TW201838161A - 具有波導的積體石墨烯偵測器 - Google Patents

具有波導的積體石墨烯偵測器 Download PDF

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TW201838161A
TW201838161A TW106125511A TW106125511A TW201838161A TW 201838161 A TW201838161 A TW 201838161A TW 106125511 A TW106125511 A TW 106125511A TW 106125511 A TW106125511 A TW 106125511A TW 201838161 A TW201838161 A TW 201838161A
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艾耶P 雅各
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Abstract

本發明所揭示內容係關於半導體結構,尤其係關於與光波導結構積體的石墨烯偵測器和製造方法。該結構包括複數非平面鰭片結構,其由基板材料組成;以及一非平面石墨烯材料片,其完全延伸於每個該等複數非平面鰭片結構上方。

Description

具有波導的積體石墨烯偵測器
本發明所揭示內容係關於半導體結構,尤其係關於與光波導結構積體的石墨烯偵測器和製造方法。
矽光子學(silicon photonics)是使用矽作為光學媒體的光子系統之應用。矽通常會以亞微米精度圖案化成微光子組件。矽光子裝置可使用現有半導體製造技術製成,而且由於矽已用作大多數積體電路的基板,因此可能創建出於其中該等光學和電子組件係積體到單一微晶片上的混合裝置。矽光子學包括矽波導,其由於獨特引導性質,因此可用於通訊、內連線、生物感測器等。
矽光子學之單塊(monolithic)積體對下一代兆位元(terabit)通訊和高度積體密集結構而言為必需。目前,此類結構中的該等內連線為銅。然而,銅的問題在於當移至更高十億位元組性能(例如250億位元組(含)以上)將會涉及附加成本和功率消耗。這為傳輸數據的矽光子學技術創建出需求。
在所揭示內容之態樣中,一種結構包含:複數非平面鰭片結構,其由基板材料組成;以及一非平面石墨烯材料片,其完全延伸於每個 該等複數非平面鰭片結構上方。
在所揭示內容之態樣中,一種方法包含:從基板材料形成複數非平面波導鰭片結構;在該等非平面波導鰭片結構上形成材料;以及熱分解該材料,以形成延伸於每個該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構上方的一非平面石墨烯材料片。
在所揭示內容之態樣中,一種方法包含:從半導體覆絕緣體材料形成複數非平面鰭片結構;在該等非平面鰭片結構上沉積碳基材料;退火該碳基材料,以將該碳基材料熱分解成延伸於每個該等複數非平面鰭片結構之一整體上方的一非平面應力石墨烯材料片;以及形成與該非平面石墨烯材料片電連接的接點。
10、10'、10"、10'''、10'''''、10''''''、10'''''''‧‧‧結構
10'''、10''''、10''''''''、10'''''''''‧‧‧積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構
12‧‧‧鰭片結構
12'‧‧‧基板
14‧‧‧埋藏氧化物層;氧化物材料;絕緣體層;埋藏氧化物材料;絕緣體材料
14'‧‧‧絕緣體層
16‧‧‧半導體材料
18‧‧‧材料;SiC(碳化矽)材料
20‧‧‧非平面石墨烯片;石墨烯片;石墨烯;材料
22、34‧‧‧絕緣體材料
24‧‧‧材料層;材料;氮化硼材料
26‧‧‧金屬接點;接點;N+摻雜接點
28‧‧‧金屬接點;接點;P+接點
28'‧‧‧高濃度摻雜P++頂部接點;頂部接點;接點
28"‧‧‧頂部接點
30‧‧‧本質區域;金屬貫孔
32‧‧‧高濃度摻雜N++接點;接點
32"‧‧‧源極和汲極接點
36‧‧‧源極接點
36'‧‧‧汲極接點
本發明所揭示內容藉由本發明所揭示內容之示例性具體實施例之非限制性範例,參照該等所提及的複數圖式在接下來的實施方式中進行說明。
圖1A至圖1C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之態樣的各自結構和製程。
圖2A至圖2C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之附加態樣的各自結構和製程。
