SK37994A3 - Method of preparing of carboxylic acids or their esters - Google Patents
Method of preparing of carboxylic acids or their esters Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- SK37994A3 SK37994A3 SK379-94A SK37994A SK37994A3 SK 37994 A3 SK37994 A3 SK 37994A3 SK 37994 A SK37994 A SK 37994A SK 37994 A3 SK37994 A3 SK 37994A3
- Authority
- SK
- Slovakia
- Prior art keywords
- reaction
- halogen
- carbon atoms
- alcohol
- acid
- Prior art date
Links
- 150000002148 esters Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 title claims abstract description 8
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 47
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 27
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl acetate Chemical compound CCOC(C)=O XEKOWRVHYACXOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- -1 phenylene iridium Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 2
- PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodine Chemical compound II PNDPGZBMCMUPRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000218 acetic acid group Chemical group C(C)(=O)* 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 claims 1
- INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodomethane Chemical compound IC INQOMBQAUSQDDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 230000001012 protector Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 abstract description 26
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 20
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 14
- XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen iodide Chemical compound I XMBWDFGMSWQBCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000005810 carbonylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229940071870 hydroiodic acid Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 230000006315 carbonylation Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 7
- HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N iodoethane Chemical compound CCI HVTICUPFWKNHNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 6
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propionic acid Chemical compound CCC(O)=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical class CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XUKUURHRXDUEBC-KAYWLYCHSA-N Atorvastatin Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1C1=C(C=2C=CC(F)=CC=2)N(CC[C@@H](O)C[C@@H](O)CC(O)=O)C(C(C)C)=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 XUKUURHRXDUEBC-KAYWLYCHSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N adipic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCCC(O)=O WNLRTRBMVRJNCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N butane-1,4-diol Chemical compound OCCCCO WERYXYBDKMZEQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002504 iridium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 2
- KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCC(O)=O KDYFGRWQOYBRFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- JNVXRQOSRUDXDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-diiodoethane Chemical compound CC(I)I JNVXRQOSRUDXDY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-azaniumyl-2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound NCC(O)C(O)=O BMYNFMYTOJXKLE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Butyric acid Natural products CCCC(O)=O FERIUCNNQQJTOY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical group [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YJZATOSJMRIRIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ir]=O Chemical class [Ir]=O YJZATOSJMRIRIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LEKJTGQWLAUGQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetyl iodide Chemical compound CC(I)=O LEKJTGQWLAUGQA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000001361 adipic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011037 adipic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005840 aryl radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromoethane Chemical compound CCBr RDHPKYGYEGBMSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001728 carbonyl compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000003608 fece Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002815 homogeneous catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000002496 iodine Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910000457 iridium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010409 ironing Methods 0.000 description 1
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010871 livestock manure Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000002445 nipple Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910017464 nitrogen compound Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N peroxyacetic acid Substances CC(=O)OO KFSLWBXXFJQRDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000003254 radicals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001384 succinic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
- C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
- C07C51/12—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on an oxygen-containing group in organic compounds, e.g. alcohols
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
- C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9303734A FR2703352A1 (fr) | 1993-03-31 | 1993-03-31 | Procédé de préparation d'acides carboxyliques ou des esters correspondants en présence d'un catalyseur à base d'iridium. |
| FR9314844A FR2713620B1 (fr) | 1993-12-10 | 1993-12-10 | Procédé de préparation d'une solution à base d'iridium, solution obtenue et utilisation de celle-ci en tant que catalyseur. |
| FR9315825A FR2714306B1 (fr) | 1993-12-29 | 1993-12-29 | Procédé de préparation d'une solution à base d'iridium et son utilisation en tant que catalyseur. |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SK37994A3 true SK37994A3 (en) | 1995-02-08 |
