TW201634120A - 混合離子交換材料及其製造方法 - Google Patents
混合離子交換材料及其製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201634120A TW201634120A TW105105776A TW105105776A TW201634120A TW 201634120 A TW201634120 A TW 201634120A TW 105105776 A TW105105776 A TW 105105776A TW 105105776 A TW105105776 A TW 105105776A TW 201634120 A TW201634120 A TW 201634120A
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- Prior art keywords
- ion exchange
- exchange material
- mixed
- activated carbon
- alumina
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- 238000005342 ion exchange Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 76
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 22
- -1 industrial streams Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic atom Chemical compound [As] RQNWIZPPADIBDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 135
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002105 nanoparticle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M (3-methylphenyl)methyl-triphenylphosphanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC1=CC=CC(C[P+](C=2C=CC=CC=2)(C=2C=CC=CC=2)C=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 BNGXYYYYKUGPPF-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001854 alkali hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000008044 alkali metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012670 alkaline solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O.[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O DIZPMCHEQGEION-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940000489 arsenate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002736 metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000908 ammonium hydroxide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000004 hemodialysis solution Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 3
- 235000020188 drinking water Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003651 drinking water Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 229910010413 TiO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 8
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005349 anion exchange Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000012085 test solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K Arsenate3- Chemical compound [O-][As]([O-])([O-])=O DJHGAFSJWGLOIV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[OH-].[Al+3] WNROFYMDJYEPJX-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 2
