TW201205945A - Carbon-containing composite material containing an oxygen-containing lithium transition metal compound - Google Patents
Carbon-containing composite material containing an oxygen-containing lithium transition metal compound Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW201205945A TW201205945A TW100113086A TW100113086A TW201205945A TW 201205945 A TW201205945 A TW 201205945A TW 100113086 A TW100113086 A TW 100113086A TW 100113086 A TW100113086 A TW 100113086A TW 201205945 A TW201205945 A TW 201205945A
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- composite material
- transition metal
- carbon
- electrode
- lithium
- Prior art date
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 65
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 45
- -1 lithium transition metal compound Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910000319 transition metal phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical group [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] Chemical compound [O-2].[Ti+4].[Li+] FDLZQPXZHIFURF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000001720 carbohydrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000007833 carbon precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011817 metal compound particle Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002344 gold compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 229910052493 LiFePO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrazine Chemical compound NN OAKJQQAXSVQMHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000004227 thermal cracking Methods 0.000 description 8
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 7
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 6
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000014633 carbohydrates Nutrition 0.000 description 5
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- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910003481 amorphous carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
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- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 4
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 4
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000001027 hydrothermal synthesis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000013067 intermediate product Substances 0.000 description 3
- SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium titanium Chemical compound [Li].[Ti] SWAIALBIBWIKKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920002943 EPDM rubber Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001290 LiPF6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Orthosilicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 description 2
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 description 2
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- 210000002381 plasma Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 229920005569 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) Polymers 0.000 description 2
