TW201341520A - 選擇性氫化汽油之方法 - Google Patents
選擇性氫化汽油之方法 Download PDFInfo
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- TW201341520A TW201341520A TW102111254A TW102111254A TW201341520A TW 201341520 A TW201341520 A TW 201341520A TW 102111254 A TW102111254 A TW 102111254A TW 102111254 A TW102111254 A TW 102111254A TW 201341520 A TW201341520 A TW 201341520A
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 47
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title abstract description 26
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 140
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 59
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910021472 group 8 element Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 50
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 50
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 49
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004073 vulcanization Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010455 vermiculite Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052902 vermiculite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019354 vermiculite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidynetantalum Chemical compound [Ta]#C NFFIWVVINABMKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910003468 tantalcarbide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 21
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 19
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 description 16
- RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isoprene Chemical compound CC(=C)C=C RRHGJUQNOFWUDK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 13
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 11
- -1 monoolefin compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 8
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical compound S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl sulfide Chemical compound CSC QMMFVYPAHWMCMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Thiophene Chemical compound C=1C=CSC=1 YTPLMLYBLZKORZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 6
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- KJRCEJOSASVSRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-2-thiol Chemical compound CC(C)S KJRCEJOSASVSRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 150000003573 thiols Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 5
- RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Hexene Natural products CCCC=CC RYPKRALMXUUNKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pent-2-ene Chemical compound CCC=CC QMMOXUPEWRXHJS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium heptamolybdate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.N.N.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo] QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 229930192474 thiophene Natural products 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N (3e,6e)-deca-3,6-diene Chemical compound CCC\C=C\C\C=C\CC GGQQNYXPYWCUHG-RMTFUQJTSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZQDPJFUHLCOCRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hexene Chemical compound CCC=CCC ZQDPJFUHLCOCRG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 2
- LJSQFQKUNVCTIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethyl sulfide Chemical compound CCSCC LJSQFQKUNVCTIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl disulfide Chemical compound CSSC WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethanethiol Chemical compound CCS DNJIEGIFACGWOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004836 hexamethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000008595 infiltration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001764 infiltration Methods 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel(ii) nitrate Chemical compound [Ni+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O KBJMLQFLOWQJNF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N (E)-1,3-pentadiene Chemical compound C\C=C\C=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-SNAWJCMRSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MJRCCWJSYFOGBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-propylsulfanylpentane Chemical compound CCCCCSCCC MJRCCWJSYFOGBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylbut-2-ene Chemical compound CC=C(C)C BKOOMYPCSUNDGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-Methylthiophene Chemical compound CC=1C=CSC=1 QENGPZGAWFQWCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001335 aliphatic alkanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WHDPTDWLEKQKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt molybdenum Chemical compound [Co].[Co].[Mo] WHDPTDWLEKQKKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009849 deactivation Effects 0.000 description 1
- XYWDPYKBIRQXQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N di-isopropyl sulphide Natural products CC(C)SC(C)C XYWDPYKBIRQXQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052746 lanthanum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N lanthanum atom Chemical compound [La] FZLIPJUXYLNCLC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- WXEHBUMAEPOYKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylsulfanylethane Chemical compound CCSC WXEHBUMAEPOYKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002825 nitriles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001741 organic sulfur group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N piperylene Natural products CC=CC=C PMJHHCWVYXUKFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003233 pyrroles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009738 saturating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001577 simple distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003463 sulfur Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005732 thioetherification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/32—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds
- C10G45/34—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/36—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
- C10G45/38—Selective hydrogenation of the diolefin or acetylene compounds characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/28—Molybdenum
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/30—Tungsten
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/745—Iron
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- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/75—Cobalt
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
- B01J23/755—Nickel
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- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/76—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/84—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/85—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
- B01J23/88—Molybdenum
- B01J23/883—Molybdenum and nickel
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J35/00—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties
- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/61—Surface area
- B01J35/615—100-500 m2/g
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01J35/60—Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties characterised by their surface properties or porosity
- B01J35/63—Pore volume
- B01J35/633—Pore volume less than 0.5 ml/g
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- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
- B01J37/02—Impregnation, coating or precipitation
- B01J37/0201—Impregnation
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
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Abstract
