SK6482001A3 - Granulate and method and device for the production thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a granulate and a method and a device for the production thereof. The aim of the invention is to provide a granulate on the basis of regenerative raw materials which is suitable as a material for injection molding and which is widely variable with respect to its mechanical and other physical properties due to the introduction of additives. The inventive method provides a means for producing the granulate without specifically pre-treating the plant parts used. A device is provided for carrying out the inventive method which device may consist of a pre-granulator and a final granulator or only of a pre-granulator. An especially clean-cut granulate can be obtained by the various configurations of the final granulator which can be equipped with counter-rotating matrices or with matrices that rotate one inside the other.

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to a granulate and to a process and apparatus for its production according to the preamble of claims 1, 9 and 21.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It is known that fiber composites are increasingly used in the construction of automobiles in the manufacture of interior trim parts. The use of plant natural fibers to strengthen plastics instead of conventional glass fibers provides a cheap and environmentally acceptable alternative.

Hitherto, mainly bast, hard and leaf fibers such as flax, hemp, jute, sisal, ramie or Chinese grass, yucca, wood, curana fibers and banana fibers are known as suitable natural fibers for reinforcing plastics and biopolymers. However, various fiber release treatments, such as mechanical treatment of the fibers in a blasting machine where the fibers are stripped of wood and shives, or pre-treatment of the fibers in the lubricant, must be performed to be suitable for blending for further processing. It is known to incorporate these nonwoven fibers into plastics, wherein the composite feedstock is made up of two different types of fibers as the base phase serving the polypropylene fiber and the reinforcing fiber, for example flax fiber in the form of pressed bales, bundles or strands.

Furthermore, it is known to produce synthetic fiber granules by means of a plastic processing technique in order to either be introduced into the adhesive bond with a natural fiber textile reinforcement mesh, see DE 44 12 636, or to be together with ungranulated components of natural fibers in an extruder. strands or bundles of fibers have been processed into composite materials

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When using extruders for plasticizing plastic fibers, the major disadvantage is that this additional extrusion process step requires such high investment and energy costs that the proplastics produced by the process are subjected to the additional heat load at the lowest melting point used. the proportion of plastic, which in turn leads to an increased odor load and lower strength values. In addition, the fibers used in the extruders are shortened to a non-directly influenced fiber length with high dispersion, which leads to considerable segregation of the fiber fractions when spraying parts with different wall thicknesses. Since some types of fibers tend to break in the dry state, the use of natural fibers in large scale production in known extruders such as strands, bundles and crepes is very limited. A further disadvantage of the extruder in the processing of natural fibers is that the fiber proportions in the screw can no longer be equalized due to disturbances in the feed area, which is due to the first in / first out principle.

DE-A1 26 39 470 discloses granules which contain natural fibers, such as vegetable, animal and / or mineral fibers, or synthetic fibers, by means of drying in the presence of binders and, if necessary, by pressing to form solid moldings.

DE-U 1 G 94 09 906 discloses a cutter for finely comminuting pre-crushed material, such as plastic waste, wood or paper. The operating principle is based on a single-stage cutting system in which the pre-crushed material is fed in the cutting space between a fixed and rotating blade set by further shearing processes. The material to be comminuted must be fed in a dried state

Further, the chopper is cooled by means of a cooling mechanism when grinding the plastic parts in order to prevent sticking.

The object of the invention is therefore to offer a granulate based on regrowing raw materials which is suitable as an injection-molding material and which is

Due to the addition of additives due to its mechanical and other physical properties, it can be varied within wide limits.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a method and apparatus with which the production of a granulate is possible without the plant components used having to be pre-treated.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The solution of the task is achieved by the features of claims 1, 9 and 21.

Particular mechanical properties are achieved in parts made of the granulate according to the invention, since the plant fibers are brought into the fibrillar state by appropriate guidance of the process according to the invention.

Preferred further embodiments are set out in the dependent claims.

Thus, according to claims 2 and 3, granules are possible in which the various additives are contained in a particularly favorable ratio of the mixture with the plant fibers which can be processed by the process according to the invention.

