SE545531C2 - Method for spheroidizing annealing case-hardening steel - Google Patents
Method for spheroidizing annealing case-hardening steelInfo
- Publication number
- SE545531C2 SE545531C2 SE2250518A SE2250518A SE545531C2 SE 545531 C2 SE545531 C2 SE 545531C2 SE 2250518 A SE2250518 A SE 2250518A SE 2250518 A SE2250518 A SE 2250518A SE 545531 C2 SE545531 C2 SE 545531C2
- Authority
- SE
- Sweden
- Prior art keywords
- spheroidizing annealing
- tha
- area
- annealing
- steel material
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 241000718541 Tetragastris balsamifera Species 0.000 description 3
- 101100004031 Mus musculus Aven gene Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- LSIXBBPOJBJQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-Dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene Chemical compound C1CC2C(C)=C(C)C1C2 LSIXBBPOJBJQHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001123248 Arma Species 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000345386 Fabia Species 0.000 description 1
- 101150048818 Faim gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241001446467 Mama Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- OYFJQPXVCSSHAI-QFPUQLAESA-N enalapril maleate Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O.C([C@@H](C(=O)OCC)N[C@@H](C)C(=O)N1[C@@H](CCC1)C(O)=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 OYFJQPXVCSSHAI-QFPUQLAESA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000953 kanthal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000003371 toe Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/26—Methods of annealing
- C21D1/32—Soft annealing, e.g. spheroidising
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Sheet Steel (AREA)
Description
NÉEYHGÜ FÖR åš3š-ššäfššñšïšhšíš ÅNNEàíšNEš CÅSEHÅRQENšNG STEEL
TEGHPššCAL FšELQ ííšišššâš å “The present ínvenâïaar: rešatas te a rneâhoxí før sphfarcsizášzâng; annæašíng Gaswxarniessšsxg
aíäeš.
BAíÉäGROEJNïJ ART 33003 'šü A valršæty a? rfiethøfis, have ëean çfirczgzased as spherošdizšæwg annaaâšng nzaimscís. Fatemt Lšiersïure 1 {JP2OGS3-í¿42š“§ïfà}, for exzamçx-äfz, “flm fæspëvzzï m hearing steeš. gfiroposes a meiimzi für ßcfnsiuctêng sphernidiaäng anneašing efficientiy än case that gs'ea'ier sßfiænšng ihar: usuaš is requšred. The: ëiâeraturæ :ššsniææas a heat iresimant meàhøfi før *the bearàng; steeš by means of? conirøšššng a. raíše af :a high 'cßrnperaïzsre tea-skiing iimeë år: the hšgh 15 temaefrature hcfiëing process ia a sontmšäecš cmošing -fiinfia än ma cfintrošëed :xocziirzg princess, xsfhæn sendusïíng âhe sphæraídšzšng annaaššng incfazáàng each pr-eæess a? fieaâšfsg, ma» iransfofmwaïšon sacfššng, wsxtrošied asešíng, and pfissíßzransšfirmaišan cønšëng. íüßüfåš Paiëffeï li_šiaëraåÅur@ 2 idšïiåâïfiífišïššíšíšíåš gwnposes sgvšxerøšdšzifi-g »anneaššrzg of ä: siefaš EC: mata-fia; m: mecšwanšcaš stfuswtasres aanïainšng 3.15: m 'HG% Qi' C, Tha šiïe~raiufe áês-sânsæs a :rxætšmai n? spšfæßrüâdíßïšng anfxæaššiwg; ïhe sme! rnaïæršai in :a shnrt tärna by means sf ä; hsaššrwg at a rate of{}.å}1“íl?sv m' mas ån a iemperatasræ range brsâuveen ïernperatufaa a? »vhšßšz ausâenšie agpeærs - âiïíš) amš ia ïenfzïzeraïgsræ ai ufšxšch ausïæniia agïsgïsears ~ Efïlïjë
in 21 pføcess m* hsaïšng; (2) hearing ts e: íe-mgusraêure range beíwzäaæn (a ternpe-ratasrs at
_25 xvhich a. singia phase e? austænšàe äs ebïašnæfi - SQWC) and fia ïsmmraïuræ ai whicšf: aa singša
masa csš ausïænšia äs übtašned ~ äïï-š, *which scßfrespnnfïfs in a :naxšmunfi heaïšng temperaturfi, fcEiowæ-:i hy šnzsnedâaïe ßaüišng: ana* (32: :xoøiing a rate? aïf iíüüfïßfs of šesß år: a ïæfwzgzæraïure range hemmen (a ïæmperaíbwfaf: at ßfešwšch íærfšte appears + “IGWSQ annš (a
âammfifaiufaæ ai wšxšazš: šsrršte zšflpnëars - ëüïï) a prøsfasäs :sf cæüššng, šniâaflreed by ašr
32275951 3% Q-ššååšíê ÜLF ëtàšlxfñšïiéffl EÜÉÉ-MQQ
scsæššng. Thès meëthoä šïnieffiiís in: Åshoñen tim: hïígt: 'âen1pæ:raïuræ hašaššng; išrne by camtrøšišng
a ïeænçefatuffe Encraasšng raïe.