本申請案係關於一種選擇性氫化包含多不飽和化合物及含硫輕質化合物之汽油之方法,該方法容許接連地將多不飽和化合物氫化為單不飽和化合物,透過與該等不飽和化合物反應使含硫輕質化合物增重,及使包含外部C=C雙鍵之單不飽和化合物之異構化為其等內部C=C雙鍵異構體最大化,該方法應用沈積在多孔支撐物上之含有至少一VIb族金屬及至少一VIII族金屬之觸媒,其中:˙VIb族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對該觸媒重量之6至18%之範圍內;˙VIII族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對該觸媒重量之4至12%之範圍內;˙該觸媒之比表面積係於200至270m2/g之範圍內;˙以VIb族元素之氧化物之該重量含量與該觸媒之比表面積之間之比表示之VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4g/m2之範圍內;˙VIII族金屬與VIb族金屬之間之莫耳比係於0.6至3mol/mol之範圍內。本發明係關於一種選擇性氫化汽油之方法及一種實施此選擇性氫化方法之脫硫方法。
Description
符合新環境標準之汽油生產要求汽油之硫含量大幅下降至一般不超過50 ppm之值,及較佳至低於10 ppm。
此外,知曉轉化汽油,及更特定言之透過催化裂解所製造之彼等汽油(其可佔汽油槽之30至50%)展現高烯烴及硫含量。
基於此原因,存在於汽油中之將近90%之硫係可歸因於自催化裂解製程(後文將稱為FCC(流體催化裂解))所產生之汽油。因此,FCC汽油構成本發明方法之較佳進料。
在用於生產低硫燃料之可行途徑中,被最廣泛採用者係由透過在氫存在下氫化脫硫來特異處理富硫型主料汽油所組成。習知方法透過氫化大部分單烯烴來非選擇性地使汽油脫硫,導致辛烷值巨大損失及高度消耗氫。最新方法(諸如Prime G+方法(商業名稱))容許在富烯烴裂解汽油之脫硫同時限制單烯烴之氫化,並因此限制由此導致之辛烷損失及高氫消耗。此等製程描述於,例如,專利申請案EP 1077247及EP 1174485中。
如專利申請案EP 1077247中所描述,宜先進行選擇性氫化待處理進料之步驟,然後再實施加氫處理步驟。此第一氫化步驟基本上係由選擇性地氫化二烯烴,同時透過增重(增大其等分子量)接連地轉變含硫飽和輕質化合物所組成,該含硫飽和輕質化合物係沸點低於噻吩
之沸點之含硫化合物,諸如甲硫醇、乙硫醇及二甲基硫。此使得可透過簡單蒸餾來製造主要由具有5個碳原子之單烯烴組成但不發生辛烷損失之脫硫汽油餾分。
在特定操作條件下,此氫化選擇性地進行存於待處理進料中之二烯烴之氫化為具有較佳辛烷值之單烯烴系化合物。選擇性氫化之另一作用係防止選擇性氫化脫硫觸媒逐漸失活及/或避免反應器由於在觸媒表面或在反應器中形成聚合膠而逐漸堵塞。實際上,多不飽和化合物不穩定且趨於形成聚合膠前驅物。
專利申請案EP 2161076揭示一種選擇性氫化多不飽和化合物(更特定言之二烯烴)之方法,該方法容許接連地實施含硫飽和輕質化合物之增重。此方法使用含有沈積於多孔支撐物上之至少一VIb族金屬及至少一VIII族非貴金屬之觸媒。然而,此文件並未揭示容許外部烯烴異構化為內部烯烴之觸媒。本發明區別於EP 2161076所描述之觸媒之處主要在於組合地選擇以下參數:˙觸媒之比表面積係於200至270 m2/g之範圍內,˙以VIb族元素之氧化物之重量含量對該比表面積之比表示之VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍內;˙VIII族金屬對VIb族金屬之莫耳比係於0.6至3 mol/mol之範圍內。
含有單烯烴之裂解汽油之氫化脫硫步驟係由使與氫氣混合之待處理進料在過渡金屬硫化物型觸媒上方通過,以促進硫還原成為硫化氫(H2S)之反應所組成。隨後冷卻反應混合物以使汽油凝結。分離含有過量氫氣及H2S之氣相,及回收脫硫汽油。
可將一般存在於脫硫汽油中之殘餘含硫化合物分離為兩個不同組群:存在於進料中之未氫化含硫化合物及透過二次「重組」反應於反應器中形成之含硫化合物。在後一含硫化合物組群中,大部分為由
於反應器中形成之H2S加成至存於進料中之單烯烴上所產生之硫醇。化學式R-SH之硫醇(其中R係烷基)亦稱為重組硫醇,其一般佔脫硫汽油中之殘餘硫之20重量%至80重量%之間。
可藉由催化氫化脫硫來降低重組硫醇之含量,但代價為使存於汽油中之大部分單烯烴飽和,其隨後導致汽油之辛烷值大幅下降,以及氫氣之過度消耗。亦已知與在氫化脫硫步驟期間之單烯烴氫化有關之辛烷損失與標的硫含量成反比地增加,換言之,增加至嘗試徹底除去存於進料中之含硫化合物。
此外,Toba等人(Applied Catalysis B:Environmental 70(2007)542-547)及Badawi等人(Journal of Molecular Catalysis A:Chemical 320(2010)34-39)研究單烯烴系化合物之結構對其等在氫化脫硫(HDS)步驟中之反應性之影響,及證實具有內部雙鍵之單烯烴系化合物在氫化脫硫條件下更難氫化。
為製造具有低硫含量及良好辛烷值之汽油,宜在第一步驟實施選擇性氫化,其接連地達成二烯烴之氫化為烯烴、含硫輕質化合物之增重及外部烯烴之異構化為內部烯烴以利於氫化脫硫製程之作用,盡可能限制烯烴之氫化及因此限制在後續氫化脫硫步驟期間之辛烷值損失。
本發明之一目的係提出一種經改良之選擇性氫化含有多不飽和化合物及含硫輕質化合物之汽油之方法,其容許具有外部C=C雙鍵之單不飽和化合物經改良地異構化為內部C=C雙鍵,同時確保多不飽和化合物氫化為單不飽和化合物,及透過與該等不飽和化合物反應來使含硫飽和輕質化合物增重。
可適宜地將經如此處理之汽油輸送至催化氫化脫硫單元,其之操作條件使有機含硫化合物可轉變為H2S同時限制烯烴氫化。