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- GHYOCDFICYLMRF-UTIIJYGPSA-N (2S,3R)-N-[(2S)-3-(cyclopenten-1-yl)-1-[(2R)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-3-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-morpholin-4-ylacetyl)amino]propanoyl]amino]propanamide Chemical compound C1(=CCCC1)C[C@@H](C(=O)[C@@]1(OC1)C)NC([C@H]([C@@H](C1=CC=C(C=C1)OC)O)NC([C@H](C)NC(CN1CCOCC1)=O)=O)=O GHYOCDFICYLMRF-UTIIJYGPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KKMOSYLWYLMHAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-6-nitroaniline Chemical compound NC1=C(Br)C=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O KKMOSYLWYLMHAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N Alpha-Lactose Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](CO)O[C@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-XLOQQCSPSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YDNKGFDKKRUKPY-JHOUSYSJSA-N C16 ceramide Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)N[C@@H](CO)[C@H](O)C=CCCCCCCCCCCCCC YDNKGFDKKRUKPY-JHOUSYSJSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910011956 Li4Ti5 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910032387 LiCoO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910014549 LiMn204 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910000668 LiMnPO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910015830 LixMyO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CRJGESKKUOMBCT-VQTJNVASSA-N N-acetylsphinganine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[C@@H](O)[C@H](CO)NC(C)=O CRJGESKKUOMBCT-VQTJNVASSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ruthenium Chemical compound [Ru] KJTLSVCANCCWHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N bismuth atom Chemical compound [Bi] JCXGWMGPZLAOME-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid Chemical compound OC(O)=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001033 granulometry Methods 0.000 description 1
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- SDEKDNPYZOERBP-UHFFFAOYSA-H iron(ii) phosphate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[Fe+2].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O SDEKDNPYZOERBP-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 description 1
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052808 lithium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002642 lithium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N molybdate Chemical class [O-][Mo]([O-])(=O)=O MEFBJEMVZONFCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VVGIYYKRAMHVLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N newbouldiamide Natural products CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)C(O)C(O)C(CO)NC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC VVGIYYKRAMHVLU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 238000003980 solgel method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadate(3-) Chemical compound [O-][V]([O-])([O-])=O LSGOVYNHVSXFFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/362—Composites
- H01M4/366—Composites as layered products
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G23/00—Compounds of titanium
- C01G23/003—Titanates