Eššüöàq
Üaïëëräš Éfçåëzrëxïisrëe É šjpí-ÅÉ 'i-fi ÉGÉKÃÅL :išaßïnssas slønšrašišzwg :en arsa frsææàšorx m* (farñfe ß* 5 pearššte) in a nwšerosiructufe hefnre ßspharašdàzing annæaššng ha ïfiffë m mora, :and ar
avafaga grain m* ñarritæ» if: um er šess and an aværzzge gmšn säze n? paarššie in 3G
pm ar šess, with rææpect ta casaæhardenšng stææi for cošd fargšng cçmtafišnšng; 03% ør 'iess -of
CA This íæsfišëexaßšfßgy grsxfåaäes. unšfnfn: äšstfššauâšen a? aarbšdæs afier sjz-hæraë-iüšzâng;
annaëaiing in orxiær in sacuræ acsâd ïøfgeæaíuššitïg; by cczntrßšåiafxg ïhe mšarøsïruotura “befßfe
'm spherøiäàzšngzmneaššng.
gfiüüâšš
Hømsxaver, in these Paient Lâteramres, sinæ ikea hæidíng temperature of .sphaxføšziizšng
anneaxšing reaches a àwcwphsse fegšøn m? amstenšíe + ærcšâeg a šang peršøá øš gracšuaâ
craošíexg; had m æonfizjcíæfà in ine suívzëaæqâueni mmcsäíswg prçaceàs.
CUTATEÖN LÅS? PATENT LBTE RATU RE íïšfšíââš Paieni Líâaraturæ ä; JFQÛCIEï-RAVEG 1 'FA 2G Fafænï Lšterature 2: Jšïfâíšíšïwššïšíšïšà
Pata ni Literaiuræ 3: LJ PH1 1~42884A
Sílååïufïššäï* Û? iNvšNïšOëå ïíšfiüffl
TC' âfl;
in azase-ïharzfšfinšrxg sieeš x.s.sšng šøwmïfiríeøn sïefsi, arr-m! fmrgšfig äs sønaetšmæsv sešecíad cønfsàdßršrag gsíeïd arm pramessiræg efïícisnofi' in the prmzess a? shapâng rnachšnery parts. Than; the: cnšií šzsrgšng, spharcxšfzššzëng anneašíng šfi ganæraššy carfšæfš Qui før s: 'ïbàaš m* abrsuí 2D høurs än order m reduce deførmatíøn ræåsšsstancæ.