為此,提出一種選擇性氫化之方法,該方法使用含有沈積於多孔支撐物上之至少一VIb族金屬及至少一VIII族金屬之觸媒,其中:˙VIb族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之6至18%之範圍內;˙VIII族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之4至12%之範圍內;˙該觸媒之比表面積係於200至270 m2/g之範圍內;˙以該VIb族元素之氧化物之該重量含量與該觸媒之比表面積之間之比表示之VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍內;˙VIII族金屬與VIb族金屬之間之莫耳比係於0.6至3 mol/mol之範圍內。
出乎意料地,申請者實際上發現在所主張之觸媒存在下實施氫化製程可接連地達成多不飽和化合物(及更特定言之二烯烴)之氫化、含硫輕質化合物(及更特定言之硫醇)之增重、以及容許具有外部C=C雙鍵之單烯烴系化合物異構化為具有內部C=C雙鍵之對應異構體。
根據本發明之方法可應用於含有特定比例之二烯烴及視需要亦含有許多屬於C3及C4餾分之較輕質化合物之任何汽油餾分。
本發明之另一目的係提供一種產生具有小於50 ppm,及較佳小於10 ppm之總S含量之產物,同時限制辛烷值損失之汽油脫硫方法。
為此,提出一種包含以下步驟之脫硫方法:a)選擇性氫化步驟,其實施使用含有沈積於多孔支撐物上之至少一VIb族金屬及至少一VII族金屬之觸媒之製程,其中:˙VIb族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之6至18%之範圍內;˙VIII族元素之氧化物之重量含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之4至12%之範圍內;
˙該觸媒之比表面積係於200至270 m2/g之範圍內;˙以該VIb族元素之氧化物之該重量含量與該觸媒之比表面積之間之比表示之VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍內;˙VIII族金屬與VIb族金屬之間之莫耳比係於0.6至3 mol/mol之範圍內。
b)將步驟a)中所獲得之汽油分離為各別包含輕質汽油及重質汽油之兩個餾分之步驟。
c)在使含硫化合物可至少部分分解為H2S之觸媒上處理在步驟b)中所分離之重質汽油。
本發明係關於一種處理包含任何類型之化學家族,及尤其二烯烴、單烯烴及呈硫醇及輕質硫化物形式之含硫化合物之汽油之方法。本發明更特定地應用於轉化汽油(及特定言之,透過催化裂解、流化床催化裂解(FCC)、焦化法、減黏裂化法或熱解法製造之汽油)的轉變。供本發明使用之進料具有在0℃至280℃範圍內之沸點。該等進料亦可含有具有3或4個碳原子之烴。
例如,自催化裂解(FCC)單元產生之汽油平均含有0.5重量%與5重量%之間之二烯烴、20重量%與50重量%之間之單烯烴、10 ppm與0.5重量%之間之硫,其中硫醇一般少於300 ppm。該等硫醇一般係集中在汽油之輕質餾分中,更確切言之係在沸點低於120℃之餾分中。
描述於本發明選擇性氫化方法中之汽油處理主要係由以下步驟組成:-將二烯烴選擇性地氫化為單烯烴;-透過與該等單烯烴反應,將含硫飽和輕質化合物(主要係硫醇)
轉變為較重硫化物或硫醇;-使具有外部C=C雙鍵之單烯烴系化合物異構化為具有外部C=C雙鍵之其等異構體。
在下文藉由1,3-戊二烯(一種易氫化為戊-2-烯之不穩定化合物)之轉變說明二烯烴氫化為單烯烴之反應。然而,企圖限制單烯烴之二次氫化反應,在以下實例中,其將導致形成正戊烷。
待轉變之含硫化合物主要係硫醇及硫化物。硫醇轉變之主要反應在於藉由硫醇使單烯烴硫醚化。下文藉由丙烷-2-硫醇加成在戊-2-烯上形成丙基戊基硫來說明該反應。
在氫氣存在下,硫化合物之轉變亦可透過中間形成H2S來發生,H2S隨後可透過加成反應與存在於進料中之飽和化合物組合。然而,此路徑在較佳反應條件下屬次要。
除硫醇外,可經如此轉變及經受增重之化合物係硫化物,主要為二甲基硫、甲基乙基硫及二乙基硫、CS2、COS、四氫噻吩及甲基四氫噻吩。
在一些情況中,亦可觀察到輕質含氮化合物(主要為腈、吡咯及其衍生物)之增重反應。
根據本發明,觸媒亦可使具有處於外部位置之其等C=C雙鍵之單烯烴系化合物異構化為具有內部C=C雙鍵之其等異構體。
下文藉由1-己烯之異構化為2-己烯或3-己烯來說明此反應:
描述於本發明中之方法在於利用含有沈積於多孔金屬氧化物型支撐物上之至少一VIb族金屬(根據元素週期表之新記述法之第6族:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics,第76版,1995-1996)及該分類之至少一VIII族金屬(第8、9及10族)之觸媒,使待處理之進料與氫氣流混合。
特定言之,已發現當觸媒組合地展現以下特徵時,觸媒在外部烯烴異構化為相應內部烯烴中之性能獲得改良:
呈氧化物形式之VIb族元素之重量含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之6至18重量%,較佳8至12重量%及仍更佳10至12重量%之範圍內。VIb族金屬較佳係選自鉬及鎢。更佳地,該VIb族金屬係鉬。
該觸媒亦含有較佳選自鎳、鈷及鐵之VIII族金屬。更佳地,該VIII族金屬係鎳。以氧化物形式表示之VIII族金屬之含量係於相對於該觸媒重量之4至12重量%及較佳6至10重量%及仍更佳6至8重量%之範圍內。
VIII族非貴金屬對VIb族金屬之莫耳比係於0.6至3 mol/mol,較佳1至2 mol/mol之範圍內。
以VIb族元素氧化物之該重量含量對觸媒之比表面積之比表示之VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4 g/m2,較佳4.3至5.5.10-4 g/m2,更佳在4.5至5.10-4 g/m2之間之範圍內。因此,例如,在其中觸媒包含相對於該觸媒重量為11重量%之氧化鉬且具有219 m2/g之比表面積之情況
中,以氧化鉬之重量含量對觸媒之比表面積之比表示之鉬密度等於(0.11/219),或5.10-4 g/m2。
觸媒之比表面積係於200至270 m2/g,較佳220至260 m2/g之範圍內。比表面積係根據ASTM標準D3663測定。