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- JCMGUODNZMETBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N arsenic trifluoride Chemical compound F[As](F)F JCMGUODNZMETBM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004380 ashing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019645 odor Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000008399 tap water Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000020679 tap water Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000349 titanium oxysulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000012855 volatile organic compound Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005004 MAS NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium carbonate Chemical class N.N.OC(O)=O PRKQVKDSMLBJBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011162 ammonium carbonates Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000017168 chlorine Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007717 exclusion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000036571 hydration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006703 hydration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001410 inorganic ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052809 inorganic oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002917 insecticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000449 magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitric acid;oxozirconium Chemical compound [Zr]=O.O[N+]([O-])=O.O[N+]([O-])=O UJVRJBAUJYZFIX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052711 selenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002351 wastewater Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
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- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J41/00—Anion exchange; Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/08—Use of material as anion exchangers; Treatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties
- B01J41/10—Inorganic material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/06—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04
- B01J20/08—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxide; comprising bauxite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J20/02—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material
- B01J20/20—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising inorganic material comprising free carbon; comprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
- B01J20/28—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J20/28054—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
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- B01J20/30—Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating
- B01J20/32—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating
- B01J20/3231—Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating characterised by the coating or impregnating layer
- B01J20/3234—Inorganic material layers
- B01J20/3236—Inorganic material layers containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/02—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials performed by spraying
- B05D1/12—Applying particulate materials
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/28—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption
- C02F1/283—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by sorption using coal, charred products, or inorganic mixtures containing them
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- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
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- C02F2001/422—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by ion-exchange using anionic exchangers
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- C02F2101/10—Inorganic compounds
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- C02F2101/14—Fluorine or fluorine-containing compounds
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- C02F2103/00—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated
- C02F2103/32—Nature of the water, waste water, sewage or sludge to be treated from the food or foodstuff industry, e.g. brewery waste waters
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- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Sorption (AREA)
- Treatment Of Water By Ion Exchange (AREA)
Abstract
本發明關於一種主要用於醫藥及食品界應用之高容量混合離子交換材料,其具有從飲用水、工業放流、及廢水中選擇性移除分子(有機物)及陰離子性(磷與砷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子)物種之強化能力。
Description
本發明關於主要用於醫藥及食品界應用之高容量混合離子交換材料,其具有從飲用水、工業放流、及廢水中選擇性移除分子(有機物)及陰離子性(磷與砷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子)物種之強化能力。
數十年來,活性碳已廣泛用於不同的水處理應用。例如由於具有有效率移除揮發性有機化合物、殺蟲劑、氯、臭味、及異味之能力,家用水純純化系統中有活性碳。活性碳之吸附性能、容量、及選擇性依各種因素而定。最重要的參數包括:a)可從600平方米/克至2,000平方米/克之表面積;b)可從0.5立方公分/克至1.5立方公分/克之總孔體積;及c)孔度分布。
孔度小於2奈米之微孔性活性碳對小有機分子及揮發性有機化合物(如氯仿)呈現高親和力;然而,由於尺寸排除機構,其不吸附更大的有機化合物。孔度為2奈米至50奈米之微孔性活性碳對大有機分子(如殺蟲劑與除草劑)以及膠體粒子(包括鉛之膠體粒子)呈現高親和力。
活性碳的帶正電表面提供可吸附某些陰離子(包括砷之氧基陰離子)之弱陰離子交換劑。相較於用於從不同水性流中選擇性移除As、P、V、Sb、Cr、Se等陰離子之多價金屬(Fe、Ti、Zr等)水合氧化物,活性碳之陰離子交換容量極小(參見例如C.B.Amphlett,Inorganic Ion Exchangers,Elsevier,New York(1964))。
為了改良活性碳之陰離子交換功能,現已提議以不同的多價金屬水合氧化物浸漬且實行,結果形成複合離子交換材料。為了增加活性無機成分,現已嚐試範圍為從粉末到粒狀、從微孔到中孔之不同型式的活性碳,及各種浸漬技術(使用過量的含金屬溶液浸漬、初期潤濕、化學氣相沈積等)。此外,現已嚐試以Fe、Zr、Ti、Al等之水合氧化物作為摻雜活性介質(參見例如美國專利第4,178,270號、美國專利第4,692,431號、美國專利第5,277,931號、美國專利第5,948,265號、美國專利第6,914,034號、美國專利第7,378,372號、美國專利第7,429,551號、美國專利第7,572,380號、美國專利第8,178,065號、美國專利第8,242,051號、美國專利公開第2014/0021139號、GB 1581993號專利、及EP 0815939號專利)。
通常複合材料之陰離子性交換性質依所選的浸漬氧化物之型式而定,且通常容量隨無機氧化物含量增加而增加到特定值;然而,摻雜劑氧化物之量與容量之間的關聯性並非全體適用,因為在許多情形,容量為在孔中形成的指定金屬氧化物相/結構之函數,且其會隨