- C01G23/005—Alkali titanates
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
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201205945 六、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於含有在所在區域中經兩個含碳層覆蓋 含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物粒子之含碳複合材料。本發明二 係關於製備該複合材料之方法以及含有該複合材 性材料之電極。 “”居 【先前技術】 摻雜型及不摻雜型混合鋰過渡金屬化合物近來已作 所謂(可再充電)「二次鋰離子電池」中之電極材料尤复 受到關注。 舉例而言,自從Goodenough等人發表論文 (US-A-5,91G,382 )以來,不摻雜型或摻雜型混合鐘過渡金 屬磷酸鹽已用作二次鋰離子電池中之陰極材料。為了 =備 鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽,已提出固態合成法以及所謂使用水溶 液之水熱合成法。同時,根據當前技術,已知幾乎所有2 金屬及過渡金屬陽離子可用作摻雜陽離子。 因此’ WO 02/0999i3描述製備LiMp〇4以便製備視情 況摻雜之純相L1MPO4的方法,其中M除鐵外亦為元素週 期表第一過渡金屬系列之一或多種過渡金屬陽離子。 EP 1 195 838 A2描述藉助於固態方法製備鍾過渡金屬 填酸鹽’特定言之LlFeP〇4,其中典㈣混合魏链與碟酸 亞鐵(II)且在約600°C之溫度下燒結。 尤其製備磷酸鋰鐵之其他方法已描述例如於p〇wer Sources 119 至 m (2003) 247 至 251 ; Jp 2〇〇2151〇82 a 以 201205945 及 DE 103 53 266 中。 由此獲得之摻雜型或不摻雜型鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽通常 由添加之導電劑(諸如導電碳黑)補充且加工成陰極調配 物。因此 ’ EP 1 193 784、EP 1 193 785 以及 Ep 1 193 786 描述LiFeP〇4與非晶碳之所謂碳複合材料,當用硫酸亞鐵、 磷酸氫二鈉產生磷酸亞鐵時,該非晶碳亦充當硫酸亞鐵中 殘餘Fe3 +殘基之還原劑且防止Fe2 +氧化成Fe3+。碳之添加 亦意欲增加陰極中磷酸鋰鐵活性材料之導電性。因此,Ep i 1 93 786特別指出,磷酸鋰鐵碳複合材料中必須含有至少3 wt%碳以達成材料之必要容量及相應循環特性。 EP 1 049 1 82 B 1提出藉由在磷酸鋰鐵上塗佈非晶碳層 來解決類似問題。 能 材 質 此外,當前技術之鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽之缺點在於其不 耐濕以及耐所謂的「浸潰(SGaking)」,亦即電極^性 料之過渡金屬會溶解於二次鋰離子電池之(液體)電解 中且從而降低其容量及電壓。 已描述有時在可再充電鋰離子電池中使用摻雜型及不 摻雜型鈦酸鋰(特定言之’鈦酸鋰[“Thou(鋰鈦尖晶石)) 替代石墨作為陽極材料。經離子電池中之陽極材料之當前 述可見於例如Bruce等人,Angew Chem Int Ed 2930-2946 中。 ’ ’ 為其具有較佳 可靠性。相較 差且達成數千 相較於石墨,LiJhO,2之優點特定言之 德環穩定性、較佳熱負荷容量以及較高操作 於鐘’ Liji^2具有丨.55 v之相對恆定電位 4 201205945 次充電及放電循環而容量損失<2〇%。因&,相較 欽酸鐘顯示明顯更大之正電位。 。加之 175 mAh/g ’導致能量密度明 ’、、、:而,較尚電位亦導致電壓差較小 之谷ϊ低於石墨之372 mAh/g (理論值) 顯低於具有石墨陽極之鋰離子電池。 然而,LuThO,2壽命較長且無毒且因此亦不被分類 對環境造成威脅。 已詳述製備鈦酸鋰LUThO,2之各種態樣。通常,藉助 於鈦化合物(典型地為Ti〇2)與鋰化合物(典型地為Li2C〇3〕 之間在超過75(TC之高溫下之固態反應獲得Li4Ti5〇|2 (US-A-5,545,468 )。此高溫煅燒步驟似乎為獲得相對較純 之具有令人滿意可結晶性之LijhO!2所必需,但此給其帶 來所得初始粒子過度粗糙且材料發生部分熔融之缺點。典 型地,高溫亦常產生殘留在產物中之副產物,諸如金紅石 或銳鈦礦殘餘物(EP 1 722 439 A1 )。 亦已描述製備Li4Ti5〇12之溶膠·凝膠法(DE 103 19 464 A1)、以及藉助於火焰噴霧熱裂解之製備方法(Ernst,F〇 4 人,Materials Chemistry and Physics 2007,101(2-3)第 372·378頁)以及所謂於無水介質中之「水熱法 (hydrothermal method )」(Kalbac,Μ.等人,Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry 2003, 8(1)第 2-6 頁)。 如上文已述’近來,摻雜型及不摻雜型LiFeP04已用作 經離子電.池中之陰極材料,因此Li4Ti5〇|2與LiFeP04之組 合可達成2V之電壓差。 201205945 高要求適詩料肖 再充電鐘離子電池,尤其.在其放電猶譬=所提供之可 然而’迄今提出之陰極與陽極之電·極活方面。 物仍需達成所需電極密度,因為 材枓或材料混合 密度。粉末密度可大致與電極密度或=需之麼縮粉末 密度且同樣亦與電池容量相關。電^電極活性材料之 密度越高’則電池體積容量亦越高。…才料之麼縮粉末 如以上已簡要說明,迄今使用 亦為其對濕氣敏感且有時明顯溶解於之:: 電解質最常含有㈣化合物,諸如L1PF6'L1:, ^ ^此’本發明之目標在於提供用於二次鐘離子電池之 改良電極活性材料,特定言之,相二 其具有改良之壓縮密度、增加之〜:“技術之材料, 池之電解質中之低溶解性。 離子電 【發明内容】 t發明之此目標係藉由含有在所在區域中經兩個含碳 含氧經過渡金屬化合物粒子的含碳複合材料達 成0 驚人地’本發明複合材料之壓縮密度相較於當前技術 之常見電極材㈣^至少5%改良,在較佳具料例中相 較於根據EP i 049 182 B1之材料顯示超過1〇%之改良。 藉由增加壓縮密度’從而在本發明複合材料用作電極 活性材料時,亦達成較高電極密度,因此相較於例如根據 以上列舉之EP 1 049 182 B1之材料,使用本發明複合材料 6 201205945 作為二次歸子電池之陰極及/或陽極中之活性材料,亦使 二次鋰離子電池之體積容量增加至少5%。 在本發明之開發中’複合材料全部由經兩個含碳層覆 蓋之含氧經過渡金屬化合物粒子組成。 驚人地,相較於含有僅具有單一含碳層之鋰過渡金屬 化合物作為活性材料之電極’含有本發明複合材料之電極 亦具有更高導電性。相較於用碳塗佈—次或不經塗佈之經 過渡金屬化合物,本發明複合材料之耐表面積亦驚人地 減小’藉此在製造電極時減.少所需要冬黏合劑。 耐濕氣(特定言之,空氣濕氣)及耐上文另外說明之 「浸潰」因複合材料之基本上兩個含碳層而增強,且相較 於具有僅一層含碳塗層的材料(諸如上文已提及之例如Ep 1 049 182 B1中所揭示之材料)明顯增強。