合物分散液約0.05至約0.5毫當量,且更佳為約0.1至約0.3毫當量。在該具體實施例中,酮基可在含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物及/或得自乙烯不飽和單體之聚合物上。在另一具體實施例中,至少10、20、30、40、或50重量百分比之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物具有至少一個化學鍵結至該聚胺基甲酸酯之各聚胺基甲酸酯鏈的酮基。在另一具體實施例中,按分散液形式的該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的酮基之莫耳數計,該分散液形式的該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物進一步包含10莫耳百分比至約100或200莫耳百分比之量的肼及/或醯肼基(有時為低分子量物種之形式,及有時為具有醯肼基的聚合物之形式)。如此提供酮與肼形成可 作為化學交聯之化學鍵的化學反應。一般而言,當加入肼而交聯時不可使用過量肼,因為肼對人體可能造成不欲的反應。在一具體實施例中,肼或醯肼基之量希望為酮官能基之量的約20至100莫耳百分比。
在一具體實施例中,該肼及/或醯肼基為分子量小於400、300、或200克/莫耳之反應性肼或醯肼基化合物(如己二酸二醯肼)的一部分。在另一具體實施例中有該醯肼基,且該醯肼基為分子量為300或400克/莫耳至500,000克/莫耳之醯肼反應性寡聚或聚合化學化合物的一部分。
在另一具體實施例中,該得自自由基可聚合單體之聚合物包含每個聚合物平均一個或以上(按聚合物乾重計,更希望為每克得自自由基可聚合單體之聚合物為至多約1毫當量,較佳為約0.05至約0.5毫當量,且更希望為約0.1至約0.3毫當量)的酮基,且按該酮基莫耳數計,該分散液進一步包含為約10莫耳百分比至約200莫耳百分比之量的肼及/或醯肼基。
胺基甲酸酯與丙烯酸系聚合物分散液技藝已熟知,在揮發性鹼蒸發時且溶液pH由微鹼轉向中性或pH酸性時,上述酮-肼交聯在大約室溫為聚合分散液之有效交聯劑。US 8,901,244號專利教示胺基甲酸酯類及相關化合物於水中藉酮-肼交聯而交聯或增加分子量。此技術有時亦已知為次甲基偶氮鍵聯。
該分散液形式的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物亦可包含陰離子性、非離子性、 或兩性離子性界面活性劑,以助於膠態安定該分散液。
本揭示之含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的預聚物係依照本發明在實質上無水下(因為水會與異氰酸酯基反應)由Zerewitinoff反應性基與多異氰酸酯的反應形成預聚物,然後將此預聚物分散於水性介質中而製造。其可藉所屬技術領域已知的任何方法完成。一般而言,預聚物形成係藉由嵌段或溶液聚合預聚物之成分而完成。
一旦形成胺基甲酸酯預聚物混合物,視情況將分散部分併入該預聚物/聚合物中,則將其分散於水性介質中而形成分散液或溶液。將預聚物分散於水性介質中可藉與將以嵌段或溶液聚合所製造的胺基甲酸酯預聚物分散於水中為相同方式之任何習知技術完成。通常其係藉由將預聚物摻合物與水性介質混合組合而完成。在使用溶劑聚合之處,若需要則可將溶劑及其他揮發性成分視情況從最終分散液蒸餾掉。在預聚物包括足夠的水分散力強化化合物(例如陰離子性、陽離子性及/或非離子性單體)而形成無需添加乳化劑(界面活性劑)之安定分散液之處,若需要則無需此化合物(即實質上無分子量小於200克/莫耳的界面活性劑)即可製造分散液。此方法之優點為,無低分子量界面活性劑而由含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物所製造的塗料或其他產物呈現低水敏感性,經常有較佳的膜形成,且較不起泡。
其他製造聚胺基甲酸酯水性分散液的已知方式亦可用以製造本發明之分散液。其回顧可在許多刊物中發現,包括D.Dieterich之Progress in Organic Coatings,第9卷,第281-340頁(1981)。該方法之實例包括:
剪切混合-以乳化劑(外部乳化劑,如界面活性劑,或具有陰離子性、非離子性、陽離子性、及/或兩性離子性基作為聚合物主幹之一部分或側接基,及/或作為聚合物主幹之端基的內部乳化劑)藉剪切力分散預聚物。