較佳地,使用具有經水銀孔隙儀法測量大於0.3 cm3/g,較佳在0.4至1.4 cm3/g之範圍內及優選在0.5至1.3 cm3/g之範圍內之總孔體積之觸媒。水銀孔隙儀法係利用Micromeritics Autopore III設備,根據ASTM標準D4284-92使用140°之潤濕角測量。
觸媒支撐物較佳係選自氧化鋁、鋁酸鎳、矽石、碳化矽或其等混合物。較佳使用氧化鋁,及仍更佳者係高級氧化鋁。
根據一變型,支撐物係由立方γ-氧化鋁或△-氧化鋁組成。
根據本發明之觸媒可藉由為熟習本項技術者已知之任何方法製備,及尤其係透過將VIII族及VIb族元素浸滲至所選擇之支撐物上來製備。此浸滲可,例如,根據熟習本項技術者已知之方法,藉由術語「乾式浸滲」來實施,其中以可溶性鹽之形式將所需量之元素精確地引入至所選擇之溶劑(例如,去礦物質水)中,以盡可能精確地填充支撐物之孔隙。較佳乾燥經溶液填充之支撐物。較佳支撐物係氧化鋁,其可以任何類型的前驅物及熟習本項技術者已知之模製工具開始製備。
在引入VIII及VIb族元素並視需要形成觸媒後,對觸媒實施活化處理。此處理之目的一般係使元素之分子前驅物轉變為氧化物相。在此情況中,該處理係氧化,但亦可對觸媒實施簡單乾燥。在氧化處理(亦稱為煅燒)之情況中,使觸媒在空氣或在稀薄氧氣下接受熱處理,及處理溫度一般係在200℃至550℃,較佳300℃至500℃之範圍內。
在觸媒製備方法中可使用之VIb及VIII族金屬之鹽為,例如,硝
酸鈷、硝酸鎳、七鉬酸銨及偏鎢酸銨。亦可使用熟習本項技術者已知之具有適當溶解度及在活化處理期間可分解之任何其他鹽。
煅燒後,沈積於支撐物上之金屬係呈氧化物形式。在鎳及鉬之情況中,金屬主要係呈MoO3及NiO之形式。在與待處理進料接觸前,先使觸媒經歷硫化步驟。該硫化較佳係於硫還原環境中,即,在H2S及氫氣存在下實施,以將金屬氧化物轉變為諸如例如MoS2及Ni3S2之硫化物。該硫化係透過將含有H2S及氫氣之流束或可在觸媒及氫存在下降解為H2S之含硫化合物注射至觸媒上來實施。諸如二甲基二硫之多硫化物係目前用於觸媒硫化之H2S前驅物。調節溫度以使H2S與金屬氧化物反應以形成金屬硫化物。此硫化可在氫化脫硫反應器之原位或非原位(在反應器內部或外部),在200至600℃及更佳300至500℃範圍內之溫度下實施。
為具有活性,金屬必需實質上經硫化。當存在於觸媒上之硫(S)與元素之間之莫耳比至少等於對應於受關注元素之總硫化之理論莫耳比的60%時,將該元素視為實質上經硫化:(S/元素)觸媒0.6×(S/元素)理論
其中:(S/元素)觸媒=存在於觸媒上之硫(S)與元素之間之莫耳比
(S/元素)理論=對應於該元素總硫化為硫化物之硫與該元素之間之莫耳比。
此理論莫耳比根據受關注元素而變化:-(S/Fe)理論=1
-(S/Co)理論=8/9
-(S/Ni)理論=2/3
-(S/Mo)理論=2/1
-(S/W)理論=2/1
當觸媒包含複數種金屬時,存在於觸媒上之S與所有金屬加在一起之莫耳比必需類似地至少等於對應於各元素總硫化為硫化物之理論莫耳比的60%,根據與各元素相關之莫耳分率依比例計算。
例如,就包含具有各別為0.7及0.3之莫耳分率之鉬及鎳之觸媒而言,藉由以下等式給出最小莫耳比(S/Mo+Ni):(S/Mo+Ni)觸媒=0.6×{(0.7×2)+(0.3×(2/3))}
金屬之硫化百分比極佳大於80%。
對呈氧化物形式之金屬實施硫化而不進行金屬之預先還原步驟。實際上,已知經還原之金屬之硫化較呈氧化物形式之金屬之硫化更困難。
在根據本發明之選擇性氫化方法中,將待處理進料與氫氣混合,然後再與觸媒接觸。所注射之氫氣量係使得氫氣與待氫化之二烯烴之間之莫耳比大於1(化學計量)且小於10,及較佳在1至5 mol/mol之範圍內。過大的氫氣過量可引起單烯烴劇烈氫化,並因此導致汽油之辛烷值下降。一般將進料全數注射至反應器之入口。然而,在某些情況中可能宜將進料之一部分或全數注射至位於反應器中之兩相接催化床之間。若反應器之入口因聚合沈積物、粒子或存在於進料中之膠而堵塞,則此實施例尤其容許反應器之連續操作。
使由汽油及氫氣組成之混合物與觸媒在80℃至220℃,及較佳90℃至200℃範圍內之溫度下,以在1 h-1至10 h-1之範圍內之液體每小時空間速度(LHSV)接觸,其中液體每小時空間速度之單位係公升進料/公升觸媒/小時(l/l.h)。調節壓力以使反應器中之大部分反應混合物呈液體形式。壓力係在0.5 MPa至5 MPa及較佳1至4 MPa之範圍內。
在上述條件下經處理之汽油具有降低之二烯烴及硫醇含量。所製得之汽油一般含有小於1重量%二烯烴,及較佳小於0.5重量%二烯
烴。沸點溫度低於噻吩沸點溫度(84℃)之含硫輕質化合物一般轉化多於50%。因此可藉由蒸餾來分離汽油中之輕質餾分及將此餾分直接輸送至汽油槽而不實施補充處理。汽油中之輕質餾分一般具有低於120℃,及較佳低於100℃及極佳低於80℃之終點。
根據本發明之選擇性氫化方法特別適於在專利申請案EP 1 077 247中所描述之脫硫方法中實施。
本申請案類似地以一種使包含含硫化合物之汽油脫硫且至少由以下步驟組成之方法作為其主題:a)實施上述方法之選擇性氫化步驟;b)將在步驟a)中獲得之汽油分離為各別包含輕質汽油及重質汽油之兩個餾分之步驟;c)在容許含硫化合物至少部分分解為H2S之觸媒上處理在步驟b)中所分離之重質汽油之步驟。
分離步驟b)較佳係藉由習知之蒸餾管柱(亦稱為分離器)實施。此分餾管柱必須容許分離含有小比例硫之輕質汽油餾分及較佳含有最初存在於初始汽油中之大部分硫之重質餾分。
此管柱一般係在0.1至2 MPa及較佳0.2至1 MPa範圍內之壓力下操作。此分離管柱之理論板數一般係在10至100及較佳20至60之範圍內。以管柱中之液體流量對餾出物流量(以kg/h表示)之比表示之回流比率一般小於1及較佳小於0.8。
在分離結束時獲得之輕質汽油一般含有至少全組C5烯烴,較佳C5化合物及至少20%之C6烯烴。此輕質餾分一般具有低硫含量,換言之在將該輕質餾份用作燃料之前一般無需處理該輕質餾份。
脫硫步驟c)較佳係透過在約210℃至約350℃,較佳220℃至320℃範圍內之溫度下,在一般在約1至約4 MPa,較佳1.5至3 MPa範圍內之壓力下,使重質汽油在氫氣存在下在包含至少一VIII族元素及/