相同的多價金屬氧化物之類似負載而顯著改變。此外,因為活性金屬氧化物成分沈積在活性碳載體的孔中,故高負載值造成活性碳孔阻塞,如此降低其移除有機分子之效率。換言之,嚐試將複合吸附劑的離子交換容量增加到大於最大值伴隨對有機物之容量降低。現已經實驗證明,多價金屬氧化物之較佳負載10重量百分比至20重量百分比對複合介質提供有效率移除有機及無機物種之能力;但是即使是最大可能負載,仍無法製造離子交換容量接近或等於作為摻雜劑之個別多價金屬水合氧化物的吸附劑。
牢記先行技藝之問題及缺點,因此本發明之一目的為發展一種節省成本之複合碳-礦物質吸附劑(粉末、粒狀、或成形),其對有機分子有高親和力及容量(較佳為不小於未摻雜撐體之80%),且親和力及容量接近(不小於80%)或等於用於選擇性吸附砷及磷的氟化物離子與氧基陰離子之個別金屬水合氧化物。
上述目的對所屬技術領域者為清楚的,且在本發明中完成,本發明有關一種包含以下的混合離子交換材料:活性碳載體;包括氧化鋁之混合氧化物;及摻雜多價金屬氧化物,包括鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、或錳、或其任何組合;其中該混合氧化物或摻雜多價金屬氧化物或兩者係設計成選擇性吸附有機分子、磷與砷之氟化物離子或氧基陰離子。
基於氧化鋁之混合氧化物較佳為被浸漬或沈積在活性碳載體的孔中,且可為八面體、五面體、或四面體配位、或其組合。五面體配位氧化鋁之量為約10%至約30%,及四面體配位氧化鋁之量為約5%至約15%。
該吸附劑中的混合氧化物含量較佳為約5重量百分比至約30重量百分比,且更佳為約10重量百分比至約20重量百分比。
該混合氧化物中的氧化鋁含量較佳為約20重量百分比至約80重量百分比,且更佳為約50重量百分比至約80重量百分比。
該活性碳載體所包括的活性碳可為粒狀、粉末、或成形碳塊形式。
該混合離子交換材料在約450℃煅燒2小時之後不損失40%或以上的離子交換容量。
該離子交換材料對氟化物離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料約10毫克氟化物至約25毫克F/每克離子交換材料。
該離子交換材料對pH範圍為大約5-6之血液透析液的PO4離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料至少50毫克PO4。
在約7至8之pH範圍,該離子交換材料對砷酸離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料約10毫克AsO4至每克離子交換材料約25毫克AsO4。
該混合離子交換材料之容量為用於選擇性吸附砷與磷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子的個別金屬水合氧化物之大約80%或相等。
基於氧化鋁之混合氧化物可如奈米尺寸粒子被浸漬或沈積在活性碳載體的孔中。
該活性碳載體之表面積為700-2,000平方米/克之範圍,及孔體積為0.6-1.6立方公分/克之範圍。
在第二態樣中,本發明關於一種製備混合離子交換材料之方法,其包含:(a)提供多孔性活性碳撐體之粉末或顆粒;(b)將含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的水溶液噴灑在該多孔性活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末上;(c)將已浸漬撐體乾燥;(d)將已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末以pH足以中和該撐體孔中酸性含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的鹼性試劑溶液接觸,而在孔中形成奈米尺寸水合混合氧化物;(e)將該混合離子交換材料以水清洗而移除滯留的電解質;及(f)將該混合離子交換材料乾燥至LOD大約小於10%。
該含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質可包括硫酸鋁、氯化鋁、硝酸鋁、或其組合之水溶性化合物。
該方法進一步包括沈積包含鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、錳、或其組合之水溶性硝酸鹽、氯化物、硫酸鹽的多價金屬化合物。
已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末可經包括鹼氫氧化物、氫氧化銨、碳酸鹼鹽、碳酸銨、或其組合,pH為大約4-10之範圍的鹼性溶液處理。
多孔性活性碳撐體之粉末或顆粒被預先乾燥,而從該孔消除物理性吸附水。
將含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的水溶液噴灑在該多孔性活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末上的步驟係以足以充填撐體的開孔達到其體積之至多90%之量實行。
乾燥已浸漬撐體的步驟較佳為實行直到移除40%至60%之添加水。
特別在所附的申請專利範圍敘述據信為新穎的之本發明特點、及本發明之基本特徵。圖式僅為了描述目的且未按比例繪製。然而,本發明本身之構成及操作方法均可參考以下的詳細說明結合附圖而最佳地了解,其中:第1圖敘述所測試材料之離子交換性質;第2圖敘述實施例1-4所製備的氫氧化鋁及混合材料之Al-27 MAS NMR光譜;第3圖敘述實施例1、TiO2、與Al2O3之各種床體積之As移除(ppb)的比較性測試結果;第4圖敘述實施例1、TiO2、與Al2O3之各種床體積之氟化物移除(ppb)的比較性測試結果;及第5圖敘述使用實施例1之混合氧化物,熱處理對AsO4及氟化物離子吸取的影響。
在揭述本發明之較佳具體實施例時,在此參考圖式之第1-5圖,其中同樣的符號表示同樣的本發明特徵。
先行技藝之缺點可藉本發明之吸附劑克服。本發明關於一種在大pH範圍且在大為過量的競爭性離子存在下,對有機分子,同時對磷與砷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子,呈現高親和力及容量之混合離子交換材料,其容量接近(不小於80%)或等於用於選擇性吸附磷與砷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子的個別金屬水合氧化物。