圖3A至圖3C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之附加態樣的各自結構和製程。
圖4A和圖4B顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
圖5顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
圖6顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波 導結構以及各自製程。
圖7顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
圖8顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
圖9顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
圖10顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。
本發明所揭示內容係關於半導體結構,尤其係關於與光波導結構積體的石墨烯偵測器和製造方法。更具體而言,本發明所揭示內容係針對具有非平面矽波導結構的石墨烯偵測器之單塊積體。具優勢地,透過利用這種設計,矽光子學之單塊積體可用於下一代兆位元通訊和其他密集系統單晶片(System on Chip,SoC)應用。
在具體實施例中,該等石墨烯偵測器為沉積在非平面波導結構上的非平面石墨烯材料片。在更具體的具體實施例中,該等非平面矽波導結構係由從矽覆絕緣體(Silicon on insulator,SOI)基板形成的矽基鰭片結構組成。該等石墨烯片可透過該等非平面鰭片結構上方的熱分解製程形成,這產生非平面石墨烯片。透過實施本文中所說明的該等非平面設計,可增加給定覆蓋區上的石墨烯之密度,因而提高基於石墨烯的應用之效率(例如提高該偵測效率),以及有助於縮放該等波導結構。再者,應可理解該等石墨烯片之非平面性會將應力引入該材料中,由此使其全帶隙範圍(例如1.3-2.75μm)皆能利用。
具有本發明所揭示內容之波導結構的該等積體石墨烯偵測 器,可使用若干不同的工具以若干方式製造。不過,一般來說,該等方法和工具係用於形成尺寸為微米和奈米尺度的結構。製造具有本發明所揭示內容之波導結構的該等積體石墨烯偵測器所採用的該等方法(即技術),係從積體電路(Integrated circuit,IC)技術導入。舉例來說,具有波導結構的該等積體石墨烯偵測器構建在晶圓上,並在晶圓上方以光微影成像製程所圖案化的材料膜實現。特別是,具有波導結構的該等積體石墨烯偵測器之製造,使用三種基本建構模塊:(i)在基板上沉積材料薄膜、(ii)透過光微影成像在該等膜上方施加圖案化圖罩,以及(iii)對該圖罩選擇性地蝕刻該等膜。
圖1A至圖1C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之態樣的各自結構和製程。更具體而言,圖1A之結構10顯示從基板材料形成的複數鰭片結構12,其例如較佳為由底層半導體材料16和埋藏氧化物層14組成的矽覆絕緣體(SOI)基板而形成。在具體實施例中,該等鰭片結構12可由任何適合的波導材料組成,包括但不限於Si(矽)、SiGe(鍺化矽)、SiGeC(矽鍺碳)、SiC(碳化矽)、GaAs(砷化鎵)、InAs(砷化銦)、InP(磷化銦)和其他III/V族或II/VI族化合物半導體。如熟習此項技術者應可理解,該等鰭片結構12可為波導結構。
在具體實施例中,該等鰭片結構12可為透過慣用互補金氧半導體(CMOS)製程形成的超大高度對寬度比鰭片結構(例如用於22nm和更小技術節點的高縱橫比鰭片結構)。舉例來說,該等鰭片結構12可為透過側壁影像轉換(Sidewall image transfer,SIT)製程形成約10nm寬(然而其他尺寸也可適用)。
在該SIT技術中,舉例來說,心軸(mandrel)材料(例如SiO2)使用慣用化學氣相沉積(Chemical vapor deposition,CVD)製程在該基板之上表面上形成。光阻在該心軸材料上形成,並暴露於光以形成圖案(開孔)。反應離子蝕刻透過該等開孔進行以形成該等心軸。在具體實施例中,該等心軸可依該等鰭片結構12之間的該等所需尺寸而定,具有不同的寬度和/或間 隔。間隔件(spacer)在該等心軸之該等側壁上形成,其較佳為不同於該等心軸的材料,並使用熟習此項技術者已習知的慣用沉積製程形成。舉例來說,該等間隔件可具有匹配該等鰭片結構12之該等尺寸的寬度。該等心軸使用對該心軸材料選擇性的慣用蝕刻製程去除或剝離。蝕刻隨後在該等間隔件之間隔內進行以形成該等亞微影特徵。該等側壁間隔件隨後可剝離。在具體實施例中,該等鰭片結構12也可在這種或其他圖案化製程期間形成,或透過如本發明所揭示內容所設想的其他慣用圖案化製程形成。