ïêíšüä
1235351 Ski CNEESK-E ÛLF Submšïïed 2332--94-(II
'ïíïf
FO Uï
3G
225Që-18é
(J)
That is., àhæ cønvsntionai sgfiifiefcïwšzïâzinç; srmeaššng øf ïhe ßasaæharáenšng steeê invnives 'the fcššæwšng pfacessaa:
åïj: ånsr§§as§ng the- ïenmaraïzßræ- taf- šlv. s: hšgher ïfansffmn ïšxæ prevšøus :ïæšsrøstrucïfira- hmm; paaršfitfi m* tæainize inta ausifsnëïe;
(21: hfæiriíng the tennperature: at -ar higher ha farm a mfwphasæ strusture m' 'fssrriïe + ausuaæræita, whereân cartfide nuoieâ šesfí än alßsïenšte grams; and
(ä) premipitaïšng spfineršca! carbifiesf cm fihe carbidæ nucšeà in tha ausænàte grams aná :sn ausïßz-nšieffevfifiïæ gram ëaumšaršæs gszrecšgxštatšøn sštës êhefeañer., by means a? za gratíuafi wašâng ps-:saïess aïzmve- än k: ífisi àxaioxæf A1,
ííšüíëâš
At this tínwæ, h' a gradua! :zauššng rate across Aï is toa fast, 'fnrrnatšon af harrš pearlštfz cannfat ha *saspgfessefi Ta:- gçaraveni this, the graduaš cnnêšng raïe Es cøntroêšed ai abøut 'šO“C1'h, whšmh iakas a lang âšsfns. ræssufiáirzg i» tha extensšaz: išfsæ tmïaš ïírne,
åíšiëéüš
Furiher, än 'the mísrøsårzsnïurfi: e? tha spñeärßšéšzæanneaâed saswharfienšng Sissi.. :me ti: the pffißæss n? hnšfišng in the; mcwphase regäon of ferrite + austænšie in (2), ihe sphericaä Barbšaåes ßannøï be pracipštaíëü Wêthín the ferlríteë grašns of the ”Lava-phase fegšmï. This šnevšëtabiëf fsaxssæs racsrx-unâfnrfnity m? ihæ üšstršüution of ïšæ spmefinaš carbides :aïter graduaí aoošing.. Simme such non-:snëforrnšåy a? ïšwe dšsïršbuïšmn ef the csrbšóes nrafiskàmg during the said “fergšng and :røæfïserašfig s? cryâiaš gran-aa in ihe subsequsanï carbgfizêrzg pressas, unšforfnizšng m: :ššstrišcfution n? carhäråss äs prefærrefi.
íüíwfl
'Ta saifíress these issues, 'm ihe aførsvzïæeræâšfinæd Patent Låïeraïure 1, the ïffiïaí ireainvefxå tänka aïïæræëpïefi io ha redaaaxš hy cíævšsšng íime ašiüüaâïïm šßetfæfesn the hšgh åesmæsfzfzixfiraë heš-äëng ikna anê *tim naræåmêšaëü fiøøäing; *tšme wëtš: fæsíaëfict is spherüšäšzing; anneaššswg cørwfššàšøns 'far m; beerëng steeš. Further, in Patient Lïtsraâure 2, ät is vatïempïefii tu redan-se the; high iampaeratmlre haviding tísïfie by* controšâing the teençßeratura increasing räta. Furihermære, in Patent Lâieramræ ii äs süenzptad to unifbrmize the siästribuïënra of axazírbšaåss añar spherošaíšázing armsašing hy Gnnïrzßšlíng the prevšøus zfnšsræfiïrucïurs,
Havsever, ma :netšfifizis dšsnšnssai än masa Lšieratures unfmrmnats-:iy sanna: im grafiuaš
Û~BE$K~E OLF
sub nlítiaed ÉÛÉZöO-šwëâ
'iÛ225551»coøššng procæsæ amcouming fm mest of the: spherošäšzêng; anneaššng ireatrfaeswt tis-ae and cannßí campšesïæšy amêfomâze ihe fššstršäuíšøn of cærbíáesg
[GfiíTñëßrfifors, en Qbšfiæi u? íha Qfessí-mï ïnæfænäøn is år: :wrnvíifie :a snhærmidïafing :snnæßišsvg meihocš that can shørien a spherošdizšng anneaišng *lime by shipping s: graflšuai cfioâinxg gracßss and san Qbmšn a -rnšcrøsïrucïure wvhšah êhe camšxfiæs are unifømzšy fišspemeæfi; iüšmíšš
'Yrsa invëzfiïfirs ñava reazerïzâšy dævàsaaå a fsnherez-šflššxšag arsmæasšâng nfieïhfsfá for casæ-.hardenâng steeš* ïhat. is atagwaäríe ti: skip tšws graduaš cnøäšsfig çfrocæss is shnråen the sphærnšäiizing anneašírsg time. and 'åh-ai cayabie tu nfbïašn tm: :rxiarrnsâr cïufe vàïh axnšfsmfiišy dšspersefà ßarfišäas, âxy a-:šjusting samme rnaieriaš aampfzmiiißn,