The granulate according to the invention according to claim 2 is particularly light, since up to 98% of the plant fibers can be contained here, wherein the binding of the fibrillar plant fibers to each other is effected by means of the included binders and / or additives

A further embodiment according to claim 3 permits the addition of thermoplastic materials, wherein thermoplastic polymers, in particular polypropylene and / or polyethylene, are preferably used here according to claims 5 and 6.

Thermoplastic materials can also be contained in large quantities in the granulate as recyclable plastics.

It is also expedient to carry out the granulation according to another embodiment of claim 10 in a two-stage granulation, whereby further additives, if desired, advantageously additional additives may be admixed between the first and the second granulation stage. ··············································

An advantage of the process according to the invention is furthermore, as stated in another embodiment according to claim 11, that the feed mixtures used as plant parts need not be pretreated, but can be immediately subjected to the process in unmilled form or also in coarse pulverized form.

The selection of the granulation parameters according to the embodiment of claim 13 allows, in interaction with the addition of water, advantageous grinding of the plant and / or fiber parts up to the fibrillar state

The generation of the optimum compression pressure according to the invention is preferably carried out by means of the embodiments according to claims 14 to 17 in conjunction with the design of the die pressing channels according to the channel 30.

Depending on the embodiment of claim 17, the amount of pressing pressure can be controlled by varying the distances of the opposing matrices or between the die and the crushing wheel.

According to the embodiment of claim 18, in addition to the additives known per se, such as dyes, adhesives, flame retardants, fillers and antibiotics, thermoplastics such as polypropylene and / or polyethylene can also be added so that the granules obtained can be used immediately In this way, for example, by means of injection molding, finished products are formed without further processing.

A particular advantage of this method is that all natural fibers and mixtures thereof can be used in conjunction with the apparatus of claim 21. By using the pre-granulator and the final granulator, there is no need, among other things, to use any other special methods for releasing the fibers, so that all known natural fibers are available for further processing.

With further embodiments according to the features of claim 22, in conjunction with claims 23, 24 and 30, pregranulates having a high proportion of plant fibrous materials are readily obtainable.

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A particularly pure granulate which is suitable for further processing in extruders is obtained by means of particularly preferred embodiments of the final granulator according to claims 25 and 28

The accessories with respect to the minimum spacing and diameters of the matrices as well as the cleaning mechanism are presented in claims 26, 27 and 28.

For example, the inventive method and the granulate-produced apparatus of the present invention can produce composite materials having a low weight and meeting the assigned tasks of mechanical properties with respect to tensile strength, flexural strength, susceptibility to fracture and crack formation, and in addition ecologically acceptable because they are recyclable. Such products can be used, for example, to create a complete interior space, including bodywork, door trim, interior and exterior side panels, seat components, dashboards and pillars, and similar vehicle elements entirely made of natural fibrous materials

Further advantages of the present invention reside in the simple method of processing the plant material as well as in the possibility of using all kinds of plant materials and mixtures thereof, and in saving substantial method steps of the conventional technique while maintaining and improving the possibility of using granulate. By the process according to the invention, the fibers used, irrespective of whether they are long fibers or short fibers or directly straw, can be used far unprocessed. In addition, fiber plasticization using the extruder technique is eliminated. The produced highly concentrated granules may be mixed with other components, for example plastics, and further processed into products by injection molding.

Overview of the figures in the drawing

The invention will now be described and explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 shows a schematic section of a combination of a pre-granulator and a final granulator; 2 shows the distribution of the pressure at various profiles of the crushing wheel, in FIG. Channels for a) compressible input material, b) strongly compressible c) a highly concentrated fiber granulate, in FIG. 4 the principle of end granulation with self-moving matrices, in FIG. 5 a detailed view of the self-moving matrices with drive, in FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of movable drive matrices; FIG. 7 shows the construction of an end granulator with moving matrices; FIG. Fig. 8 is a detailed view of moving matrices with holes and press channels; 9 shows a construction of an end granulator with side-by-side dies; FIG. 10 shows a cross-section of side-by-side dies; 11 is a schematic view of an end granulator with counter-moving matrices, and FIG. 12 is a detailed view of opposing matrices with holes and press channels.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The device according to the invention shown in FIG. 1, consists of a pre-granulation unit 216 and an end granulator 211. The pre-granulation unit 216 has inlets 201, 202 and 203 through which the bulk feed material to be processed is fed into the mixing space 215 in particular. All soft feed materials, such as mixtures of plant parts, as well as individual types of plant fibers, recycled foil granules, are added to the mixing space via inlet 203. Inlets 201 and 202 are arranged to feed hard feed materials, such as colorants, adhesion promoters or fillers, for example titanium dioxide or all metals and their alloys. Along the perimeter of the pregranulation unit 216, high pressure nozzles 204 and 205 are arranged to protrude into the mixing space 215 and allow there to be filled with water or water vapor. The water supplied may contain various additives such as antifouling, odor and bacterial attack agents, or flame protection. For construction reasons, the high pressure nozzle 205 is designed as an angle nozzle.