在圖1B中,材料18在該等鰭片結構12上選擇性地沉積,即在包括該等鰭片結構12之頂端表面和側壁的該等鰭片結構之整體上方。在具體實施例中,材料18為在該等鰭片結構12之各部分(末端部分)上選擇性地沉積的SiC材料。該SiC材料可使用磊晶成長製程(例如化學氣相沉積(CVD)製程)在該等鰭片結構12上沉積。
如圖1C所示,SiC材料18經歷退火製程,以將該SiC熱分解成位於該等鰭片結構12之整體(例如鰭片結構12之頂端表面和側壁)上方的非平面石墨烯片20。依據本發明所揭示內容之態樣,該等石墨烯片20之非平面性導致應力在石墨烯片20之邊緣處引入,這進而產生全帶隙範圍(例如1.3-2.75μm)。這種帶隙範圍有助於透過量化狀態以放大該等信號而改進該等偵測器特性。
該熱分解製程可在真空環境中例如透過電子束加熱、電阻加熱等進行,以形成單層石墨烯片(例收1nm厚);然而文中也設想數量級在4層或更多層的其他相對較厚的石墨烯層。在具體實施例中,該退火製程可為尖波(spike)退火製程,更具體而言,可在約1ATM(大氣壓)或以上之壓力下(例如在從約1E-9至約1E-8Torr(托)的範圍內),在約900℃至約1100℃之溫度下進行。在更具體的具體實施例中,該退火製程可在例如1000℃下5分鐘;1100℃下5分鐘;以及1250℃下10分鐘在氬氣中進行。
圖2A至圖2C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之附加態樣的各 自結構和製程。更具體而言,圖2A顯示結構10',包含複數鰭片結構12,其從基板(例如較佳為由半導體材料16和埋藏氧化物層14組成的矽覆絕緣體(SOI)基板)形成。如在文中所說明的該等具體實施例任一者中,該等鰭片結構12可為由任何適合的材料(包括但不限於Si、SiGe、SiGeC、SiC、GaAs、InAs、InP和其他III/V族或II/VI族化合物半導體)組成的非平面波導結構。絕緣體材料22(例如SiOx)使用慣用沉積製程(例如CVD)在該等鰭片結構12上沉積。材料18(例如SiC)在絕緣體材料22上覆蓋沉積。
如圖2B所示,材料18經歷退火製程,以將該SiC熱分解成石墨烯片20。石墨烯片20在包括例如該等鰭片結構12之側壁和頂端表面的該等鰭片結構之整體上提供,由此在石墨烯片20之邊緣處上給予應力。如先前所說明,該熱分解製程可例如透過電子束加熱、電阻加熱等進行,以形成單層或多層石墨烯片。舉例來說,在具體實施例中,該退火製程可為尖波退火製程,更具體而言,在如文中所說明的約1ATM或以上之壓力下,在約900℃至約1100℃之溫度下進行。在更具體的具體實施例中,該退火製程可為例如在1000℃下5分鐘;在1100℃下5分鐘;以及在1250℃下10分鐘。而且,如先前所說明,引入該等非平面石墨烯片20上的應力允許利用廣大帶隙範圍(例如1.3-2.75μm)。
圖2C顯示在該熱分解製程之後,去除在該等鰭片結構12之間(例如在該SOI基板之氧化物材料14上)形成的石墨烯之選替性步驟。舉例來說,在氧化物材料14上形成的任何石墨烯20皆可透過慣用各向異性蝕刻製程去除,這將在該等鰭片結構12(例如波導結構)上留下非平面石墨烯片20。在具體實施例中,石墨烯片20也可維持在氧化物材料14上,由此形成環繞(wraparound)結構。
圖3A至圖3C顯示依據本發明所揭示內容之附加態樣的各自結構和製程。更具體而言,在圖3A中,結構10"包括一材料層24,其在該等鰭片結構12和該裝置之其他暴露區域(例如埋藏氧化物層14)上覆蓋沉 積。在具體實施例中,材料層24將具有類似於石墨烯的結晶結構,例如氮化硼。材料24可使用慣用沉積製程(例如原子層沉積(Atomic layer deposition,ALD))沉積成約2至3微米之厚度。材料18(例如SiC)在材料層24上覆蓋沉積。
如圖3B所示,材料18經歷退火製程,以將該SiC熱分解成非平面石墨烯片20。如先前所說明,包括該等鰭片結構12之該等側壁和頂端表面的該等鰭片結構12之整體上方的石墨烯片20,由此在石墨烯片20之邊緣處上給予應力。亦即,引入該等非平面石墨烯片20上的應力允許利用廣大帶隙範圍(例如1.3-2.75μm)。此外,該熱分解製程可例如透過電子束加熱、電阻加熱等進行,以形成單層或多層石墨烯片。舉例來說,在具體實施例中,該退火製程可為尖波退火製程,更具體而言,在如文中所說明的約1ATM或以上之壓力下,在約900℃至約1100℃之溫度下進行。在更具體的具體實施例中,該退火製程可為例如在1000℃下5分鐘;在1100℃下5分鐘;以及在1250℃下10分鐘。