一種混合離子交換材料由經包含指定比例的氧化鋁(以四面體、五面體、及八面體配位存在)之奈米尺寸混合氧化物浸漬的活性碳撐體、及多價金屬(選自由元素鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、錳、或其組合所組成的群組)之摻雜氧化物組成。該混合離子交換材料可為粒狀、粉末、或成形(例如擠製碳塊)形式,且具有大約700-2,000平方米/克之表面積及大約0.6-1.6立方公分/克之孔體積。
參考本發明之指定態樣,該混合離子交換材料含有約5重量百分比至約30重量百分比之混合氧化物,且較佳為約10重量百分比至約20重量百分比之混合氧化物。
本發明之另一態樣為該混合氧化物吸附劑含有約20重量百分比至約80重量百分比之氧化鋁,較佳為約50重量百分比至約80重量百分比之氧化鋁。
本發明之另一特徵為該混合氧化物中的氧化鋁以八面體、五面體、及四面體配位存在,且五面體配位氧化鋁之量為約10%至約30%,及八面體配位氧化鋁之量為約5%至約15%。
本發明之意料外結果為混合氧化物與活性碳撐體之間的強大增效,其造成該複合介質對磷與砷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子的陰離子交換容量,在類似條件下測試時不小於用於浸漬之個別多價金屬水合氧化物的容量之80-100%。在約7至6之pH範圍,混合離子交換材料對氟化物離子之容量為約10毫克F/克離子交換材料至約25毫克F/克離子交換材料。在約7至8之pH範圍,混合離子交換材料對砷酸離子之容量為每克離子交換材料約10毫克AsO4至每克離子交換材料約25毫克AsO4。混合離子交換材料對pH範圍為約5至6之血液透析液的PO4離子之容量為每克離子交換材料至少50毫克PO4。
一額外特徵為本發明之混合離子交換材料為熱安定性介質,其在450℃煅燒2小時之後顯示離子交換容量減少小於40%。
本發明之另一具體實施例關於一種製備混合離子交換材料之方法,其包含:a.提供多孔性活性碳撐體之粉末或顆粒,其已被預先乾燥,而從該孔消除物理性吸附水;b.將含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的水溶液以足以充填撐體的開孔達到其體積之至多90%之量,噴灑在該多孔性活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末上。此操作可特別將可溶性先質引入活性碳孔中,而使撐體表面基本上無沈積物;
c.將已浸漬撐體乾燥,直到移除40%至60%之添加水。此操作可濃縮可溶性混合氧化物先質,且將其均勻散佈在內部孔表面上;d.將已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末以pH足以中和該撐體孔中酸性含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的鹼性試劑之溶液接觸,而在孔中形成該元素之奈米尺寸水合混合氧化物。在薄層中原位混合氧化物沈澱可形成奈米尺寸混合氧化物顆粒,對照於在無孔度限制之標準沈澱下,形成大的初級顆粒聚集體,其尺寸從數百奈米至數打奈米;e.將該混合離子交換材料以水清洗而移除滯留的電解質;及f.將該混合離子交換材料經由乾燥損失法(LOD)乾燥,直到材料重量總變化小於10%。
特別是該方法在含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的溶液中使用包括硫酸鋁、氯化鋁、硝酸鋁、及其組合之水溶性化合物,且使用包含鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、錳、或其組合之水溶性硝酸鹽、氯化物、硫酸鹽的多價金屬化合物。該混合氧化物先質溶液中的氧化鋁含量較佳為約20重量百分比至約80重量百分比,且較佳為約50重量百分比至約80重量百分比。
該方法之又另一特徵為將已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末以選自鹼氫氧化物、氫氧化銨、碳酸鹼鹽、碳酸銨、及其組合,pH較佳為在4-10之範圍的鹼性溶液處理。
本發明更具體參考以下實施例而說明,其僅為了例示性目的而提出,且不意圖限制以所附申請專利範圍揭述的本發明。
活性碳撐體之製備包括將100克之基於木之碳粉(較佳為具有1,600平方米/克之表面積、1.1立方公分/克之孔體積、45-150微米之部分)在150℃乾燥數小時,而從載體孔消除物理性吸附水。
100毫升之混合氧化物先質溶液之製備涉及混合56.25克之Al(NO3)3.9H2O、33.9克之15.0重量百分比(以TiO2計)硫酸氧鈦溶液、與25克之去離子水。
然後將100克之乾燥活性碳粉末置入裝有機械混合器之500毫升玻璃燒杯中,且在持續混合期間將所製備的100毫升之混合氧化物先質噴灑在其上。在添加全部先質溶液之後,活性碳仍為外表乾燥之「自由流動」粉末。
將總重量為大約215克之已浸漬活性碳置入100℃電烤箱中,且乾燥直到其重量減為185克。此操作造成移除約50%之存在於碳孔中的水。然後將經熱處理的已浸漬活性碳以各大約25-30克之小份量轉移至裝有機械混合器,且含有500毫升之1M NaHCO3溶液之1公升玻璃燒瓶中。如果需要,藉由添加25% NaOH溶液而將反應混合物之pH保持在大約7.2-7.8之範圍。當將全部碳粉加入中和溶液時,將反應系統維持混合1小時而
完成中和程序,且在撐體孔中形成基於奈米尺寸鋁之混合氧化物之籽。將已中和碳從溶液經由過濾器分離,且以去離子水清洗而移除過量的滯留電解質。然後將經清洗的產物在100℃電烤箱中乾燥,而建立約8%之LOD。
活性碳中的總混合氧化物負載為11重量百分比(將產物在空氣中以1100℃灰化6小時而測定)。裝載於活性碳孔中的混合氧化物含有60重量百分比之Al2O3、與40重量百分比之TiO2。該混合離子交換材料之表面積為1,380平方米/克之級數,及總孔體積為大約0.95立方公分/克。該材料之離子交換性質歸納於第1圖所示的表中。
活性碳撐體之製備包括將100克之基於木之碳粉(較佳為具有1,600平方米/克之表面積、1.1立方公分/克之孔體積、45-150微米之部分)在150℃乾燥數小時,而從載體孔消除物理性吸附水。
100毫升之混合氧化物先質溶液之製備涉及混合70.0克之Al(NO3)3.9H2O、16.9克之15.0重量百分比(以TiO2計)硫酸氧鈦溶液、1.75克之MnSO4.H2O、與20克之去離子水。
然後將100克之乾燥活性碳粉末置入裝有機械混合器之500毫升玻璃燒杯中,且在持續混合期間將100毫升之混合氧化物先質噴灑在其上。在添加全部先質溶液之後,活性碳仍為外表乾燥之「自由流動」粉末。