The input materials supplied impact on the reflector sheet 206, which is shaped like a pointed cone.

E lepšie. E e e e e e e vstup e vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup né né vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup vstup né vstup né vstup vstup né né vstup né materiály vstup Under the reflector plate 206 is a well-known flat die press which consists of a perforated die 209 and a rolling crushing wheel 208 which is secured thereto by a screw screw matrix 207 The material present in the mixing chamber 215. is here crushed by a wheel In this case, both the press channels 217 and the surface of the crushing wheel 208 have an embodiment according to the invention. A saw profile is formed on the surface of the crushing wheel 208. The higher the proportion of plant fibers of the input material, the steeper and deeper the flanks of the saw profile are formed. As a result of this saw profile, the material is subjected to an even more intense shear due to the high feed, and thus more intensively mixed and ground. The pressure structure and pressure distribution of the saw profile compared to the known symmetrical profiles is shown in FIG. 2. It is clear from this that less pressure is generated if the profile is symmetrical and weak, see FIG. 2 and the pressure curve 1a. The pressure increases with a stronger symmetrical profile, see p. 2 and the course of pressure 2a, and is highest at the saw profile, see FIG. 2 and the pressure curve 3a.

The crushing wheel 208 rolls on a perforated die 209. which is provided with pressing channels 217 whose number and diameter substantially coincide with the specific formation of the granulate according to the invention.

The geometric shape of the press ducts 217 also has an effect on the generation of heat and thus on the temperature and density of the granules produced.

In FIG. 3a; FIG. 3b and FIG. 3c shows various geometrical embodiments of the press channels 217 according to the invention Reproducible good quality is obtained for different input materials in that the press channels 217 have, in addition to their inlet extension portions additionally to the outlet side, relief relief slots 218. According to the invention notches 218 of regular and symmetrical shapes as in FIG. 3a; 3b or FIG. 3c apparent In order to form the relief notches 28, the press channel 217 is pushed out of the exit side by means of a tool steel punch. 3c are used for larger proportions of plant fibers in the feedstock

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Under the perforated die 209 is arranged a cleaning device 210 for wiping the penetrated granulate, which is adjustable relative to the position of the crushing wheel 208 This granulate can now be removed for further processing. However, if the proportion of the plant ingredients of the feed mixture is more than 60%, the quality of the granulate produced by the pre-granulator 216. can be substantially improved after the final granulator 211 installed downstream. The pre-granulates are therefore immediately or optionally after further mixing in the granulator mixing chamber not shown.

According to FIG. 1, the end granulator 211 comprises an arrangement of counter-rotating, cylindrical matrices 1 and 2, as also shown in FIG. 9, 10, 11 and FIG. 12, which are arranged on top of each other on the machine table 15. The die 1 is rotated by means of a drive 6, the movement of which, by means of belt 7 and pulley 8, is transmitted to a retaining piece 4 which is housed in a ball bearing 3 and retains die 1 on its side. The second, adjacent matrix 2 is arranged radially displaceable on the dovetail guide 28. The hydraulic adjusting and pressure roller 10, which is fixed by means of a joint 12 on the height-adjustable bearing base 13, can move the matrix 2 in the direction of the matrix 1. The movement is defined by the stop 23 When the two dies 1a and 2 are sufficiently approached, the die 2 is rotated with the aid of the die 1 via the hard rubber face 11 arranged on the front side. By means of the adjustable ridge drawers 17 located inside the dies 1 and 2, the crimped material is separated and, by means of an electric drive 18, is conveyed to the granule outlet 16 by means of screw pullers 19. The latter is mounted with the inner die cover 24 on the fixed shaft 27, with the support 26 of the die j. and 2 are covered by a housing 22 on which hinged hinges are arranged. The housing 22 has a granulate inlet 21 into the housing. The directions of rotation of the matrices 1 and 2 are indicated by arrows. When the die 2 is in the raised position away from the die 1, it occupies position 20 In the table 1 5 of the machine, there is a hydraulic assembly 14 for controlling the lateral movement of the die 2. ··· ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·