在圖3C中,該基板上的任何石墨烯和其他殘餘材料(例如該SOI基板之氧化物材料14),皆可使用遮罩製程透過對該等材料20、24選擇性的慣用各向異性蝕刻製程視需要地去除。在具體實施例中,該各向異性蝕刻製程將在該等鰭片結構12(例如波導結構)上留下非平面石墨烯片20。在具體實施例中,石墨烯片20可維持在氧化物材料14上,由此形成環繞結構。
圖4A和圖4B顯示依據本發明之態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。更具體而言,圖4A顯示積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10'''之俯視圖;而圖4B顯示積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10'''之部分剖面圖。在圖4A和圖4B之具體實施例中,結構10'''可為具有重複性鰭片結構12作為背閘極的PIN(P+、本質、N+)偵測器。
更具體而言並參照圖4A和圖4B,積體石墨烯偵測器和波 導結構10'''包括複數鰭片結構12,其在絕緣體層14(例如埋藏氧化物層)上形成。石墨烯片20在該等鰭片結構12之末端部分(例如該波導之光出射區)上方形成,例如在該等鰭片結構12之該等側壁和頂端表面上並延伸到埋藏氧化物層14上。如文中已提及,形成該積體偵測器的石墨烯片20可以許多不同的方式形成,其中包括:(i)直接在該等鰭片結構12上(圖1A至圖1C)、(ii)直接在絕緣體材料上(圖2A至圖2C),或(iii)直接在具有類似於石墨烯的結晶結構的材料上(圖3A至圖3C)。在附加具體實施例中,石墨烯片20可為例如在該等鰭片結構12上方提供並延伸於其之間的環繞結構。
在這些具體實施例任一者中,該等鰭片結構12皆可由絕緣體材料34(例如基於氧化物的材料)圍繞。包含指狀電極的複數金屬接點26、28,與該等鰭片結構12之最高頂端表面上方(以及在具體實施例中,該等鰭片結構12之間)的石墨烯片20直接電接觸形成。在具體實施例中,該等接點26、28為定位正交於該等鰭片結構12的交錯接點。該等接點26、28分別可為透過熟習此項技術者已習知的慣用微影、蝕刻和沉積製程形成的N+摻雜和P+摻雜接點,因此無需進一步解說。在具體實施例中,透過離子植入製程或擴散製程,N+摻雜接點26摻雜磷或砷,且P+接點28摻雜硼。該等金屬接點26、28之間的各部分為從石墨烯片20形成的本質區域30。
圖5顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。在這種具體實施例中,積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10''''可為PIN偵測器,其包括一氮化硼材料24(參見例如圖3A至圖3C)和/或絕緣體材料22(參見例如圖2A至圖2C),其在石墨烯片20與該等鰭片結構12之間。在文中所說明的這種和其他具體實施例中,應可理解石墨烯片20可為延伸於埋藏氧化物材料14之表面上的該等鰭片結構12之整體上方和該等鰭片結構12之間的環繞結構。
如圖5更具體地所示,積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10'''' 包括一高濃度摻雜N++接點32(例如摻雜磷或砷),其與該等鰭片結構12之側面上的石墨烯片20直接電接觸;以及一高濃度摻雜P++頂部接點28'(例如摻雜硼),其與該等鰭片結構12上方的石墨烯片20直接電接觸。在具體實施例中,該等高濃度摻雜P++頂部接點28'為使用在層間介電體材料中形成的金屬貫孔30電連接到石墨烯片20(其平行於該等鰭片結構12)的指狀電極。此領域一般技術者應也可理解,該等接點32可為P++摻雜接點,且該等頂部接點28'可為N++摻雜接點。再者,在文中所說明的這種和其他實作中,該等接點32可為源極和汲極接點;而該等接點28'可為頂部閘極接點。
圖6顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。在圖6中,結構10'''''包括一波導結構,其由基板12'之單塊部分(例如未圖案化以形成該等鰭片結構12的基板之一部分)形成;而該偵測器部分包括該等鰭片結構12。此外,在這種實作中,該等接點32可為源極和汲極接點;而該等接點28'可為形成頂部閘極接點的指狀電極。結構10'''''之該等剩餘特徵類似於已關於圖5所說明。而且,如在該等先前所說明的具體實施例中,此領域一般技術者應可理解在層間介電體材料中形成的金屬貫孔可用於進行文中所說明的該等電連接。