或至少一來自VIb族之至少部分呈硫化物形式之元素之觸媒上通過而實施之氫化脫硫步驟。液體之每小時空間速度係於約1至約20 h-1(以液體體積/體積觸媒/小時表示),較佳1至10 h-1及極佳3至8 h-1之範圍內。H2/進料比係於100至600公升/公升及較佳300至600公升/公升之範圍內。
以氧化物表示之VIII族金屬之含量一般係在相對於該觸媒重量之0.5至15重量%,較佳1至10重量%之範圍內。以氧化物表示之VIb族金屬之含量一般係在相對於該觸媒重量之1.5至60重量%,較佳3至50重量%之範圍內。
VIII族元素(當存在時)較佳係鈷,及VIb族元素(當存在時)一般為鉬或鎢。較佳者係諸如鈷-鉬之組合。觸媒支撐物通常為多孔固體,如例如,氧化鋁、矽石-氧化鋁或其他多孔固體,如例如,單獨或與氧化鋁或矽石-氧化鋁混合之鎂、矽石或氧化鈦。為使存在於重質汽油中之烯烴之氫化降至最低,宜優先使用其中以MoO3重量%(相對於觸媒之總重量來表示之重量%)/單位比表面積表示之鉬密度大於0.07及較佳大於0.12之觸媒。根據本發明之觸媒較佳具有小於250 m2/g,更佳小於230 m2/g及極佳小於190 m2/g之比表面積。
金屬在支撐物上之沈積係藉由熟習本項技術者已知之所有方法達成,例如,藉由過量之含有金屬前驅物之溶液進行乾式浸滲。浸滲溶液係經選擇以可溶解所需濃度之金屬前驅物。例如,在合成CoMo觸媒之情況中,鉬前驅物可為鉬之氧化物、七鉬酸銨,且鈷之前驅物可為(例如)硝酸鈷、氫氧化鈷或碳酸鈷。一般將該等前驅物溶解於容許其等以所需濃度溶解之介質中。
在引入元素及視需要形成觸媒後,在第一步驟中活化該觸媒。此活化可為先氧化後還原、或直接還原、或僅煅燒。煅燒步驟一般係在約100與約600℃之間及較佳在200至450℃範圍內之溫度下,在空氣
流動下實施。還原步驟係於使至少一部分呈氧化形式之鹼金屬可轉化為金屬之條件中實施。一般而言,該步驟在於在氫氣流動下,在較佳至少等於300℃之溫度下處理該觸媒。該還原亦可部分地藉由化學還原劑實施。
較佳使用至少部分呈硫化形式之觸媒。硫之引入可在任何活化步驟(即煅燒或還原步驟)之前或之後發生。較佳地,當已將硫或含硫化合物引入至觸媒上時,不實施觸媒氧化步驟。該硫或含硫化合物可非於原位引入,換言之,在實施本發明方法之反應器外部,或於原位引入,換言之,在用於本發明方法之反應器中。在後者情況中,較佳在上述條件下還原觸媒,隨後透過使含有至少一種含硫化合物之進料通過而進行硫化,該含硫化合物一旦降解,便導致硫固定在觸媒上。此進料可為氣體或液體,例如,含有H2S之氫氣、或含有至少一種含硫化合物之液體。
較佳使該含硫化合物非原位地加成至觸媒上。例如,在煅燒步驟後,可在視需要另一化合物存在下將含硫化合物引入至觸媒上。接著乾燥該觸媒,然後轉移至用於實施本發明方法之反應器。在此反應器內,隨後在氫氣下處理觸媒以將至少一部分主金屬轉變為硫化物。尤其適用於本發明之方法為描述於專利案FR-B-2 708 596及FR-B-2 708 597中之彼方法。
根據本發明之一特定實施例,脫硫方法進一步包含在可分解未於步驟c)中分解成H2S之含硫化合物之觸媒上處理在步驟c)中經處理之重質汽油之第二步驟d)。宜在實施處理步驟d)之前除去在步驟c)中形成之H2S。
實例1
藉由乾式浸滲100%氧化鋁支撐物來製備觸媒1、2、3及4。
合成方案在於實施七鉬酸銨及硝酸鎳溶液之乾式浸滲,含有金
屬前驅物之水溶液之體積等於對應於待浸滲之支撐物物料之納水體積(可滲透至孔隙度中之水之總體積)。調節溶液中之前驅物之濃度,以使所需重量含量之金屬氧化物沈積在支撐物上。
隨後在環境溫度下使固體熟化12小時,然後在120℃下乾燥12小時。最後,在空氣流動(1 L/g.h)下將此固體在500℃下煅燒兩小時。
所使用之支撐物係具有可變比表面積之過渡型氧化鋁,以在填裝相等含量之金屬後獲得具有各種比表面積之觸媒。表1提供依此製備之觸媒之特性。
觸媒1及2(不符合本發明)展現在200至270 m2/g範圍外之比表面積。另一方面,觸媒3及4具有符合本發明之比表面積及鉬密度。
藉由在500 ml攪拌式高壓釜反應器中進行之選擇性氫化測試評估觸媒1、2、3及4之催化性能。在流化台上在由15體積% H2S組成之H2S/H2混合物中,在1 L/g.h觸媒及400℃下使4 g觸媒在大氣壓下硫化兩小時。此方案使符合本發明之觸媒組可達成大於80%之硫化率。將依此經硫化之觸媒轉移至在空氣覆蓋下之反應器中,隨後與250 ml模型進料在1.5 MPa之總壓力及160℃之溫度下接觸。在測試期間透過
供應氫氣維持壓力恒定。
用於活性測試之進料具有以下組成:呈甲基3-噻吩形式之1000重量ppm硫、呈丙烷-2-硫醇形式之100重量ppm硫、呈1-己烯形式之10重量%烯烴及1重量%異戊二烯,其等係含於正庚烷中。
測試時間t=0對應於使觸媒與進料接觸。將測試之持續時間設定為80分鐘,及對所獲得液體流出物之氣相層析分析可評估不同觸媒在異戊二烯氫化(形成甲基丁烯)、1-己烯氫化(形成正己烷)、1-己烯異構化(形成內部飽和之己烯,即2-己烯或3-己烯)及輕質硫醇增重(丙烷-2-硫醇轉化)中之活性。
相對於針對每克觸媒標準化之各反應所獲得之速率常數定義觸媒對於各反應之活性。將反應視為1階來計算速率常數:A(X)=k(X)/m
其中:A(X):觸媒對於反應X之活性,以分鐘-1/g觸媒計
m:參與測試之觸媒(呈氧化物形式)之質量
k:所關注之反應之速率常數,以分鐘-1計,依照下式計算:k(X)=(1/80)*ln(100/(100-Conv(X)))
其中80:測試持續時間,以分鐘計
X=對應於己烯異構化之己烯
X=對應於己烯氫化之己烯
X=對應於異戊二烯氫化之異戊二烯
觸媒對於異戊二烯氫化之選擇性等於觸媒在異戊二烯氫化中與在1-己烯氫化中之活性之比:HYD(異戊二烯)/HYD(1-己烯)
將根據本發明之觸媒3定為100,將使用各觸媒所獲得之結果出示在下表2中。
鉬密度及比表面積落於主張範圍內之觸媒3及4(於根據本發明之方法中實施)不僅展現明顯大於觸媒1及2之己烯異構化活性,而且亦展現改良之氫化選擇性。