Family
ID=27252726
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SK379-94A SK37994A3 (en) | 1993-03-31 | 1994-03-31 | Method of preparing of carboxylic acids or their esters |
Country Status (14)
Families Citing this family (23)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB9306409D0 (en) * | 1993-03-26 | 1993-05-19 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| US5990347A (en) * | 1993-03-26 | 1999-11-23 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for preparing a carboxylic acid |
| FR2713620B1 (fr) * | 1993-12-10 | 1996-03-01 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procédé de préparation d'une solution à base d'iridium, solution obtenue et utilisation de celle-ci en tant que catalyseur. |
| FR2719841B1 (fr) * | 1994-05-13 | 1996-08-02 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procédé de préparation d'acides carboxyliques ou des esters correspondants en présence d'un catalyseur à base d'iridium. |
| FR2725983B1 (fr) * | 1994-10-21 | 1996-12-20 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procede de preparation d'acides carboxyliques en presence d'un catalyseur a base d'iridium et d'iodures sous forme soluble |
| AU2571095A (en) * | 1994-05-13 | 1995-12-05 | Pardies Acetiques | Method for the preparation of carboxylic acids or corresponding esters in the presence of a soluble iridium-based catalyst |
| FR2730225B1 (fr) * | 1995-02-02 | 1997-04-11 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Procede de preparation d'iodures d'iridium et leur utilisation comme catalyseurs |
| GB9503385D0 (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1995-04-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| US5510524A (en) * | 1995-02-21 | 1996-04-23 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of a carboxylic acid |
| US5696284A (en) * | 1995-06-21 | 1997-12-09 | Bp Chemicals Limited | Process for the carbonylation of alkyl alcohols and/or reactive derivatives thereof |
| US5831120A (en) * | 1996-11-19 | 1998-11-03 | Watson; Derrick John | Process for the production of acetic acid |
| GB9626324D0 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1997-02-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| GB9626317D0 (en) * | 1996-12-19 | 1997-02-05 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| GB9816385D0 (en) | 1998-07-29 | 1998-09-23 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| GB9819079D0 (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 1998-10-28 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Carbonylation process |
| GB9819606D0 (en) | 1998-09-08 | 1998-11-04 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Carbonylation process |
| GB9825424D0 (en) * | 1998-11-19 | 1999-01-13 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Process |
| FR2795410B1 (fr) * | 1999-06-22 | 2002-12-27 | Acetex Chimie | Procede pour ameliorer la stabilite et/ou eviter la desactivation du catalyseur lors de la fabrication d'acide acetique et/ou d'acetate de methyle |
| KR100525358B1 (ko) * | 2003-08-21 | 2005-11-04 | 주식회사 이엔에프테크놀로지 | 카르복실 벤조트리아졸 알킬에스테르의 제조방법 |
| EP2093209A1 (en) | 2008-02-19 | 2009-08-26 | BP Chemicals Limited | Process for the production of acetic acid |
| CN102350373B (zh) * | 2011-09-28 | 2012-12-05 | 重庆大学 | 一种用甲醇羰基化合成醋酸的催化剂 |
| CN106170467B (zh) | 2013-12-24 | 2020-05-12 | 英国石油有限公司 | 通过乙酸甲酯的氢化来生产乙醇的方法 |
| CN111195530B (zh) * | 2018-11-20 | 2021-04-23 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种原子级单分散的铱基催化剂其制备方法与应用 |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3813428A (en) * | 1968-08-15 | 1974-05-28 | Monsanto Co | Production of monocarboxylic acids |
| US3772380A (en) * | 1970-03-12 | 1973-11-13 | Monsanto Co | Production of carboxylic acids and esters |
| FR2317269A1 (fr) * | 1975-07-10 | 1977-02-04 | Metaux Precieux Cie | Procede de fabrication d'acides et d'esters alcane carboxyliques par reaction d'alcools avec le monoxyde de carbone en presence de catalyseurs contenant de l'iridium |
-
1994
- 1994-03-30 DE DE69407846T patent/DE69407846T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 EP EP94400678A patent/EP0618184B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 ES ES94400678T patent/ES2113623T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 CA CA002120287A patent/CA2120287C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-30 CZ CZ94753A patent/CZ75394A3/cs unknown
- 1994-03-30 BR BR9401362A patent/BR9401362A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1994-03-30 RU RU94010101A patent/RU2118310C1/ru active
- 1994-03-30 UA UA94005153A patent/UA29414C2/uk unknown
- 1994-03-31 SK SK379-94A patent/SK37994A3/sk unknown
- 1994-03-31 TW TW083102842A patent/TW263496B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1994-03-31 CN CN94103776A patent/CN1055914C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-31 JP JP6083799A patent/JPH0816077B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-03-31 KR KR1019940006836A patent/KR0175675B1/ko not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-04-23 SA SA94140676A patent/SA94140676B1/ar unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| RU2118310C1 (ru) | 1998-08-27 |
| DE69407846D1 (de) | 1998-02-19 |
| JPH0816077B2 (ja) | 1996-02-21 |
| CN1109463A (zh) | 1995-10-04 |
| JPH06340573A (ja) | 1994-12-13 |
| DE69407846T2 (de) | 1998-08-20 |
| TW263496B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) | 1995-11-21 |
| CZ75394A3 (en) | 1994-11-16 |
| EP0618184B1 (fr) | 1998-01-14 |
| CA2120287A1 (fr) | 1994-10-01 |
| CN1055914C (zh) | 2000-08-30 |
| UA29414C2 (uk) | 2000-11-15 |
| BR9401362A (pt) | 1994-11-01 |
| ES2113623T3 (es) | 1998-05-01 |
| CA2120287C (fr) | 2000-10-24 |
| KR0175675B1 (ko) | 1999-05-15 |
| EP0618184A1 (fr) | 1994-10-05 |
| SA94140676B1 (ar) | 2004-08-31 |
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