圖7顯示依據本發明之附加態樣的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構以及各自製程。在圖6中,結構10''''''包括一絕緣體層14',其在將該等接點28'與該等接點32電絕緣(例如電隔離)的石墨烯片20上方的該等鰭片結構12之側壁上選擇性地沉積。據此,絕緣體層14'將防止在該等接點28'與32之間發生短路。此外,在這種具體實施例中,為了例示性目的該等接點32為高濃度摻雜P++接點,且該等接點28'為高濃度摻雜N++接點。結構10''''''也包括氮化硼材料24(參見例如圖3A至圖3C)和/或絕緣體材料22(參見例如圖2A至圖2C),其在石墨烯片20與該等鰭片結構12之間。再者,如在文中所說明的其他具體實施例中,石墨烯片20可為延伸於埋藏 氧化物材料14之表面上的該等鰭片結構12之間的環繞結構。再者,如在該等先前所說明的具體實施例中,在層間介電體材料中形成的金屬貫孔可用於進行文中所說明的該等電連接。
圖8顯示結構10''''''',包含源極和汲極接點32"(例如包含指狀電極),其與該等鰭片結構12之間的石墨烯片20電接觸。據此,在這種具體實施例中,石墨烯片20為完全延伸於埋藏氧化物材料14之表面上的該等鰭片結構12上方和之間的環繞結構。此外,頂部接點28"(例如包含指狀電極,其正交於該等鰭片結構)在該等鰭片結構12上方提供。在具體實施例中,該等頂部接點28"可為透過絕緣體材料(例如SiO2)與該等石墨烯片20隔開的閘極接點。此外,在這種具體實施例中,該波導結構係由基板12'之單塊部分(例如未圖案化以形成該等鰭片結構12的基板之一部分)形成;而該偵測器部分包括該等鰭片結構12。如在該等先前所說明的具體實施例中,在層間介電體材料中形成的金屬貫孔可用於進行文中所說明的該等電連接。
圖9顯示具有重複性鰭片結構12作為包含源極接點36和汲極接點36'(其延伸於該等鰭片結構12上方和之間)的背閘極的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10''''''''(PIN偵測器)之部分透視圖。據此,在具體實施例中,該等源極接點36和汲極接點36'可為延伸正交於該等鰭片結構12的指狀電極(並因此延伸於絕緣體材料14上方的該等鰭片結構之間)。在這種和其他具體實施例中,石墨烯片20為完全延伸於埋藏氧化物材料14之表面上的該等鰭片結構12上方和之間的環繞結構。此外,在這種具體實施例中,該波導結構係由基板12'之單塊部分(例如未圖案化以形成該等鰭片結構12的基板之一部分)形成;而該偵測器部分包括該等鰭片結構12。不過,在其他實施例中,該等石墨烯片20可僅在該等鰭片結構12上提供,例如圖1C、圖2C和圖3C所示。
圖10顯示包含源極接點36和汲極接點36'(其延伸於該等鰭 片結構12上方和之間)的積體石墨烯偵測器和波導結構10'''''''''(PIN偵測器)之部分透視圖。再次,在這種具體實施例中,該等源極接點36和汲極接點36'可為延伸正交於該等鰭片結構12的指狀電極(並因此延伸於絕緣體材料14上方的該等鰭片結構之間)。在這種和其他具體實施例中,石墨烯片20為完全延伸於埋藏氧化物材料14之表面上的該等鰭片結構12上方和之間的環繞結構。此外,在這種具體實施例中,該波導結構係從該等鰭片結構12形成。不過,在其他實施例中,該等石墨烯片20可僅在該等鰭片結構12上提供,例如圖1C、圖2C和圖3C所示。
如上述所說明的該(等)方法係用於製造積體電路晶片。該等所得到的積體電路晶片可由該製造者以原始晶圓形式(即作為具有多個未封裝晶片的單一晶圓)、作為裸晶粒或以封裝形式分布。在該後者情況下,該晶片以單一晶片封裝(例如具有貼附於母板或其他更高層載體的引線的塑料載體)或以多晶片封裝(例如具有表面內連線或埋藏內連線任一者或兩者的陶瓷載體)進行封固。在任何情況下,該晶片隨後皆與其他晶片、分立電路元件和/或其他信號處理裝置整合,擇一作為(a)中間產品(例如母板)或(b)最終產品之一部分。該最終產品可為包括積體電路晶片的任何產品,範圍從玩具和其他低階應用到具有顯示器、鍵盤或其他輸入裝置和中央處理器的先進電腦產品皆包括。
本發明所揭示內容之該等各種具體實施例之該等說明已為了例示之目的而進行描述,但不欲為全面性或限於所揭示的該等具體實施例。許多修飾例和變化例對此領域一般技術者而言應為顯而易見,而不悖離該等所說明的具體實施例之範疇與精神。文中所使用的術語係選擇以最好地解說該等具體實施例之該等原理、對市場中所發現的技術的實際應用或技術改進,或讓此領域其他一般技術者能理解文中所揭示的該等具體實施例。