實例2
下文所提出之觸媒實例可說明當觸媒之比表面積相等時,VIb族金屬(此處為鉬)之密度對二烯烴之氫化為單烯烴及「外部」單烯烴之異構化為「內部」單烯烴之活性之影響。
觸媒5及6(不符合本發明)係根據實例1中之條件製備。值得注意的是此等觸媒具有符合本發明之比表面積,但鉬之密度在4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍外。此兩觸媒之特性彙整在表3中。
評估觸媒5及6在實例1中所描述之選擇性氫化測試中之催化性能並與符合本發明之觸媒3及4之催化性能比較。
透過將觸媒5及4與觸媒6及3比較,觀察到,對於相等比表面積(各別為約250及230 m2/g)而言,具有落於主張範圍內之鉬密度之觸媒具有比鉬密度位於4至6.10-4 g/m2範圍外(各別為2.4.10-4 g/m2及3.8.10-4 g/m2)之觸媒5及6大得多的二烯烴選擇性氫化及異構化活性。
實例3
觸媒7(不符合本發明)及觸媒8(根據本發明)係根據實例1中之條件製備。此等觸媒的不同處在於其等VIII族金屬對VIb族金屬之莫耳比。
利用實例1中所描述之選擇性氫化測試評估觸媒7及8。該等觸媒之性能彙整在表6中。
具有在0.6至3 mol/mol範圍外之Ni/Mo莫耳比但鉬密度及比表面積落於主張範圍內之觸媒7(不符合本發明)相較於具有各別為1.9及1.2之Ni/Mo莫耳比、各別為5.0及4.8.10-4 g/m2之鉬密度(符合4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍)及各別為219及230 m2/g之比表面積(落於200至270 m2/g之範圍內)之觸媒8及3展現次佳的氫化選擇性及較弱的異構化活性。
此實例證實藉由應用同時符合參數組且在所主張之特定範圍內之觸媒充分獲得期望之技術效應。
Claims (15)
- 一種選擇性氫化包含多不飽和化合物及含硫輕質化合物之汽油之方法,該方法接連地使該等多不飽和化合物氫化為單不飽和化合物、透過與該等不飽和化合物反應使該等含硫飽和輕質化合物增重、及使包含外部C=C雙鍵之單不飽和化合物異構化為具有內部C=C雙鍵之其等異構體,該方法應用含有沈積於多孔支撐物上之至少一VIb族金屬及至少一VIII族金屬之觸媒,其中:該VIb族元素之氧化物相對於該觸媒重量之重量含量係於6至18%之範圍內;該VIII族元素之氧化物相對於該觸媒重量之重量含量係於4至12%之範圍內;該觸媒之比表面積係於200至270 m2/g之範圍內;以該VIb族元素之氧化物之該重量含量對該觸媒之該比表面積之比表示之該VIb族元素之密度係於4至6.10-4 g/m2之範圍內;該VIII族金屬與該VIb族金屬之間之莫耳比係於0.6至3 mol/mol之範圍內。
- 如請求項1之方法,其中該VIb族金屬係選自鉬及鎢,較佳係鉬。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該VIII族金屬係選自鎳、鈷及鐵,較佳係鎳。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該VIII族金屬係鎳及該VIb族金屬係鉬。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該VIII族元素之氧化物之該重量含量係在相對於該觸媒重量之6至10%,較佳6至8%之範圍內,及其中該VIb族元素之氧化物之該重量含量係在相對於該觸 媒重量之8至12%,較佳10至12%之範圍內。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該VIII族金屬對該VIb族金屬之莫耳比係於1至2 mol/mol之範圍內。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該VIb族元素之密度係於4.3至5.5.10-4 g/m2,較佳4.5至5.10-4 g/m2之範圍內。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該觸媒之該等金屬之硫化率係大於80%。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該觸媒具有大於0.3 cm3/g之總孔體積。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該觸媒之該比表面積係於220至260 m2/g之範圍內。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之方法,其中該支撐物係選自氧化鋁、矽石、碳化矽或其等混合物。
- 如前述請求項中任一項之選擇性氫化方法,其中使該進料及氫氣在80℃至220℃範圍內之溫度下以在1 h-1至10 h-1範圍內之液體每小時空間速度及在0.5至5 MPa範圍內之壓力與該觸媒接觸。
- 一種使包含含硫化合物之汽油脫硫之方法,其包含以下步驟:a)實施如請求項1至12中任一項之方法之選擇性氫化步驟;b)將在步驟a)中獲得之汽油分離為各別包含輕質汽油及重質汽油之兩餾分之步驟;c)在容許該等含硫化合物至少部分分解為H2S之觸媒上處理在步驟b)中所分離之該重質汽油。
- 如請求項13之方法,其中步驟c)係在氫氣及包含至少一VIII族元素及/或至少一至少部分呈硫化物形式之VIb族元素之觸媒存在下,在210℃至350℃範圍內之溫度下,在1至4 MPa範圍內之壓力下,及以在1 h-1至20 h-1範圍內之以液體體積/觸媒體積/小時表 示之空間速度下實施。
- 如請求項13或14中任一項之方法,其中步驟c)之觸媒包含相對於該觸媒重量在0.5至15重量%,較佳1至10重量%範圍內之以氧化物形式表示之VIII族金屬之含量,及相對於該觸媒重量在1.5至60重量%,較佳3至50重量%範圍內之以氧化物形式表示之VIb族金屬之含量。
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