Fig. 4, FIG. 5, 6 and 7 show another embodiment of the final granulator 211. in which, as described below, annular matrices according to the invention are disposed, moving within the core of the final granulator 21, cylindrical annular matrices 101 and 102 are disposed therein. see. 8, wherein the widths of the annular matrices 101 and 102 affect the flow rates of the feedstock. In this case, the outer, larger driven annular die 101 is supported by its gripping member 4 in the ball bearing 3, and driven by a high-performance belt 107 or a high-performance pulley 108 electrically or hydraulically by a drive 6. Within the outer annular die 101 a rotatably arranged small inwardly moving annular die 102, wherein the directions of rotation of the annular die 101 and 102 are indicated by arrows. The selected diameter of the smaller annular matrix 102 is dependent on the fiber content of the granulation material or pregranulate.

The ratio of the diameters of the ring matrices 101 and 102 determines the pressure range. In the case of a large annular die 101 and a smaller annular die 102, for example, a small pressure zone with a higher pressure is formed. In principle, the diameter of the smaller annular die 102 may be one third to two thirds of the diameter of the large annular die 101

According to the invention, the size of the diameters can be adapted to one another without great expense and it is necessary for granules with different fiber and additive contents to be formed. The pivot beam 111 of the annular die 102 is attached at the rear end by means of a hinge 112 to the member 113 which, depending on the wear condition or wear of the annular die 102, serves for height graduation and alignment with the center of the hinge. By means of the hydraulic adjusting and pressure roller 10, a pressure is exerted inside the moving annular die 102, or by this annular die 102 is brought into the maintenance or assembly position. The mobility of the pivot beam 111 is defined by a fixed stopper 23 which provides a minimum gap between annular dies 101 and 102 and prevents the metal friction of the annular dies 101 and 102 from successive to each other. In the event of overloading or in the presence of solid bodies in the pregranulate, the annular die 102 can spring back on hydraulics and assume the adjustment position 120 to protect the system from destruction

To release the granulate, an adjusting and adjustable comb extractor 12 is disposed below the outer annular die 101, while the granulate protruding within the annular die 102 is conveyed to the granule outlet 16 from the housing by the thread of the extractor 19 moving by the electric drive 118. The material to be filled, for example the pregranulate, passes through the granulate outlet 21 into the hinged casing cabinet 122 into the region below the annular die 102. The rotating outer annular die 101 and its drive device are protected by a cover 9 whose front covers are pivoted.

The method according to the invention is explained in more detail below:

The starting materials used are straw, rope, jute, hemp, as well as ropes, jute, hemp and sisal fibers, other plant parts and mixtures thereof. As is known, these plant parts are chopped, screened and dried as well as processed into a bale shape. It is conceivable to use finely, medium and coarsely structured shives as well as strands or bundles of mixtures of the abovementioned types of fibers. If the straw is dried and stored with good ventilation, it is of course possible to store up to 3 years.

In one embodiment, sealing hemp or plant parts compressed in bales are used as the base material. Up to a maximum of 10% by weight is possible. These impurities do not matter, but act as fillers. Small stones that would, according to conventional techniques, destroy the extruder, do not mind in this method.