將總重量為大約209克之已浸漬活性碳置入100℃電烤箱中,且乾燥直到其重量減為185克。此操作造成移除約50%之存在於碳孔中的水。然後將經熱處理的已浸漬活性碳以各大約25-30克之小份量轉移至裝有機械混合器,且含有500毫升之1M NaHCO3溶液之1公升玻璃燒瓶中。如果需要,藉由添加25% NaOH溶液而將反應混合物之pH保持在大約7.2-7.8之範圍。當將全部碳粉加入中和溶液時,將反應系統維持混合1小時而完成中和程序,且在撐體孔中形成基於奈米尺寸鋁之混合氧化物之籽。然後將已中和碳從溶液經由過濾器分離,且以去離子水清洗而移除過量的滯留電解質。然後將經清洗的產物在100℃電烤箱中乾燥,而建立約5%之LOD。
活性碳中的總混合氧化物負載為11重量百分比(將產物在空氣中以1100℃灰化6小時而測定)。裝載於活性碳孔中的混合氧化物含有75重量百分比之Al2O3、20重量百分比之TiO2、與5重量百分比之MnO2。該混合離子交換材料之表面積為1,350平方米/克,及其總孔體積為0.95立方公分/克。該材料之離子交換性質歸納於第1圖所示的表中。
100毫升之混合氧化物先質溶液之製備包含混合66.15克之Al(NO3)3.9H2O、18.22克之FeCl3、與25克之去離子水。活性碳之型式、活性碳撐體之製備、及摻雜方法均類似實施例1所述。
將該混合離子交換材料乾燥至LOD=5%。活性碳中的總混合氧化物負載為大約15.5重量百分比。裝載於活性碳孔中的混合氧化物含有50重量百分比之Al2O3、與50重量百分比之Fe2O3。該混合離子交換材料之表面積為1,220平方米/克,及其總孔體積為0.90立方公分/克。該材料之離子交換性質歸納於第1圖之表中。
100毫升之混合氧化物先質溶液之製備包含混合77.2克之Al(NO3)3.9H2O、10克之30% Ce(NO3)3(以CeO2計)溶液、6克之25%硝酸氧鋯(以ZrO2計)溶液、與15克之去離子水。活性碳之型式、活性碳撐體之製備、及摻雜方法均類似實施例1所述。
該經乾燥的混合離子交換材料之LOD=7%。活性碳中的總混合氧化物負載為13重量百分比。裝載於活性碳孔中的混合氧化物含有70重量百分比之Al2O3、20重量百分比之CeO2、與10重量百分比之ZrO2。該混合離子交換材料之表面積為1,320平方米/克,及其總孔體積為0.95立方公分/克。該材料之離子交換性質歸納於第1圖之表中。
現將實施例1-4所製備的氫氧化鋁及混合材料以Bruker Avance III 400MHz光譜儀記錄Al-27 MAS NMR光譜,且敘述於第2圖之表中。
在分批條件下以18小時之接觸時間進行吸附實驗。以下測試溶液被用於吸附實驗:
a.氟化物離子-10ppm F+2mM NaHCO3+2mM Na2SO4,pH=6;b.磷酸離子-96ppm PO4,140mM Na,2mM K,1.5mM Ca,0.5mM Mg,pH=7.4;及c.砷酸離子-3.7ppm AsO4+2mM NaHCO3,pH=8。
為了比較目的而使用市售吸附劑粒狀氧化鐵(GFO)(Bayer AG)、MetSorb®(Graver Technologies LLC)、活性氧化鋁AA400、及鋯水合氧化物。
在管柱條件下,以鋁水合氧化物、鈦水合氧化物(MetSorb®)、及實施例1之混合離子交換劑,實行砷酸離子移除之比較性測試。以8.3之pH,及100 BV/小時之流速,從含300ppb As(V)之2mM NaHCO3溶液進行吸附。管柱含有1.00克之介質。第3圖敘述實施例1、TiO2、及Al2O3之各種床體積之As移除(ppb)的比較性測試結果。
在管柱條件下,以鋁水合氧化物(AA400G)、鈦水合氧化物(MetSorb®)、及實施例1之混合離子交換劑,實行氟化物離子移除之比較性測試。使用增加6.5ppm F,pH=8.3,及流速為100 BV/小時之自來水進行吸附。管柱含有1.00克之介質。第4圖敘述實施例1、TiO2、及Al2O3之各種床體積之As(ppb)的比較性測試結果。第4圖敘述實施例1、TiO2、及Al2O3之各種床體積之氟化物移除(ppb)的比較性測試結果。
在實施例1之混合氧化物上,熱處理對AsO4及氟化物離子吸取的影響示於第5圖之表中。該砷測試溶液含有3.7ppm AsO4,pH為8。氟化物測試溶液在自來水中含有10ppm F,pH為7.5。接觸時間為大約18小時。
雖然本發明已特別連同指定較佳具體實施例而說明,但就以上的揭述,許多備案、修改、及變化對所屬技術領域者為明顯的。因此意圖所附申請專利範圍包含任何落入在本發明之確實範圍及精神內的備案、修改、及變化。
Claims (26)
- 一種混合離子交換材料,其包含:活性碳載體;包括氧化鋁之混合氧化物;摻雜多價金屬氧化物,包括鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、或錳、或其任何組合;及其中該混合氧化物或該摻雜多價金屬氧化物或兩者係設計成選擇性吸附有機分子、磷與砷之氟化物離子或氧基陰離子。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該基於氧化鋁之混合氧化物被浸漬或沈積在該活性碳載體的孔中。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該混合氧化物中的該氧化鋁為八面體、五面體、或四面體配位、或其組合。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中吸附劑中的該混合氧化物含量為約5重量百分比至約30重量百分比。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中吸附劑中的該混合氧化物含量為約10重量百分比至約20重量百分比。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該混合氧化物中的該氧化鋁含量為約20重量百分比至約80重量百分比。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該混合氧化物中的該氧化鋁含量為約50重量百分比至約80重量百分比。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該活性碳載體包括粒狀、粉末、或成形碳塊形式的活性碳。