特定言之,本發 明複合材料亦極耐強酸(參見實驗部分)。相較於塗佈一 次或完全不經塗佈之材料,過渡金屬向二次電池所用(液 體)電解質中之排放(亦即其溶解性)亦明顯降低。 根據以上專利EP 1 049 182 B1獲得之「單一塗層 (single coadng)」呈多孔狀且通常不完全覆蓋鋰過渡金屬 化合物粒子,因此特別引起濕敏性鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽部分 分解及過渡金屬於例如酸中或液體電解質中之溶解性增 加。 術語「含碳(Carb〇n-containing)」在本文中應理解為 意謂以熱裂解方式獲得之碳材料’其藉由適合前驅化合物 之熱分解形成。此含碳材料亦可由術語「熱裂解碳(pyr〇lytic 201205945 carbon )」同義描述。 因此,術語「熱裂解碳」描述非結晶碳之較佳非晶材 料。如已述,熱裂解碳係由適合前驅化合物經加熱(亦即 在小於Moot:、較佳小於mot且更佳小於1〇〇(rc且最佳 < 850。(:、此外< 80(TC且較佳< 75(^的溫度下進行熱 裂解)獲得。 在尤其> looot之較高溫度下,較佳含氧鋰過渡金屬化 合物之粒子通常因所謂「熔融」而發生黏聚,典型地導致 本發明複合材料之載流容量不良。根據本發明,特別重要 的是不形成結晶有序之合成石墨。 熱裂解碳之典型前驅化合物為例如碳水化合物,諸如 乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、澱粉、纖維素;二元醇;聚二醇; 聚合物,諸如聚苯乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物、聚乙烯'聚丙 烯;芳族化合物,諸如苯、蒽、甲苯、茈;以及熟習此項 技術者已知之本身適於此目的之所有其他化合物,以及其 組。。尤其適合混合物為例如乳糖及纖維素、糖(碳水化 η物)彼此間之所有混合物。諸如乳糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖等 之糖與丙三醇之混合物亦較佳。 前驅化合物可分解之精確溫度以及因此前驅化合物之 選擇亦視欲塗佈之(含氧)鋰過渡金屬化合物而定,因為 Ή如經過渡金屬填酸鹽在約800艽之溫度下通常已分解成 碟化物。 熱裂解碳層可藉由直接就地分解於與熱裂解碳之前.1區 化合物接觸之粒子上而沈積於含氧鋰過渡金腐化合物挺子 201205945 上,或含碳層經由氣相法間接沈積因 立 物首先蒸發或昇華且接著分解。根據本發明=前驅化合 助於兩種分解(熱裂解)製程 …有可能藉 衣枉之組合進行塗佈。 術語「兩個含碳層」亦涵蓋以下可 之一些具體實例中,可在兩層 ~ ,.在本發明 j你两層之間设定非離散 亦尤其視熱裂解碳之前驅化合物 面,此 ^ 物之選擇而定。然而,甚至 在模糊」邊界面之情況下,仍然可藉由彳 ',、、!糟由例如SEM & 法確定兩個層之固態結構之差異, 、个又W疋理論束缚,此 可依據欲塗佈之基板(「基底) 」y <、、Ό構差異加以說明: 第一層直接沈積於含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物粒子上,第二芦 沈積於第一熱裂解碳層上。 一曰 兩個熱裂解碳層之結構差里亦可拉 m友/、仆。j糟由選擇各別起始化 合物(例如每層使用一種(或其5婪 、4盘主右干種)不同前驅化合 物)而進一步增強。因此,舉例而+ 平扪而5 第一層可以乳糖為 起始物獲得且第一層可自殿粉或纖維素獲得,或相反。 當然,在本發明之開發中亦可提供具有2個以上含碳 層(例如3層、4層或4層以上)之本發明複合材料。 根據本發明使用的含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物概念在本文 中涵蓋具有通式L1MPO4之化合物、具有通式LiMV〇4之釩 酸鹽、相應鉛酸鹽、鉬酸鹽及鈮酸鹽’其中Μ典型地表示 至少一種過渡金屬或其混合物。此外,在本發明情況下, 坦氣化物」’遠如通式LixMyO (〇 < x_,y < 1)之 昆合鍾過渡金屬氧化物,亦根據此術語加以理解,其中Μ 車乂佳為所謂「前過渡金屬(early transition metal)」,諸 201205945 如TiH SC’或以及雖然次佳但亦為「後過渡金屬(late transition metal )」’諸如 c〇、Ni、Mn、以、& 及其混合 物亦即’從而為諸如LiCo02、LiNi02、LiMn204、 ii-xCox〇2' LiNi〇 85Co〇.410.05()2 等之化合物。 在本發明之較佳具體實例中,含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物 為通式LiMP〇4之鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽,其中M特別表示 ' Ni ' Mti或其混合物。 在本發明之範圍内,術語「鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽」意謂 以推雜與不換雜形式存在之鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽。 不·^雜j意謂使用純(特定言之,純相)鐘過渡金 屬磷馱鹽。如上文已述,過渡金屬Μ較佳係選自由Fe、Co、 或Nl組成之群’因此具有式LiFeP04、LiCoP〇4、LiMnP〇4 或LlNlP〇4或其混合物。LiFeP04尤其極佳。 摻雜型鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽意謂式LiM,yM"xP〇4之化合 勿其中較佳地,M” = Fe、Co、Ni或Μη,M'不同於M,, 且表不至少一種選自由以下組成之群的金屬陽離子:Co、 Mn Fe、Nb、Ti、Ru、Zr、B、Al、Zn、Mg、Ca、Cu、 或,、、、且 s ’但較佳表示 Co、Ni、Mn、Fe、Ti、B、Al、 g Zn及Nb’x為< 1且>〇〇i之數字且y為>〇〇〇i且<〇99 數子 典型較佳化合物為例如LiNbyFexP04、
LlMgyF6xP〇4 ' LiByFexP〇4 ^ LiMnyFexP04 ^ LiCoyFexP04 ' MnzCoyFexP〇4 、 LiMn〇.8〇Fe〇. ,〇Zn〇., 〇P〇4 、
LlMn〇‘56Fe〇33Mg〇.i〇P〇4,其中 0 彡 x,y,z 彡 1〇 在本發明之其他較佳具體實例中,含氧鋰過渡金屬化 10 201205945 合物為鋰鈦氧化物。相較於當前技術之二次鋰離子電池(根 據EP 1 796 189,其使用例如經碳塗佈—次之鐘鈦氧化物作 為陽極),.根據本發明塗佈兩次之裡鈦氧化物當用作陽極 時穩定性及循環穩定性再増加約1 〇%。 術語「鋰鈦氧化物(luhium titanium oxide)」在本文 中意謂具有空間群Fd3m之所有Lli+xTi2x〇4 (其中〇 < χ 彡1/3 )類型摻雜或不摻雜型鋰鈦尖晶石(所謂「鈦酸鋰」) 且通常亦意謂通式LlxTiyO(0 < x,y< υ之所有混合 鋰鈦氧化物。 如上文已述,在本發明之開發中,鋰鈦氧化物用至少 另-種金屬摻雜,相較於不摻雜材料,使用摻雜型鋰鈦氧 化物作為陽極時,可使穩定性及循環穩定性進一步增加約 5%。特疋s之,此藉由在晶格結構中併入其他金屬離子, 較佳 Α卜 Β、Mg、Ga、Fe、c〇、Sc、γ、Μη、犯、^、ν、