The plant parts are then fed to a known bale opener. When using different fibers, for example rope, sisal, jute, these are processed in a so-called weighing baler, so that the fiber mixture can be determined by weighing according to certain weight fractions

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In this case, all ratios are possible and are determined only by the following fields of application Although the plant parts are in principle usable and unmounted depending on the intended use, they are normally shortened to a maximum length of 50 mm using two cutters or alternatively required fiber length 50 mm. In a further process, the feed material is passed through heavy part separators and metal separators to remove large impurities. In a multiple mixer, a powerful mixing of the supplied plant components takes place over several stages. A mixture of, for example, 30% rope, 30% sisal and 32% jute fibers is now pneumatically fed to the pregranulation unit 216 to pregranulate the fiber mixture to 5mm diameter at a pressing ratio it produces a ratio of the length of the press channels 217 to the diameter of the press channels 16, at temperatures of 120 ° C to 130 ° C. At the same time, the fiber mixture is sprayed with a water mist containing means to prevent the formation of odors or molds and against bacterial attack.

in

Furthermore, depending on the method of use of the later granulate, it is possible to admix thermoplastic materials such as polypropylene in order to obtain granules for a wide range of applications. The thermoplastic materials can be added in the form of a powder, as well as in the form of fibers or granules.

Advantageously, the proportion of natural fibers can also be replaced by a treated recycling material, for example obtained from the recovery of composite materials.

The pregranulation operates according to the well-known principle of compression agglomeration, so that the comminuted mixture is fed to a perforated die 209. equipped with compression channels 217. and by rolling the crushing wheel 208, the fibrous material is passed through the compression channels 217 of the perforated die 209. The pelletizing process stabilizes after 15 minutes to form a well-dispensable dry granulate. The pregranulate extruded through the channels 27 of the punched die 209 is gravimetrically reduced in the next mixing chamber with the main color dose and continuously fed to the final granulator 21. In accordance with the invention, it is essential that · ··· · ··· · · ··· · · ···· · ·················

12, depending on the diameter, shape and length of the press channels 217 on the punched die 209 in the pregranulation unit 216, or in the end granulator 211., a different granulate is obtained. The pressing ratio for the diameter of the pressing channels 217 is 4 mm 1: 8, and for the diameter 3 mm 1:10 in the case of 92% pregranulate and 8% of the main batch of paint. By profiling the surface of the grinding wheel 208 and the number of pressing channels 217 on the perforated die 209, an increase in the flow rate is achieved.

Also, by selecting the ratio of the closed area to the open area on the apertured die 209, and by controlling the gap width between the surface of the crushing wheel 208 and the apertured die 209, it is possible to process different fiber mixtures.

The granulate that exits the final granulator 211 is cooled, filled, air-sealed, and then sold to the user. For example, it can now be fed directly to the extruder by means of a gravimetric metering mechanism in the desired proportion with the pure plastic granulate.

In another exemplary embodiment, straw is cut into 3-5 mm straw in a pre-granulation unit 216 under water spray with dissolved ingredients to prevent mold formation, bacterial attack and odor formation at a compression ratio of 1: 6 at 120 ° C to 130 ° C, such as as described above, the pregranular material having a pellet diameter of 6 mm. 35% by weight of the pre-granulate is then mixed with 35% by weight of the second plastic granulate. The thickness of the matrices 1 and 2 of the final granulator 211 is 30 mm in the area of the press channels 21 7. the diameter of the matrices 1 and 2 is 440 mm, and is equipped with press channels 217 with a diameter of 3 mm. the pressing ratio of 1: 8 must be observed.

Claims (31)