Claims (20)

  1. 一種結構,包含:複數非平面鰭片結構,其由基板材料組成;以及一非平面石墨烯材料片,其完全延伸於每個該等複數非平面鰭片結構上方。
  2. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面鰭片結構為矽基波導結構。
  3. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面石墨烯材料片為延伸於該等複數非平面鰭片結構之間的絕緣體材料上方的一環繞結構。
  4. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面石墨烯材料片直接形成在該等複數非平面鰭片結構之基板材料上。
  5. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面石墨烯材料片直接形成在該等複數非平面鰭片結構上的一絕緣體材料上。
  6. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面石墨烯材料片直接形成在具有類似於石墨烯的一結晶結構的一材料上。
  7. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,其中該非平面石墨烯材料片為一至四片厚。
  8. 如申請專利範圍第1項之結構,更包含接點,其與該等複數非平面鰭片結構之一頂端表面上方的非平面石墨烯材料片電接觸。
  9. 如申請專利範圍第8項之結構,其中該等接點為延伸正交於該等複數非平面鰭片結構的指狀接點。
  10. 如申請專利範圍第8項之結構,其中該等複數非平面鰭片結構和接點形成一PIN(P+、本質、N+)偵測器。
  11. 一種方法包含:從基板材料形成複數非平面波導鰭片結構;在該等非平面波導鰭片結構上形成材料;以及熱分解該材料,以形成延伸於每個該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構上方的一非平面石墨烯材料片。
  12. 如申請專利範圍第11項之方法,其中該熱分解製程包含:在該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構上沉積SiC(碳化矽)材料;以及退火該SiC材料以形成該非平面石墨烯材料片。
  13. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,更包含在該等沉積和退火步驟之前,在該等非平面波導鰭片結構上沉積絕緣體材料。
  14. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,更包含在該等沉積和退火步驟之前,在該等非平面波導鰭片結構上沉積氮化硼材料。
  15. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,更包含蝕刻該非平面石墨烯片之各部分,以從該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構之間移除石墨烯材料。
  16. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,其中該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構係從矽覆絕緣體(Silicon on insulator,SOI)材料形成。
  17. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,其中該沉積SiC材料為直接在該等複數非平面波導鰭片結構之一表面上的一選擇性成長製程。
  18. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,其中該形成該非平面石墨烯材料片會將一應力施加於該非平面石墨烯材料片上。
  19. 一種方法包含:從半導體覆絕緣體材料形成複數非平面鰭片結構;在該等非平面鰭片結構上沉積碳基材料;退火該碳基材料,以將該碳基材料熱分解成延伸於每個該等複數非平面鰭片結構之一整體上方的一非平面應力石墨烯材料片;以及形成與該非平面石墨烯材料片電連接的接點。
  20. 如申請專利範圍第19項之方法,更包含在沉積該碳基材料之前,在該等非平面鰭片結構上沉積絕緣體材料或氮化硼。
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