Sb、Bi或若干此等離子達成。 摻雜型及不摻雜型鋰鈦尖晶石較佳不含金紅石 在所有上列含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物之情況下,摻雜金 屬離子較佳以相對於總化合物0.05至3wt%、較佳 之量存在。摻雜金屬陽離子佔據過渡金屬或鋰之晶格位置。 此外,混合Fe、Co、Mn、Ni鋰磷酸鹽含有至少兩種上 列το素,其中亦可存在更大量之摻雜金屬陽離子,在極端 情況下多達50 wt%。 就單峰粒度分佈而言,本發明複合材料之粒子之d 值較佳為彡0.25,D5◦值較佳彡0.75且〇9〇值彡27以沈 201205945 如已述,當用作二次鋰離子電池中之電極之活性材料 時,本發明複合材料之小粒度會產生較高電流密度以及較 佳循環德定性。 複合材料之第一含碳層厚度宜矣5nm,在本發明之較 佳開發中’為約2-3 nm,第二層厚度彡2〇麵,較佳(至 7nm。總之,因此,兩層之總厚度位於3_25nm之範圍内, 其中層厚度可特別藉由前驅材料之起始濃度、精確溫度選 擇及加熱持續時間以目標方式設定。 在本發明之其他具體實例中,含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物 粒子完全封閉在兩層含碳材料巾且因此㈣氣及酸侵敍及 所謂「浸潰」(亦即本發明複合材料之過渡金屬溶解於電 解質中)之作用尤其不敏感。如已述,「浸潰」t導致含 有本發明複合材料之f極之容量及電容降低且因此導致壽 命縮短及穩定性降低。 相較於當前技術之材料,諸如相較於已溶有諸如upF6 或L1BF4之鋰氟鹽之碳酸伸乙酯與碳酸二甲酯混合物,本發 明複合材料在用作二次鐘離子電池中之電解f之非水性液 體中具有極低溶解性,。就含有1_ ppm水之含有鐘氟鹽 液體(例如碳酸伸乙酯與碳酸二甲酯之混合物)而言,藉 助於下文說明之參考測試所量測,使用LiFeP〇4作為含氧鋰 過渡金屬化合物之本發明複合材料的鐵溶解度為彡85 40mg/l^£^^ 30 mg/1 〇 ^ 金屬化合物之值對於LiFeP〇4為例如約175〇 mg/l,對於: 據EP 1 〇49 1 82 B 1獲得之比較材料為約9〇 mg/卜此等化合 12 201205945 物中之其他過渡金屬可得到上文所定義之範圍中的類似 值。 在尤其極佳的具體實例中,本發明複合材料之bet表 面積(根據DIN66134測定)為彡16m2/g、尤其極佳< 14 m2/g且最佳彡1〇 m2/g。BET表面積小之優點在於,可提 高壓縮密度且從而提高含有本發明複合材料作為活性材料 之電極的電極密度,因此亦可提高電池體積容量及壽命。 此外,減少電極調配物中所需之黏合劑❶ 本發明材料具有> 2.3 g/cm3,較佳在2.3至3.3 g/cm3 之範圍内’更佳在> 2.3至2.7 g/cm3之範圍内的高壓縮密 度。此相較於例如根據EP i 〇49 182 B1獲得之具有單一碳 層之複合材料改良約8 %。 根據本發明達成之壓縮密度使含有本發明複合材料作 為活性材料之電極之電極密度明顯高於含有#前技術之材 料的電極’因此當使用該種電極時,二次鋰離子電池之體 積容量亦增加。 本發明複合材料之粉末電阻(進—步參見下文)較佳< 30 Ω/咖’其中具有含有本發明複合材料鐘金屬氧化物粒 子之電極的二次經離子電池亦由特別高之載流容量特性 量(因此為第一及至少第二 對於複合材料之總質量較佳< 本發明複合材料之總碳含 含礙層之熱裂解碳之總和)相 2 wt%、更佳 < 1.6 wt%。 在本發明之其他具體實例中 總碳含量為約1.4 土 0.2 13 201205945 wt% 〇 本發明之目標進-步藉由製備本發明複合材料之方 達成’該方法包含以下步驟·· a )提供呈粒子形式之含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物
b)添加熱裂解碳之前驅化合物且產生兩種組分之混入 物 D 〇藉由加熱使混合物反應·, d )添加熱裂解碳之新穎前驅化合物至已反應之混 中且產生第二混合物 °物 e)藉由加熱使第二混合物反應。 上文已㉛帛於本發明方法中之含氧鋰過渡金屬化 5物可以摻雜與轉雜形式存在。以上更詳細描述之所有 含乳鐘過渡金屬化合物皆可用於本發明之該方法中。 才F據本發明,在含氧鐘過渡金屬化合物用於本發明方 =中之前如何進行其合成亦不重要;料其可在固態合成 範圍内或亦可在所謂水熱合成範圍内,或經由任何其他方 法獲得。 a然而’已顯示在本發明方法中及在本發明複合材料中 ★使用已藉由水熱途;獲得之經過渡金屬填酸鹽或欽酸 鲤尤其較佳’目為此途徑產生的雜f通常具有比固態合成 法所產生之雜質少。 如上文已提及,可在本發明方法之反應條件下反應生 成碳之幾乎所有有機化合物皆適合作為熱裂解碳之前驅化 合物。 14 201205945 6本發明方法之I巳圍内,尤其較佳使用碳水化合物(諸 如礼糖、庶糖、葡萄糖、搬粉、纖維素)、二元醇、聚二 mi合物’尤其極佳為乳糖及/或纖維素此外為聚合 :(諸如聚笨乙烯-丁二烯嵌段共聚物、聚乙烯、聚丙烯)、 :矣化“匆(諸如苯、蒽、甲苯、茈)以及其混合物及熟 習此項技術者已知之本身適於此目的之所有其他化合物。 *使用碳水化合物時,在本發明之特定具體實例中此 等碳水化合物以水溶液形式使用,或在本發明之一尤其有 利開發中,在混合碳與含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物及/或元素碳 之後,接著添加水,從而獲得漿料,自生產工程及排放觀 點來看,其進一步加工優於其他方法變化形式。 諸如笨、曱笨、萘、聚乙烯、聚丙烯等其他前驅材料 可直接以純物質形式或於有機溶劑中加以使用。 典型地’在本發明方法之範圍内,形成的漿料最常首 先在100至4001:之溫度下乾燥。 乾燥混合物亦可視情況加以壓縮。乾燥混合物本身之 壓縮可以機械壓縮形式進行,例如藉助於輥壓機或製旋 機但亦可以滚動、增層(build-up )或濕式造粒形式進行., 或藉助於對熟習此項技術者而言似乎適於此目的之任何其 他技術方法進行。 、 在視情況壓縮來自步驟b)之混合物(特定言之,乾燥 混合物)之後,如上文已詳述,混合物尤其極佳在彡85〇 C、宜< 800。(:下、更佳在彡75〇t:下燒結’其中燒結較 佳在保護氣體氛圍下,例如在氮氣、氬氣等下進行。在所 15 201205945 而是形 續熱裂 選條件下,#裂解碳之前驅化合物不是形成石墨, 成部分或完全覆蓋含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物粒子之連 解碳層。 儘管前.驅化合物在溫度範圍較廣泛之較高燒結溫产下 仍形成熱裂解碳,但所形成產物之粒度經由結塊心。 而增加’此會給其帶來上述缺點。 氮氣出於生產X程原因而在燒結或熱裂解期間用作保 護氣體’但亦可使用所有其他已知保護氣體(諸如氬氣等: 以及其混合物。同樣亦可使用氧氣含量較低之工業級氮 氣。加熱之後,所得產物仍可精細研磨。 曰在塗覆第-熱裂解碳層之後,由此獲得之材料之碳含 S相對於其總重量典型地為1至1 5 。 S藉由重複上述步驟塗覆第二層,#中如已述,在本發 二開發中,熱裂解碳可使用相同的起始化合物或使 用與第所用之前驅化合物不同的前驅化合物。 本發明之目標進一步藉由含有本發明複合材料作為活 料之一次鋰離子電池的電極達成。