gfim-flz; Tha? is, im orüer k: a-chšesfe àhe sçšærošfíšzing anneaâing *which the :zaršßšcšes are: :isxàïaærmïy riispersßd mfhššee 'thfi annßašírwg 'tänxæ is shoftsanefi, by adjusíâfig sampis* :naïes-šaš srmwfivasšïion, íaš taznpßvaïififflaa- Å: is maée šwíghar ïšwär: thaš m? :snmeaš »tsafiaa-šfsësrßäzërsšng; sëtæëæà amš {b} nanß øraier ñne precipšiaïes (Ai nštåršašsas, Nb carímswítrštšašis, Fe càasšïziáflës, Cr carhícíæs, æïcå are äísgfiærseå än ffarritæ in the snšçrøßïmctàßrfi- bëferê Søhæraiöâzíng annæašäng.
fišüfišš
Tha tamperaïure A1 can be :nbiainæd ëy' Gašaušaïíng as än íšfafsnuia
§šïar~§nu§a 13:91: f~= 'šëäïl *wêšxfän åfšëä ~+fš2$š 3%; »ïësfißišflâi 8125 +-3~å3.3í3r åïfày
(Gâšflfl
The pfæåanï šnvefntion gt-rcfxfšäas me feššæxffšng
fiïefifi i;
A :neïhod 'far sphemšüëzšng anfieaširwg a sâaaš rsïæïeršašï stmmpršsšng aànneašifwg stam? maïæršai havšng a ïenfiåfsaraiuræ» àf a? ïššåšfll mr :nare små corzsšstšfwg of, in* rnaswêfi
0.35 'm Oäfëåß of G, 3.65 är: *i .íšüåï-í» s? Si. Of! ta Ûiïíflšß of Mn, íïfiüêüëfš ær šeßs of :lä
iÉ-.üïiš-“èß cr Eæsas Gfâ.
QIBÉSKÄEV ¶OLVF
sisbmšïâæfzi ëGfi--Gå-“åâ
1.30 to 2.50% of Cr,
0.020 to 0.050% of Al,
0.0040 to 0.0300% of N,
0.02 to 2.00% of Ni
optionally 0 to 2.00% of Mo,
optionally at least one or more of 0 to 0.10% of Nb, 0 to 0.200% of Ti, 0 to 0.0050% of B and 0 to 0.500% of V, and
the balance being Fe and unavoidable impurities, so as to satisfy the following conditions:
a holding temperature T(°C) of the spheroidizing annealing: (A1 - 30) s T s (A1 - 5), and
a holding time t(h) of the spheroidizing annealing: t 2 120 / (T - A1 + 50), wherein the A1 is obtained by substituting [%] value of each chemical component into the following formula: A1 = 723°c - 14|v|n [%] + 22si [%] - 14.4Ni [%] + 23.3cr [%]. [ltem 2] The method according to item 1, wherein the steel material comprises, by mass%, 0.05 to 2.00% of Mo. [ltem 3] The method according to ltem 1 or 2, wherein the steel material comprises, by mass%, at least one or more of 0.02 to 0.10% of Nb, 0.020 to 0.200% of Ti, 0.0010 to 0.0050% of B and 0.010 to 0.500% of V. [0017] The steel composed of chemical composition of the present invention has a mixed-phase structure of ferrite, pearlite and bainite, in the microstructure before spheroidizing annealing, and by holding the holding temperature at A1 or less during the spheroidizing annealing treatment, (a) spherical carbides are directly precipitated in the ferrite grains with fine precipitates as a nuclei, and (b) the spheroidization of carbides constituting pearlite and bainite is promoted, resulting in a provision of a microstructure with uniform spherical-carbide dispersion within the ferrite grains after cooling. [0018] Further, when the spheroidizing annealing is conducted by the heat treatment held at A1 or lower, a
long gradual cooling process as usually conducted is not necessary because
år:
“EG
3G
3%ausïænièæ is aut ànvcsišxred in ïasrrnavïšøfx m* the sgmawšcaš carhà§æs\ Thæræšare. the tøtai 'tärna raqmšrfid for išfrs sphemšcššašæwg anneaššng 'iraaïnxerzi aan be greatiy redusad.