丙酮法-有或無丙酮、甲基乙基酮MEK、及/或其他對異氰酸酯類為非反應性且易蒸餾的極性溶劑存在下形成預聚物。若必要則將預聚物進一步在該溶劑中稀釋,且以含活性氫化合物來延長鏈。將水加入經鏈延長的聚合物,且將溶劑蒸餾掉。此方法之變體為將預聚物在已分散於水性介質中之後延長鏈。
熔化分散法-形成異氰酸酯封端預聚物,然後以過量氨或尿素反應而形成具有終端脲或雙脲基之低分子量寡聚物。將此寡聚物分散於水性介質中且將雙脲基以甲醛進行羥甲基化而延長鏈。
酮肼與酮亞胺法-將肼類或二胺類以酮類反應而形成酮肼類或酮亞胺類。將其加入預聚物,且對異氰酸酯維持惰性。當將預聚物分散於水中時,肼或二胺游離,且隨分散進行而發生鏈延長。
連續法聚合-形成異氰酸酯封端預聚物。將此 預聚物泵取通過高剪切混合頭且分散於水中,然後在該混合頭延長鏈,或者在該混合頭同時分散及延長鏈。其係藉由預聚物(或經中和預聚物)、選用中和劑、水、及選用鏈延長劑及/或界面活性劑組成的多重流完成。
逆進料法-將水與選用中和劑及/或延長劑胺在攪動下加入預聚物。預聚物可在添加水及/或二胺鏈延長劑之前被中和。
其希望在本揭示之預聚物及分散液形式的含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物中包括聚結助劑,以助於在所欲溫度促進聚合物粒子彼此及與組成物中任何固態添加劑的聚結。聚結助劑依其功能亦已知為溶劑或塑化劑。一種聚結助劑為先前複合聚合物摻合物所討論的可自由基聚合單體(乙烯基單體)。較佳的乙烯基單體包括甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸乙基己酯、丙烯酸乙酯、與苯乙烯。聚結溶劑包括二乙二醇二甲基醚、二丙二醇二甲基醚、碳酸二甲酯、異丙醇、二丁二醇二甲基醚、與Texanol(2,2,4-三甲基-1,3-戊二醇之異丁酸酯)。
中和劑可視情況用於本發明之分散液、及由此分散液所製備的塗料組成物。如果被陰離子性安定,則該組成物之pH可為約7至約10之範圍。合適的中和劑包括但不限於鹼氫氧化物,如鋰、鈉、與鉀,及有機鹼,如氨與三級胺類,如三乙醇胺、胺基甲基丙醇、二甲基乙醇胺、三甲胺、三乙胺、嗎啉、及其混合物。
如果需要,則亦可將具有至少一個可交聯官能基之化合物併入本發明之聚脲/胺基甲酸酯。此化合物之實例包括具有羧基、羰基、胺、羥基、環氧基、乙醯乙醯氧基、烯烴、與醯肼基、封端異氰酸酯類等、及此基與保護形式相同基(可被反轉成為由其衍生的原始基)的混合物。其他提供交聯能力之合適化合物包括硫乙醇酸、2,6-二羥基苯甲酸、三聚氰胺與其衍生物、多價金屬化合物等、及其混合物。
按乾重計,該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的預聚物中具有可交聯官能基之選用化合物之量一般在聚胺基甲酸酯分散液中每克最終聚合物為至多約1毫當量,較佳為約0.05至約0.5毫當量,且更佳為約0.1至約0.3毫當量。
其可使用所屬技術領域者已知的其他添加劑以助於製備本發明之分散液。此添加劑包括界面活性劑、安定劑、消泡劑、增稠劑、調平劑、殺微生物劑、抗氧化劑、UV吸收劑、阻燃劑、顏料、染料等。這些添加劑可在製造方法之任何階段加入。
按全部塗料組成物重量計,本發明之分散液一般在一態樣具有至少約20重量百分比,在另一態樣為至少約30重量百分比,在又一態樣為至少約40重量百分比,且在又另一態樣為至少約45重量百分比之總固體。
該塗料組成物或黏著劑可藉任何習知方法, 包括塗刷、浸泡、流塗、噴灑等,被塗布於任何基材,包括木材、金屬、玻璃、布、皮革、紙、塑膠、發泡體等。
本揭示之塗層及膜上的光澤讀數可依照ASTM D523-14完成。測量可在20、60、或85°之幾何角取得。其希望3mil(0.076毫米)厚塗層上的60°光澤值小於60,更希望為小於40,且較佳為小於20。其希望在此光澤值之霧值相當小,使得霧值小於5,更希望為小於4或3,且較佳為小於2。60°光澤為20之習知氧化矽平整劑通常產生大於5或10之霧值。光澤伴隨表面在接近鏡面的方向比其他反射更多光的能力。該測量關聯在類似角度進行的表面亮度之目視觀察。光澤評定涉及表面外觀之其他目視態樣,如反射影像之差別、反射霧值、及紋路。測量光澤及霧值之所欲基材包括冷軋金屬(視情況塗底漆)、玻璃板、聚酯膜(如Mylar)、及Leneta表(若欲測量霧值則視情況為黑色)。