在本發明之其他具 體實例中,電極活性材料由本發明之裡過渡金屬氧化物組 成。其他組分為例如#電碳黑、或未塗碳或僅具冑1個碳層 之相應含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物。應瞭解’有或無碳塗層(1 曰或層以上)之若干不同含氧鍾過渡金屬化合物之 混合物當然亦可根據本發明加以使用。 相較於未塗佈或僅塗冑1二欠之含氧鐘過渡金屬化合 物本發明複合材料之壓縮密度增大亦可提高電極調配物 16 201205945 中的電極活性材料密度。除活性材料外,本發明電極(或 所謂電極調配物中)之典型其他組分亦為導電碳黑以及黏 合劑。然而’根據本發明,甚至有可能獲得含有本發明複 合材料作^性材肖或由纟發明i合材料料活性材料所 組成而無需另外添加導電劑(亦即例如導電碳黑)的可用 電極。 本身為熟習此項技術者已知之任何黏合劑皆可用作黏 合劑,諸如聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)、聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)、 聚偏二氟乙烯六氟丙烯共聚物(PVDF_HFP)、乙烯-丙烯_ 二烯三聚物(EPDM)、四氟乙烯六氟丙烯共聚物、聚氧化 乙烯(PEO)、聚丙烯腈(PAN)、聚丙稀醯曱基丙稀酸醋 (polyacryl methacrylates ; PMMA )、羧甲基纖維素(CMC )、 及其衍生物及混合物。 在本發明之範圍内,電極材料之個別組分之典型比例 較佳為90重量份之活性材料,例如本發明複合材料;5重 罝份導電碳及5重量份黏合劑。在本發明之範圍内同樣有 利之不同調配物由90-96重量份活性材料及4·1〇重量份黏 合劑組成。 相較於當前技術之使用未塗佈之含氧鋰過渡金屬化合 物之電極,若電極調配物中欲使用諸如導電碳之其他導電 劑,則可明顯降低其含量,因為本發明複合材料之塗層已 含有碳。此可增加電極密度且從而亦增加本發明電極之體 積容量,因為諸如碳黑之導電劑通常具有低密度。 本發明電極典型地具有> 2_〇 g/cm3、較佳> 2.2 g/cm3、 17 201205945 、更佳> 為約160 尤其較佳> 2:4 gW之麼縮密度。在> 352 mAh/cm 384誕11—3之體積容量下,本發明電極之比容量 mA/g (相對於鋰金屬加以量測)。 150-165 本發明電極之典型放電容量D/10位於 mAh/g、較佳 1 60-1 65 mAh/g 之範圍内。 ^合材料之含氧㈣渡金屬化合物之性質而定,電 田陽極(較佳在摻雜或不摻雜型鋰鈦氧化物之情況 下’再次視相對電極之性質而定’其當然 例十用作陰極)或吟榀r . 住-體貫 * (較佳在払雜或不播雜型鐘過渡金 屬磷酸鹽之情況下)。 發明之目標進一步藉由含有本發明電極作為陰極及/ 或陽極之二次㈣子電池達成,&而獲得電極密度(或活 = 較高之電池,其容量高於電極含有當前技術 ’ '别已知之一次鋰離子電池。因此,本發明之此等 鐘離子電池亦可在同時減小電極或電池整體之尺寸的情況 下特定用於汽車中。 在本發明之開發中,本發明之二次經離子電池含有兩 人本發月電極,其中_個為陽極’包含以下或由以下組成: 本發月複。材料之摻雜或不換雜型鐘欽氧化物,且另 個為陰極,包含以下或由以下組成:含有本發明複合材 l雜或不摻雜型鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽。尤其較佳陰極,陽 a子為單電池電壓為約2.0 V之LiFeP〇4//LixTiy〇 (其非 户適σ作為金。g义電池之替代物)、或電池電壓增加且能量 在度改良之LiCozMnyFexPC)4//LixTiyC)(其中χ、y及z係如 18 201205945 上文進一步定義)。 本發明藉助於圖式及實施例更詳細說明如下,其不廣 理解為限制本發明範疇。 【實施方式】 1 ·量測方法 根據DIN 661 34測定BET表面積。 根據 DIN 66133 用 Malvern Mastersizer 20〇〇 藉助於雷 射測粒術(laser granulometry )測定粒度分佈。 用 Mitsubishi MCP-PD51 製錠機及 L〇resta_Gp MCP-T610電阻計同時測定壓縮密度及粉末電阻,製錠機及 電阻計係安裝於充有氮氣以排除氧氣及濕氣之潛在破壞作 用之手套箱(glovebox)中。經由手動Enerpac pN8〇 Apj 水壓機(hydraulic press)(最大 ι〇,000 磅 / 平方吋(psi) /700巴(bar))來水力操作製鍵機。 在製造商推薦之配置(7.5 kN)下量測4 g本發明材料 之樣品。 接著根據以下方程式計算粉末電阻:
粉末電阻[Q/cm]=電阻[q]x厚度[cm]x rCF RCF值視設備而定且各樣品之RcF值由設備賦予。 根據下式計算壓縮密度: 壓縮密度(9/c,m^ =_樣品質量(g) Π X rYcni2)#^品厚度 r =樣品錠之半徑 習慣誤差容限為至多3%。 於FEI-Tuan 80-300上進行TEM檢查,其中〇· 1 g樣品 19 201205945 藉助於超音波分散於10 ml乙醇中且向Quantif〇i丨金屬晶格 結構施用1滴此懸浮液並風乾,隨後開始量測。 2.itm : 2.1電極製備 標準電極組成物含有90 wt%活性材料、5 wt% Super P 碳黑及5 wt% PVDF (聚偏二氟乙烯)。 如下製備漿料:首先製備1 〇 wt% PVDF 2 1 2 1 6於含導 電添加劑(Super P碳黑)之NMP ( N_甲基吡咯啶酮)中的 溶液,接著進一步用NMP稀釋,且最後添加各別活性材料。 所得黏稠懸浮液藉助於塗佈刀沈積於鋁箔上,在8〇充下真 空乾燥。自此箔剪裁直徑丨.3 cm之圓盤,稱重且輥輾至約 以/znm接著量測電極厚度及密度。電極接著乾燥 器中在12G°C下真空乾燥隔夜。接著在手套箱中在氬氣下裝 配相應電池。 所測電位由為2_0 V-4.1 V(相對於U+/Li)。含有夏 1_6之EC (碳酸伸乙酿):DMC (碳酸二甲酯)1:1 (體積 用作電解質》 2 · 2 測定容量及載流容量 使用標準電極組成物量測容量及載流容量。 在此等量測期間,充電速率(c)對於第一次循環設定 .、,、C/10及對於所有其他次循環設定為1C。 必要時,放電速率(D)自D/1〇增加至綱。 製備具有單一塗層之LWe 為確定中間產物中碳之最佳含量,根據EP 1 ()49 182 B1 20 201205945 藉由改變乳糖之用量央制 1備經個含碳層覆蓋之LiFePO, 8 )。所製備之中間產物之相應值展示於表丨中: 表1 :中間產物中碳含量之變化
壓縮密度(g/cm3) :含量較低之樣品(樣品3及4)之壓縮密度值比碳含 置為2«樣品高10%。此外,其贿表面積最小如 上文已提及,BET表面積亦為重要參數。 ^參數及活性材料之總碳含量在本發明電極之效能 重要:用之事實得出樣品3及4為較佳中間產 旦、:之’礼糖用量值、從而-般而言碳前驅材料之用 里亦經選擇以使中間產物之碳含量較佳位於〇 9至t 5 Wt%之範圍内,尤其較佳在1.1至l_5wt%之範圍内。 4,製備塗佈2次之本發明LiFep〇4 (CC LiFep〇4) 根據兩種不同方法變化形式塗佈碳含量皆在1Λ至15 wt%之較佳範圍内且具有第二含碳層之中間產物。 此處’將中間產物與呈乾燥狀態之相應量之乳糖混合 且p後在750°C下在氮氣下燒結3小時。 在其他具體實例中,將乳糖溶解於水中且用其浸潰中 21 201205945 間產物,隨後在105°C下真空乾燥隔夜,隨後在75(rc下在 氮氣下燒結3小時。 結果展示於表2中: 表2 .本發明複合材料之物理資料 樣品編號 根據 EP 1 〇49 182 B1 之 比較樣品 1