fílíšfiâä
Fufahs-r. än *ha sfiaeï: mašeffåaí sçheføšcššäfiwannsaífiå ïxy mæanâ m" ššïâ Qïêåêiïï šnvßüïšüfi, 'išïñ míßrrßsltructure Es as šmišows: an area fractinn af *åhe ísrrifie grams är: which sphericaš safbšaïas are :ëøï præcšpàtaïeë Bäà sr' šeäs; an area fractšan a? pearššïa m baksäte äs šfšå m* MSS: and no formatian of rnartaënsifie is øbservæd. .faim rnateršai harcšnvess sf the ateeí is 83» HFïšš of šæss.
EWEF ilêššlâülïàiPïäüN GF üRAWfiNGS
Wüšííñ
Fšgure å is a sshæmaášc diagram ta äiinstratæ a hotciing temperature T (WS) and a høšzšërxg išme i ífifi; o? sphærszéziíašng asmeašing.
Fšgurs 2 shxaves phmtogmpêzs cs? a mšcmstructure ohsærved by am ogzståicaš micrøsmczpfæ <1? an exaffigzšfi: o? measurïëng m: area fraizïíøñ är? færršíe in whšch sgxšzeræšcššzeæi :zarhiašes ara not grefcšpiiaïefrš. The phnâcwgraph (šefij: shfëævf, an invenïâve exafnpše xsvitš: 9% af area fractšøn n? farfåïæ: and the phatmgraph (rightf: shcssvs a samparæíšxfe axampäe wfätšw “ïíåfšïâ a? me fraaïšøn a? fefrëfts..
Figure: 3 Vshowa phofiøgragsi-:s mf a :nicrasïruÅc-:ure fskfzsæsflaefi by an øpticaê snëcroscøpa of an exæmçxëïe »af æxfaäuatšmg framïêcns s? pearfštæ am* bašnäe. Tha çßhcætngrapšæ* gšefï) sšwfaws am šrwenâive exampïe wätf: 9% of me: area fractinns af pearšiie and baíníte; and the çfhcætogïæph (fšghï) shews a comparative examfie wëih 21,1 ä: of :he area iraæiäcfns pearfiïæ and txašnšïæï
Figure å» shows pšmïmgraçsra m' a. mšsrssingssíslra Qšasawfaai hy :än øpïíaraï» :nämns-mms a?
šcsfmaíšæn s? nwaflerxsiia.