本發明之組成物及其調配物可作為自撐膜、各種基材之塗料、印墨、及黏著劑,其藉得自式I至IV的胺重複單元之聚醯胺調整消光或光澤。本揭示之組成物對於木材及金屬塗層特別有用,其中先行技藝消光劑經常因將材料或基材弄髒且損壞或腐蝕材料(如水),而增加塗層的孔隙度或滲透力。本揭示之組成物對用於運輸車輛及其他的原廠代工製造之金屬塗層特別有用,其中低、中、或高消光護層可完美對比其他區域之高光澤護層。本揭示之組成物對於想要避免眩光或光反射到其 他表面或阻礙/模糊基材另一側上的物件辨識,而不減少通過基材的總穿透光之透明或高透明基材特別有用。這些含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物具有通過塗層之高透光,但是其充分消光可實質上阻礙/模糊基材另一側上的物件而仍可使實質上全部的入射光通過塗層。其他的先行技藝消光劑使用礦物添加劑調整消光,且這些礦物添加劑之折射率遠高於此聚醯胺,因此其由於聚合物黏合劑與消光劑之間的折射率差而反射回較多入射光。
在這些實施例中使用以下的試劑:
H12MDI-1,1’-亞甲雙(4-異氰酸基環己烷),得自Bayer Corporation之Desmodur® W。
氫化二聚物酸 DA
癸二酸 SA
十二烷二酸 DDA
己內酯 CPL
4,4’-亞甲雙(環己胺) MHMDA
4,4’-亞甲雙(2-甲基環己胺) HMDA
1,2-環己二胺 CHDA
異佛酮二胺 IDA
聚酮二醇為2莫耳之果糖衍酸與1莫耳之雙酚A之二環氧丙基醚的反應產物,其以0.5-0.7莫耳之二異氰酸酯進行偶合。
聚碳酸酯為Eternacoll PH100,其為由UBE銷售的 脂肪族聚碳酸酯,據信二醇分子量為約1000克/莫耳,其具有1,6-己二醇及1,5-戊二醇之碳酸酯的重複單元。
DMBA為二羥甲基丁酸。
丙烯酸酯為70重量百分比之甲基丙烯酸甲酯、10重量百分比之乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、與20重量百分比之辛基丙烯醯胺的摻合物。
TEA為三乙醇胺。
肼為H2N=NH2,且通常以35%活性物得到。
ADH為己二酸二醯肼,且通常為純的。
在裝有溫度計、抬頭式攪拌器、及氮氣入口之4頸燒瓶中組合以下成分之第1-3項,而製備聚酮官能基寡聚物。攪拌及在氮氈下將反應混合物的溫度提高到100℃至103℃,且在此溫度保持1小時。然後將溫度提高到110-114℃,且保持又1小時。最後將反應混合物提高到121-125℃,且在此溫度保持2小時或直到酸數為<1.0(毫克/克)。此時添加第4項作為溶劑,繼而在90-94℃添加第5項以偶合先前製造的寡聚物。將溫度提高回到116-120℃,且維持直到對生成產物之經滴定的NCO為<0.1%(或本質上零)。最終材料為淡琥珀色,及70℃黏度為~5,100cps。
將4,4’-亞甲雙(環己胺)、氫化二聚物酸、與癸二酸在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且加熱到180℃。將單體反應直到聚合物之酸數下降到小於1(毫克KOH/克)。將在反應期間形成的水從反應器蒸發,且將反應器短時間置於真空下以移除殘量水。然後裝載己內酯及反應6小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
將4,4’-亞甲雙(2-甲基環己胺)、氫化二聚物酸、與十二烷二酸在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且加熱到180℃。將單體反應直到聚合物之酸數下降到小於1(毫克KOH/克)。將在反應期間形成的水從反應器蒸發,且將反應器短時間置於真空下以移除殘量水。然後裝載己內酯及反應6小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
將4,4’-亞甲雙(2-甲基環己胺)與己內酯在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且在辛酸鈦(按反應物重量計為200ppm之2-乙基己基氧化鈦(IV))觸媒存在下在180℃反應12小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
將4,4’-亞甲雙(環己胺)、哌、與十二烷二酸在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且加熱到180℃。將單體反應直到聚合物之酸數下降到小於1(毫克KOH/克)。將在反應期間形成的水從反應器蒸發,且將 反應器短時間置於真空下以移除殘量水。然後裝載己內酯及在辛酸鈦觸媒存在下反應12小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