在不同放電速率下之容量 (mAh/g)
藉助於TEM檢查樣品(圖2)❶碳層詳細顯示於展示 含石反層之不同層結構之圖3及圖4中。 根據本發明之CC_LiFeP〇4之BET表面積位於95m2/g 至9.4 m2/g之範圍内。粉末電阻值低於比較樣品。 壓縮岔度值皆位於2·37與2_4 1 g/cm3之間的範圍内, 此表示相較於具有2·25 g/cm2值的比較樣品改良丨5至M%。 當用作電極中之活性材料時,根據本發明之所有樣品1 至4的放電速率典型地為約16〇mAh/g ±⑽(在d 7二、 1 υ下 22 201205945 及 122 mAh /g ± 1〇〇/0 (在 10D 下)(圖 ib)。 比較樣品之結果在D/10下為160 mAh/g且在10D下為 123'mAh/g。(圖 la)。 5·測定電極中之活性材料之密度 為了測定活性材料之材料密度,製備由9〇%活性材料、 5 wt%導電碳黑及5 wt%黏合劑構成之電極(厚度約25以 為此,稱取2,Q g i〇〇/o PVDF之NMp( N_曱基吡咯啶網) 溶液、5_4 g NMP、〇·2〇 g Super P Li 導電碳黑(Timcal)、 3.6g本發明磷酸鋰鐵粒子(2.2^%總碳)以及比較時碳含 量la相同之比較材料(參見章節4)置於5〇…螺旋蓋瓶 中且在60〇rpm下混合5分鐘,用HielscherUp2〇〇s超音波 指分散1分鐘,且接著在添加20個直徑4 mm之玻璃珠且 密封該瓶之後’在10 rpm之速度下於輥台上旋轉至少Η 小時。為了塗佈電極’纽獲得之均質懸浮液用實驗室塗 佈刀以150 "m間隙寬度及2〇 mm/s之進刀速率 _卜施加於紹載_上。在崎下於真空乾燥櫥中乾 無之後’自猪片衝麼出直徑為13 搞,a —
Cm) 2χ淨電極厚度(cm 藉助於實驗 25 # m。為 重量確定淨 測定且減去 (90%) ) χ電極 (cm))計算電 根據(電極調配物中之活性材料 淨重(g)/(r ( 0.65 cm ) 2χ 潘带把 23 201205945 極中之活性材料密度(g/cm3)。 就電極中之活性材料密度值而言,LiFeP04 (可自
Stid-Chemie AG 獲得)為 2.0 g/cm3,比較樣品為 2.3 g/cm3 且本發明複合材料為例如2.4 g/cm3 (參見表2 )。 6·耐酸性測試 對未塗佈之LiFeP〇4 (根據WO 02/099913獲得之 「Leifo」)、具有單一碳層之 LiFeP04(根據 EP 1049 182 Bi 進行塗佈,「C-Leifo」)及本發明複合材料(「cC-Leifo」) 的樣品進行關於酸侵蝕的測試,其中各樣品之不同總碳含 量如下。 5 g呈粉末形式之樣品用1 μ HN〇3溶液補足至95 nU, 用電磁攪拌器在燒杯中攪拌5分鐘,靜置5分鐘且,接著 在4000 rpm下離心20分鐘。藉由過濾移除上清液且殘餘物 在105C下在真空乾燥櫥中乾燥隔夜。次曰,稱重殘餘物。
樣品 稱取重量 產量 產率(%) c含量(%) CC-Leifo 1 5g 1.85 g 37.0 2.2 1 M UU-L/CltO L C-Leifo 1 i_s_ 5 g 1-53 g 1.32 g 30.6 ~26A ~~~ 22__ T〇5 Tm Tm ~ C-Leifo 2 CC-Leifo 3 5 g i-ig 22.0 1.14 — C-Leifo 3 5 g 1ά_ 5 g 1.24 g _〇-83 g 0.40 e 25.0 9Π Π 1.43 Tm Leifo ZU.U ~------- 1.1 ---- 1 M ' --J 由表明確可知,未塗佈之LiFeP〇4幾乎完全溶解,在所 在區域中經含碳層覆蓋之LiFeP〇4溶解較不充分,且本發明 複合材料溶解最不充分,亦即大部分耐濃酸侵蝕。 7 ·溶解性測試 24 201205945 對塗佈1次之LiFeP04( C-leifo )、塗佈2次之LiFeP〇4 (CC-Leifo )及未塗佈之LiFeP〇4 ( Leifo )如下進行溶解性 測試(浸潰)。 使用鋁複合箔A30 ( d : 103 # m)之扁平袋(内部尺 寸4.0 X 10_0 cm,在3側密封),物品編號34〇42,Nawr〇t AG。 首先’測定(桿式分析天平)铭複合箔袋(外部尺寸 1 1 cm X 6 cm)之淨重’將〇_8 g電極材料(9〇 wt%活性材 料、5%導電碳黑、5 wt% PVDF黏合劑)與4如電解質(含 LiPF6 ( 1 Μ )之碳酸乙酯(EC ) /碳酸二曱醉(DMC ) i. t, 水含量:1000 ppm) —起合併於鋁袋(約 u cm χ 6 cm) (袋丨)中或與4 m!電解質(含LiPF6(1 M)之碳酸乙酉旨 (EC) /碳酸二曱酯(DMC) 1:1 (無可偵測痕量之水) 一起密封(袋2 )且接著在60°C下儲存12调 —、Β, μ + z嗖。在測試時間 結束之後,再稱重各袋以確定電解質之任何^ — 1J禎失。接著藉 助於 ICP-OES ( Spectroflame Modula S )公 4匕 λ ^刀析〇·2 # 1電解 質。 結果如下: 25 201205945 樣品 Leifo 袋 1 " τ (°〇 持續時向 (週) 溶解之Fe (mg/kg) C 含量 (wt%) i — 60°C — 12 1758 0_ 〇 2.2 ~22 60 C 12 ---—-.— ΟΛ_ C-Leifo 1 I-- 60°C 6〇t~~~~ 12 一 ~12 ' 18_ 0.07 — CC-Leifo3 1 1-- ου L 12 _ ~\2 ' 21 1.43 CC-Leifo4 1 ' Γ 一 __ <π°ρ --- <0.06 1.43 2 ~ —— ου ^ 60°C 12 12 30 <0.06 1.33 1.33 如由表明確可知,在本發明複合材料(「cc_Leif〇」)之 情況下之鐵溶解性明顯小於未塗佈之LlFeP〇4(Leif〇)之 情況下或塗佈1次之LiFepf)广广τ eP〇4 ( C-Leif0 )之情況下的鐵溶 解性。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1為含有根據EP 1 049 1 82 B 1所得之比較材料之電 極的放電循環圖(圖la)及含有本發明之cc_LiFep〇4作為 活性材料之電極的放電循環圖(圖lb )。 圖2為本發明複合材料(C C - L i F e Ρ Ο 4 )之Τ Ε Μ照片。 圖3為圖2之含碳層之細部的ΤΕΜ照片。 圖4a及4b為本發明複合材料(CC-LiFeP〇4)之細部 的其他TEM照片。 【主要元件符號說明】 26
Claims (1)