üESfÅ-šiiïßïšüâš GF EMEQQáMENYS [Gfiíåfl Priør is: descršçzåšozx m' ernbeaflšsnenia für :zarryângg aut the Qrsafiaraà šfsverztšon, masnns far
åimšišng ahemšsai càonwpasiïïcn of inventwe steæí ti: »which a rnæthød acmrdšnç; ie ïhe
QE-šâší-E CLF
suhmšïttefi 20§2~í3ê~'iü
3G
í-Qå-"üâí M
present Efzvfffatšorï is açspäefi, and reasams for šínrzíâirxg; chafacïerísiàcs in :masa thai a ïhaïfiršäš a? the irwventixß: sïaeš Es rzarburizedq described. En adcšition, % än ine cherreica! compsmenis mass ïfë,
âåäüëfåš
Cr fi-.í 5 än ilššêšßë
i) is an ešement mat increases materiaä hardnes-së Hovøever, »when C cantærwi äs šess man Qffêïä sàïfzæzwgtšx àeoßnms ššnsiifššcšent to ræfiuatšan af sme harfzšnesfi aííer saräazršxšnfg. flšre tha Qâhær hanfi. vwhera ma» C camtent exçærfzzfis üišëï-ä, »vorkabíiity- äs reduced duæ in šnoreaxæ än rnaáerísaš šxarcíness., resuëïšfsg in iffiæràor rnaahšnsšßšššry :mä som vmrë-:aïsšíêtgfí Thus, tha C cürdïení šs Gfvš ti: üêêëê, gm-:fëßrabêy G33? m Oßèšïfšs. and :nare preíerabšy 0.13 :c åäflåfšïéf,
ßílâêï
šâ: (lüñ if; “LÜG-*Tfä
Si äs a fiæøxifišzar and en ezëeswweni tšwaï inc-ræasæs snaifirèzaš harcimæss. Heaven-er, »when Si cnniant is Ewas ïhaan: Üišëïfä ii äs šnsnsñïcienf as a :ieoxšdšxer anrí éenxšdatëvnn; is not sufñcïæni. Gr: 'the other ëhanvd, when the Si cnntænt exaæaeis íßíšäß, avørkaàašišty is reduced duæ år: šnåafease in matefšai harüness, afirš cairburis-.šng šnhšíaitšon aim: ascurfiæ. Tšwus, :ha Så wnteni i§ Qßš to Näää-å* pfæferabåy to M3 *ï-äi and www preaferabšy íëyišfš *in ííflïšë.. KïíXå-*åÉ
Nån: SÅ. ti: Qßïí»
Aês an ešenfiant that contršbuïes m harfzàeníng. When šäån :sanïenï 'äs šešss than Qâififfê, sufñcšænt hardenair-Åšiäty is :mi aacømpafwšed, ha” ënsaifiàcšæswt än harfienšfxg. *wïfšzen the Mn øøfwflàant æxceeäs ilaêïffå., 'vxfsrk-ætæiššty šs ræaiuced.. Thus.. the här: nnnteni is (33: is: Gßšüfè, gffifërabšgf* âïf 5 'ÉO íšßêåffë, rfwïí mßre prëfæfahšy GJZÜ iii) Chšilšïïš»
íüššåšš
šff: fitßíäíš-*På m* šæss
P is an unavašziabša šrrspurštyg- but when P cenïenà exceefils Gišßüäíš, Éeughnass. reduced :ma ie grain fnszxurmiary seggreßgaïšon, The P sonia-nt is àygfiißaiây* :nare than íëfå and ílaíššüfšfç m Eesss, and nmre typïcæiiy Q in ü..â325'š~'š>â
:øfäzsg
“Thua F* ßænienï Ûßišüäå m" šess.