將4,4’-亞甲雙(環己胺)、異佛酮二胺、與十二烷二酸在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且加熱到180℃。將單體反應直到聚合物之酸數下降到小於1(毫克KOH/克)。將在反應期間形成的水從反應器蒸發,且將反應器短時間置於真空下以移除殘量水。然後裝載己內酯及在辛酸鈦觸媒存在下反應12小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
將1,2-二胺基環己胺與十二烷二酸在氮下加入2000毫升攪拌反應器中,且加熱到180℃。將單體反應直到聚合物之酸數下降到小於1(毫克KOH/克)。然後裝載己內酯及反應6小時。最終產物為泛黃色聚醯胺寡聚物。
製備含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物、水性介質中分散液、及鏈延長的一般步驟。將聚醯胺與聚碳酸酯裝載於反應器且加熱到150℃及混合,直到得到均質混合物。各聚醯胺之估計分子量示於以下表I。各聚醯胺的成分示於表II。然後將反應器冷卻到120℃及裝載DesmodurTM W,且在100℃反應30分鐘。在反應變均質之後將全部丙烯酸酯單體加入預聚 物,將溫度設為85℃及裝載DMBA。分散液配方示於表IV。將DMBA反應直到達到理論NCO,然後添加聚酮二醇。將聚酮二醇反應直到達到理論NCO。將三乙胺加入預聚物且將批料冷卻到65-75℃,及分散於水中形成20-30重量百分比之聚合物與70-80重量百分比之水的分散液。然後將聚胺基甲酸酯以肼延長鏈,及添加氫過氧化第三丁基、異抗壞血酸、與EDTA鐵錯合物而引發丙烯酸系聚合。在聚合放熱30分鐘之後,將溫度提高到50℃且維持直到單體均反應。最終產物為乳白色分散液,其形成低光澤膜。
丙烯酸酯為70重量百分比之甲基丙烯酸甲酯、10重量百分比之乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯、與20重量百分比之辛基丙烯醯胺的摻合物。
除了在實施例中或指示之處,應了解,本揭述中所有指定量、反應條件、分子量、碳原子數量等之數值量均以文字「約」修飾。除非另有指示,否則所有的百分比及調配值均按莫耳計。除非另有指示,否則所有的分子量均為數量平均分子量。除非另有指示,否則在此參考的各化學物或組成物應被解讀成商業級,其可含有異構物、副產物、衍生物、及其他此種已了解商業級中會存在的材料。然而,除非另有指示,否則各化學成分之量係排除任何可習慣上存在於市售材料之溶劑或稀釋劑而表示。在此使用的表示法「本質上組成」可包括實際上不影響所考量的組成物之基本及新穎特徵的物質。在此揭述的全部本發明具體實施例意圖為且解讀為開放式與內含式(即使用「包含」語言)、及封閉式與排他式(即使用「組成」語言)兩者。在此使用的括號係用以表示1)某物視情況存在,而使單體表示單一單體或多種單體,或者(甲基)丙烯酸酯表示甲基丙烯酸酯或丙烯酸酯,2)限定或進一步界定先前提及的術語,或3)列出 窄義具體實施例。
雖然為了例證本發明之目的而在此顯示特定的代表性具體實施例及細節,但可進行各種變化及修改而不背離本發明之範圍對所屬技術領域者為明白的。
Claims (24)
- 一種膠態安定的聚合物之水性介質分散液,該聚合物含有聚醯胺寡聚物及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯,該水性介質分散液包含:a)具有選自以下的胺重複單元之聚醯胺寡聚物:
- 如請求項1之聚合物水性介質分散液,其中該聚醯胺寡聚物之每個聚合物鏈平均具有總共約1至約10個式I或式II之該胺重複單元(且希望其中該聚醯胺寡聚物化學鍵結該聚合物之至少10莫耳百分比)。
- 如請求項1之聚合物水性介質分散液,其中至少一個該聚醯胺寡聚物之該胺重複基連接a)式-(C(=O)-R e-C(=O)-的重複單元,其以交錯順序衍生自二羧酸系,其中R e為C 3至C 48或58線形或分支伸烷基(視情況不飽和),更希望為C 8至C 38線形或分支伸烷基(視情況不飽和);b)式-C(=O)-R f-O-的重複單元,其中R f為C 1至C 14(更希望為C 2至C 5)線形或分支伸烷基(視情況不飽和);或c)其組合。
- 如請求項3之聚合物分散液,其中該聚醯胺寡聚物進一步經環形內酯(較佳為己內酯)或2至15個碳原子之羥基羧酸反應,而以聚酯重複單元將聚醯胺寡聚物延長鏈,其中該聚酯重複單元為該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或脲鍵聯之聚合物之約1至約75重量百分比。