- 201205945 七、申請專利範圍: =種含碳複合材料,其含有在所纟區域中經兩個含碳 層覆蓋之含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物粒子。 2入如申請專利範圍第1項之複合材料,其中該鋰過渡金 化合物為摻雜型或不摻雜型鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽且該過渡 金屬係選自由Fe、c。、Mn或Ni或其混合物組成之群。 3.如申請專利範圍帛i項之複合材料,其中㈣過渡金 屬化合物為摻雜型或不摻雜型鋰鈦氧化物。 4_如申請專利範圍帛3項之複合材料,其中該⑬鈦 物為鈦酸鋰Li4Ti5〇I2。 5. 如申請專利範圍前述第1項至第4項中任一項之複合 材料’其中各含碳層中之碳具有不同固態結構。 6. 如申請專利範圍第5項之複合材料,其中該第一含碳 層之厚度為彡5nm且該第二含碳層之厚度彡2〇nm。 7·如申請專利範圍第ό項之複合材料,其BET表面 為彡 1 6 m2/g。 8j如申請專利範圍第7項之複合材料,其過渡金屬在含 有鋰氟鹽之液體中之溶解度.為彡85 mg/i。 申叫專利範圍第8項之複合材料,其壓縮密度為> 2·3 g/cm3 〇 9項之複合材料,其粉末電阻為< 10.如申請專利範圍第 35 Ώ /cm。 11 ·如申請專利範圍第10項之複合材料,其總碳含量< 1.6 wt% 〇 27 201205945 12. 一種製備如由士主宙1, m ^ 申μ專利範圍中前述任一項之複合材料 的方法,其包含以下步驟: a) 提供呈粒子形式之含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物 b) 添加熱裂解碳之前驅化合物且產生兩種組分之混合 物 c) 藉由加熱使該混合物反應 d) 添加熱裂解碳之新賴前驅化合物至已反應之該混合 物中且產生第二混合物 e) 藉由加熱使該第二混合物反應。 13. 如申請專利範圍第12項之方法,其中摻雜型或不播 雜型鋰過渡金屬磷酸鹽,或摻雜型或不摻雜型鋰鈦氧化物 係用作含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物。 14. 如申請專利範圍第13項之方法,其中碳水化合物係 用作熱裂解碳之前驅化合物。 、15.如申請專利範圍第14項之方法,其中在步驟b)及 /或d)中,该混合物係以水性混合物漿料形式產生。 16.如申請專利範圍前述第12項至第15項中任一項之 方去’其中步驟c )及/或e )中之加熱係在彡85代之溫产 下進行。 17· —種經碳塗佈兩次之含氧鋰過渡金屬化合物,兑可 :由如申請專利範圍第12項至第16項中任一項之方法獲 得。 —種用於二次鋰離子電池之電極,其含有如申—主專 利範圍第1項至第U項或第17項中任一項之複合材:作 28 201205945 為活性材料。 1 9 ·如申請專利範圍第1 8項之電極,其不含所添加之導 電劑。 20. —種二次鋰離子電池,其具有如申請專利範圍第1 8 項或第1 9項中任一項之電極。 八、圖式: (如次頁) 29
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US9960421B2 (en) * | 2013-09-30 | 2018-05-01 | Robert Bosch Gmbh | Sulfur-containing composite for lithium-sulfur battery, a process for preparing said composite, and the electrode material and lithium-sulfur battery comprising said composite |
JP6318882B2 (ja) * | 2014-06-09 | 2018-05-09 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 非水電解質二次電池 |
CN107210438B (zh) * | 2015-09-14 | 2020-12-08 | 株式会社东芝 | 非水电解质电池及电池包 |
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US5910382A (en) | 1996-04-23 | 1999-06-08 | Board Of Regents, University Of Texas Systems | Cathode materials for secondary (rechargeable) lithium batteries |
CA2270771A1 (fr) | 1999-04-30 | 2000-10-30 | Hydro-Quebec | Nouveaux materiaux d'electrode presentant une conductivite de surface elevee |
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JP2002117908A (ja) | 2000-10-06 | 2002-04-19 | Sony Corp | 非水電解液電池 |
JP4495336B2 (ja) | 2000-11-10 | 2010-07-07 | 株式会社Kri | 鉄リン酸リチウムの製造方法。 |
EP1261050A1 (en) | 2001-05-23 | 2002-11-27 | n.v. Umicore s.a. | Lithium transition-metal phosphate powder for rechargeable batteries |
CA2394056A1 (fr) * | 2002-07-12 | 2004-01-12 | Hydro-Quebec | Particules comportant un noyau non conducteur ou semi conducteur recouvert d'un couche conductrice, leurs procedes d'obtention et leur utilisation dans des dispositifs electrochimiques |
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WO2008099468A1 (ja) * | 2007-02-13 | 2008-08-21 | Incorporated National University Iwate University | 全固体二次電池 |
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US8821763B2 (en) * | 2008-09-30 | 2014-09-02 | Tdk Corporation | Active material and method of manufacturing active material |
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DE102009020832A1 (de) * | 2009-05-11 | 2010-11-25 | Süd-Chemie AG | Verbundmaterial enthaltend ein gemischtes Lithium-Metalloxid |
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