PATENT CLAIMS A granulate consisting of fibers, a binder and / or plant parts and / or additives, comprising as additives additives for enhancing adhesion and / or flame retardants and / or fillers and / or colorants and / or antibiotic agents, characterized by: in that the granulate comprises plant fibers in a fibrillar state. The granulate according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains 92 to 98% of vegetable fibers and 2 to 8% of additives. Granulate according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it contains thermoplastic materials. Granulate according to claim 1 or 2 and 3, characterized in that it contains 1 to 80% of thermoplastics, 2 to 8% of additives and 12 to 97% of plant fibers. 5th A granulate according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that it comprises thermoplastic polymers. Granulate according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it comprises polypropylene and / or polyethylene. A granulate according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises mixtures of vegetable fibers of different plants. ················································· Granulate according to one of Claims 1 to 7, characterized in that it comprises ropes, sisal and / or jute fibers. Method for producing a granulate according to claim 1 by means of a compression molding, characterized by mixing vegetable fibers and / or mixtures of vegetable fibers and / or plant parts and thermoplastic substances and / or thermoplastic polymers and / or binders and / or additives, the additives comprise adhesion enhancers and / or flame retardants and / or fillers and / or colorants and / or antibiotic agents, in the presence of water and an elevated temperature for 2 to 60 seconds, and the mixture is compressed for granulation by mechanical means pressure through the punched die, and then the mass pressed through the punched die is ground. Method according to claim 9, characterized in that the granulation is carried out in two stages, the first stage being carried out in the presence of water vapor and with the addition of pregranulation ingredients, followed by feeding the pregranulate into a mixer or admixing other ingredients, and then subjected to final granulation. Method according to claims 9 and 10, characterized in that the plant parts are used in unprocessed, unmilled and / or comminuted form. Method according to claim 9, 10 and 11, characterized in that the plant fibers are brought into a fibrillar state. • ···· · · ·· ·· • · • • • • · · · • · · · • T ··· · · • • · • • • · · · · • • • • • · * · · · ·· ·· · Method according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the granulation is carried out at a pressure of 15 to 200 bar and at a temperature between 0 and 150 Method according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the pressing pressure is generated by rolling the crushing wheel on the surface of the die. Method according to one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the pressing pressure is generated by counter-rotating movements of at least two matrices. Method according to one of Claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the pressing pressure is generated by means of a screw extruder. Method according to any one of claims 9 to 12, characterized in that the pressing pressure is controlled by varying the distance between the opposing matrices. Method according to one of Claims 9 to 17, characterized in that thermoplastic materials such as polypropylene and / or polyethylene are added in the first granulation step and / or before the second granulation step. Method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that 92 to 98% of the plant fibers and 2 to 8% of the additives are used. • ···· · · · · · · • • · • • 9 • • · • · • é · · • · · · · • · • • • · • · • · • · · • • • • · • · • · • ·· · · · · · · · · · · · · · Method according to any one of claims 1 to 18, characterized in that 1 to 80% of thermoplastics, 2 to 8% of additives and 12 to 97% of plant fibers are used. An apparatus for producing granules from plant parts, characterized in that it consists of a pre-granulation unit (216) and a downstream granulation unit (211) arranged downstream thereof. Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the pregranulation unit (216) consists of a flat die press and a mixing space (215) arranged above it, wherein the outlet nozzles (204, 205) for water and inlets (201, 202, 203), into the mixing space (215), a reflecting plate (206) arranged in the mixing space (215) is mounted above the crushing wheel (208), and a purging device (210) and an outlet (210) are arranged below the perforated die (209) 213) pregranulate. Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that an additional mixing chamber is arranged between the pre-granulation unit (216) and the final granulator (211). Apparatus according to claims 21 to 23, characterized in that the surface of the crushing wheel (8) is designed as a saw profile. Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the end granulator (211) consists of an annular die press, and a rotary cylindrical annular die (102) is rotatably mounted within the outer cylindrical annular die (101) in place of the moving crushing wheel. · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · • 9 • • • · · • · • • · • • • · • · · ·· 9 such that the inner annular die (102) presses against the outer annular die (101). Apparatus according to claims 21 and 25, characterized in that the diameter of the annular die (102) is one to two thirds of the diameter of the annular die (101). Apparatus according to claim 21, 25 and 26, characterized in that an adjustable and adjustable ridge-puller (17) and a screw-puller (19) are located below the annular die (101). Apparatus according to claim 21, characterized in that the end granulator (211) comprises two opposing cylindrical matrices (1) and (2), the matrix (1) being connected to the drive (6) and the movable matrix (2). ) is located at a minimum distance from the matrix (1). Apparatus according to claim 21, 24 to 28, characterized in that the minimum distance between the die (1, 101) and the die (2, 102) is adjustable by means of a fixed stop (23). Apparatus according to claims 21 to 29, characterized in that the perforated die (9) and / or the annular die (101, 102) and / or die (1, 2) are provided with pressing channels (217), being sideways an extension on the press ducts (217) and / or on the exit side of a regular, symmetrically shaped relief notch (218). • ···················································· · ··· ··· ·· ·· ·· ··· Device according to claim 21, characterized in that the device consists only of a pre-granulation unit (216).