- 如請求項1至4中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中該聚合物進一步包含a)一個以上的聚酯段,b)一個以上的聚碳酸酯段,c)一個以上的聚醚段,或d)其摻合物,該摻合物化學鍵結該聚合物或物理摻合該分散液之該 聚合物,其中該聚酯、聚碳酸酯、或聚醚段、或其摻合物視情況具有約500至5000克/莫耳之數量平均分子量,及該段包含該聚合物分散液之聚合物總重量之約2、5、10、或15至約30、40、或50重量百分比。
- 如請求項1至5中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中按該分散液中的聚合物總重量計,該聚合物分散液進一步包含約10至約50重量百分比之量的不飽和自由基可聚合單體反應物、或衍生自該不飽和自由基可聚合單體反應物之聚合物物種。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之聚合物分散液,其進一步包含交聯劑、或利於在聚合物內建立交聯之可交聯基。
- 如請求項1至6中任一項之聚合物分散液,其進一步包含至少5重量百分比(更希望為至少10、至少15、至少20、或至少25重量百分比)之具有以下結構的三級醯胺重複單元之聚醯胺:
- 如請求項8之聚合物水性介質分散液,其中至少60莫耳百分比,更希望為至少75莫耳百分比,且較佳為至少85莫耳百分比的重複單元為三級醯胺結構,該具有結構 的重複單元為環形三級醯胺重複單元,其中R b具有2至6個碳原子,及R c與R d連接在一起成為1或2至4個碳原子之線形或分支伸烷基。
- 如請求項1至9中任一項之聚合物水性介質分散液,其中請求項1之該水可分散基選自由陰離子性、陽離子性、非離子性、或其摻合物之群組。
- 如請求項1至10中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中請求項1之該水可分散基包含被共價鍵結或合成到該聚合物分散液之該至少一種聚合物中的陰離子性水分散基。
- 如請求項10或11之聚合物分散液,其中該陰離子性 水分散基包含酸數為聚合物之約5至約40毫克KOH/克之羧酸。
- 如請求項9之聚合物分散液,其中請求項1之該水可分散基包含被共價鍵結或合成到該聚合物分散液之該至少一種聚胺基甲酸酯中的非離子性寡聚物(更希望其中該非離子性寡聚物被側接附接至該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物)。
- 如請求項10之聚合物分散液,其中該水可分散基包含陽離子性水可分散基,視情況其中該陽離子性水可分散基包含三級胺或四級銨基之鹽。
- 如請求項1至14中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中該聚合物包含分子量為500至5000克/莫耳之聚碳酸酯段,其以該分散液之該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物的聚合物總重量之約2、5、10、或15至約30、40、或50重量百分比之量存在。
- 如以上請求項中任一項之聚合物分散液,其按分散液形式的該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物中的聚合物總重量計,進一步包含至少10重量百分比之第二聚合物(未共價鍵結該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物),該第二聚合物具有小於4重量百分比之式I及式II的胺重複單元。
- 如請求項16之聚合物分散液,其中至少50重量百分比之該第二聚合物以分別的分散聚合物粒子存在於水相,且至少50重量百分比之該分別的分散聚合物粒子 含有小於4重量百分比之式I及式II的組合的胺重複單元。
- 如請求項16之聚合物分散液,其中至少50重量百分比之該第二聚合物以聚合物粒子與該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物共存,該含有聚醯胺及多胺基甲酸酯鍵聯及/或多脲鍵聯之聚合物特徵為具有約4至約15重量百分比之式I及/或式II的胺重複單元。
- 如請求項16至18中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中該第二聚合物為聚胺基甲酸酯聚合物。