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其包括在約450℃煅燒2小時之後不損失40%以上的離子交換容量之性質。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其對氟化物離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料約10毫克氟化物至約25毫克F/每克離子交換材料。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其對pH範圍為大約5-6之血液透析液的PO4離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料至少50毫克PO4。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其在約7至8之pH範圍,對砷酸離子之吸附容量為每克離子交換材料約10毫克AsO4至每克離子交換材料約25毫克AsO4。
- 如請求項1之混合離子交換材料,其中該材料之容量為用於選擇性吸附砷與磷之氟化物離子與氧基陰離子的個別金屬水合氧化物之大約80%或相等。
- 如請求項2之混合離子交換材料,其中該基於氧化鋁之混合氧化物如奈米尺寸粒子被浸漬或沈積在該活性碳載體的孔中。
- 如請求項3之混合離子交換材料,其中五面體配位氧化鋁之量為約10%至約30%,及四面體配位氧化鋁之量為約5%至約15%。
- 如請求項8之混合離子交換材料,其中該活性碳載體之表面積為700-2,000平方米/克之範圍,及孔體積為0.6-1.6立方公分/克之範圍。
- 如請求項10之混合離子交換材料,其中在6至7之pH範圍,該對氟化物離子之吸附容量為約10毫克F/每克離子交換材料至約25毫克F/每克離子交換材料。
- 一種製備混合離子交換材料之方法,其包含:a.提供多孔性活性碳撐體之粉末或顆粒;b.將含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的水溶液噴灑在該多孔性活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末上;c.將已浸漬撐體乾燥;d.將該已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末以pH足以中和該撐體孔中酸性含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的鹼性試劑之溶液接觸,而在孔中形成奈米尺寸水合混合氧化物;e.將該混合離子交換材料以水清洗而移除滯留的電解質;及f.將該混合離子交換材料乾燥至LOD大約小於10%。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質包含硫酸鋁、氯化鋁、硝酸鋁、或其組合之水溶性化合物。
- 如請求項19之方法,其包括沈積包含鈦、鋯、錫、鈰、鑭、鐵、錳、或其組合之水溶性硝酸鹽、氯化物、硫酸鹽的多價金屬化合物。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該混合氧化物先質中的氧化鋁含量為大約20重量百分比至80重量百分比之範圍。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該混合氧化物先質中的氧化鋁含量為大約50重量百分比至80重量百分比之範圍。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該已浸漬活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末經包括鹼氫氧化物、氫氧化銨、碳酸鹼鹽、碳酸銨、或其組合,pH為大約4-10之範圍的鹼性溶液處理。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該多孔性活性碳撐體之粉末或顆粒被預先乾燥,而從該孔消除物理性吸附水。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中該將該含氧化鋁之混合氧化物先質的水溶液噴灑在該多孔性活性碳撐體之顆粒或粉末上的步驟係以足以充填該撐體的開孔達到其體積之至多90%之量實行。
- 如請求項18之方法,其中實行該乾燥已浸漬撐體的步驟,直到移除40%至60%之添加水。
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AR103837A1 (es) | 2017-06-07 |
KR20170032220A (ko) | 2017-03-22 |
CN107107023B (zh) | 2020-12-25 |
US9901918B2 (en) | 2018-02-27 |
AR122464A2 (es) | 2022-09-14 |
CN107107023A (zh) | 2017-08-29 |
US10081012B2 (en) | 2018-09-25 |
JP6625167B2 (ja) | 2019-12-25 |
JP2018167269A (ja) | 2018-11-01 |
EP3265224A4 (en) | 2019-01-09 |
US20160256865A1 (en) | 2016-09-08 |
KR20180039767A (ko) | 2018-04-18 |
EP3265224A1 (en) | 2018-01-10 |
JP2017511248A (ja) | 2017-04-20 |
JP6641286B2 (ja) | 2020-02-05 |
WO2016140843A1 (en) | 2016-09-09 |
US20180133708A1 (en) | 2018-05-17 |
MX2016011277A (es) | 2017-04-27 |
TWI602614B (zh) | 2017-10-21 |
EP3265224B1 (en) | 2022-12-28 |
KR101868868B1 (ko) | 2018-07-20 |
KR101937284B1 (ko) | 2019-04-09 |
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