- 如請求項16至18中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中該第二聚合物為由自由基聚合不飽和單體所形成的聚合物。
- 如以上請求項中任一項之聚合物分散液,其被形成自撐膜、塗料、或黏著劑。
- 如請求項21之聚合物分散液,其藉由形成合適的形狀及蒸發水性介質,而在基材上轉化成自撐膜或塗層;使用厚3mils(76微米)之膜或塗層,依照ASTM D523-14使用Elcometer 408,該膜或塗層之60°光澤讀數小於20(視情況具有較佳為小於5,且更佳為小於2之霧值)。
- 如請求項22之聚合物分散液,其在基材上呈塗層之形式,其中該基材為金屬、木材、透明塑膠、或透明玻璃。
- 如以上請求項中任一項之聚合物分散液,其中該胺重複單元之R 5基之至少80、90、或95莫耳百分比為H。
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2018
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- 2018-04-27 TW TW111120626A patent/TWI796235B/zh active
- 2018-04-27 TW TW107114541A patent/TWI766988B/zh active
- 2018-04-30 WO PCT/US2018/030232 patent/WO2018201143A1/en active Application Filing
- 2018-04-30 BR BR112019022514-5A patent/BR112019022514B1/pt active IP Right Grant
- 2018-04-30 KR KR1020247002114A patent/KR20240013855A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2018-04-30 MX MX2019012761A patent/MX2019012761A/es unknown
- 2018-04-30 US US16/607,495 patent/US11359090B2/en active Active
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KR102628833B1 (ko) | 2024-01-24 |
JP2020517805A (ja) | 2020-06-18 |
JP7386707B2 (ja) | 2023-11-27 |
JP2023115109A (ja) | 2023-08-18 |
BR112019022514A2 (pt) | 2020-05-12 |
TWI766988B (zh) | 2022-06-11 |
US20200140683A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
WO2018201143A1 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
CN110603282A (zh) | 2019-12-20 |
US11359090B2 (en) | 2022-06-14 |
EP3615590A1 (en) | 2020-03-04 |
BR112019022514B1 (pt) | 2023-03-28 |
CA3061052A1 (en) | 2018-11-01 |
TWI796235B (zh) | 2023-03-11 |
TWI841234B (zh) | 2024-05-01 |
TW202237753A (zh) | 2022-10-01 |
US20220259430A1 (en) | 2022-08-18 |
US11597838B2 (en) | 2023-03-07 |
CN115536785A (zh) | 2022-12-30 |
KR20190139930A (ko) | 2019-12-18 |
CN110603282B (zh) | 2022-11-08 |
KR20240013855A (ko) | 2024-01-30 |
MX2019012761A (es) | 2019-12-18 |
TW202323449A (zh) | 2023-06-16 |
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