G--EEÉK-E ÛLF
sasbmšåieci 2G2â--Ü4~ëå: Üíšêšïšï-f: of šess S äs an unavošriëíäía êmpuršäy, ïmï whfiæn S Qantas-at excæršs âå.¥3<3fl%í;, tøugšwass reducæd zšuæ ifs fßrmatiøn sf Mnšš, and fatšgue strangth aísn reriuæeci* Thus, the S cflntant äs
Üšfïfšfiiïš Gi' šfiäâaêà. Tha S nmnífenå äs šypšcaššy naowe the» Gäl-å .and ífkßiïšßäâ w šefifi, Qgné snor-f;
iypíc-ašíy f) to Öíšêïåišfë. 333923 Cr: 'šwâü in Zfšâššfè- Cr äs ešafmfisnš ma: mnïïšbuïes ta šnaæase m* å; aná harjaierzaèzšššíy. äfïfham Cr cønïæní .äs íess man 'iuišíšëèíg ïhe šncræasa ef? 'tšïa än ie insufššsšezwt, Fusfšwær, the hardenašzšišbg 'ia aïësa H3 insuffâcšenâ. Hcaafever, whan the Gr nnawâent æxceeds ïšišïfå. vvmkašziišiy äs: reduced fiuæ to the šnmfeasæ in :nateršaš haránesæ Thug, :ha Cr aantæní is 4.339 to .äñüïßëï pæšaraüšyf 1: ßfiïš ts» 239241, and nwcm praferabiy 'Lfiü in 220% íüfïšâêš Ai: ímfiü k: škíëšüïffi 1:5 N šs áeoxšéšzær* amš an ešameniï ëhai* forms :wítršdæs amí suppræsses the marsenšng n? cwætzaí gram. viken Ai conient äs isss than ilüâíššï., it Es ínsufñcâænï as the zzïenxffššzer. Fu rther. tšwšs rasuàts än short o? fine :xiïriciea cøarsaæsxšng crystaš grašsws, ihfaætay rafiucisfig ma taufighnsss afuí 'šssïšfggvxifi prøïßertšes. ifšn the ctšxef šzarzaí; xwêxes: âhe âš cßnïant axcaeäs QG-äüëå, cnarsa raiärides area fnrrneaê", .resultmg in ræduced “fåatigue firagtfefirtšes and wfnrkabëšiïy\ 2% Tšxxss, tha Ai nanm-nt Es ííülíšü ia Gíššfšëë, prfifefabšy (2323 m Qíšåšëfâ, :mä :vara :Ißfefifeïabšgf Mëâš m álüàíšišfë. güâïršäš N: 03648 in Üišišüßâšß Wêaew N exceaäs ššßøäßüäå, i: mmm coafazæ carficznêàršées, reëéucšng šaïigue çrnpæríšes .and 25 warïabšâïíy, iïšuï, when šhe N »cøniefinï is šess than Ûßêêfiiüïfåu aigfsïaš grašfis tand is ïxessnæe cczsrse because m” a snor-taga of fifaa aarbonitràdes, ti-:ærssïsy reducing tougšxnæss and faíšguæ gsm-parties, Wass, the Gfsmefië äs Qíšíšêß in <ê,§.š3íkíš'šfè, præfarahëy Gßílfšíï ie íhüåšüfåë., and www pre-færašalyf 6.91 ßü ti) flüåüßïëå. ïššüßfifšfl 32-5951 m, Q-Bšæwë QLF submêfieni 2ß22-:34ää
iii?
Next. cnnïfiçßofients šhat man be aötíeä cëptišonašigF är; the chemâsaš cøsnpasšíínn a? åäese sieešs »ffiåâ be êiescršåsefi. Thai is. fihe eíemsnts fiessršbesi tøgetšwzer vflth theašr pæïervëfrš cøntafnt ranges :are aptianaä ešenwents, arm tharešnre, the-cßntenà a? each capticanai element san ïzflš Üåš.. 5 çjíšfiâq
Ni: ü to Zßüfifê Ni is av. efïæsnen: änaï šmgßføflfes šwaf-iænabiššàgf ans: :csaxgšwfiassq When Ni øanàení äs Gššâfšfå nr mama, a haæfcáenabâišfgß-Aämprøvšng effect 'becønwes-s greater. .and a tnughnessämprøvhag sfffast aisø mammas greater. Gr: tfiæ oêher nanci, xvh-sn *the Nä mnàenà axceeds êfiüñfil,
w cosí infsreaseæ, and vøørkatfšššty ffs rzszziucfazï due it: ïhe lšncff~sase in maiæršaïë šeanšnæss. Thus, when Ni is. addszi. the Ni cøraïawt is fi to EÜiTW/å, prefærataiy* (m2 to 2.GG*?2¿, naare :Jre-ferabšy Gfiš år: Wifiüñiš, ana even more gzzraffaratsšy C235 ta 'ä .Güåéh
:93323 ïkffiøl 0 ti: åüüïêš
Näs äs en esífismsnï ihaï šnëßraävæs hazfâßsfæaíäššëty, When Mo cünisnï äs fißïáïïê; ar mars, a harsfianaëiíšïyàanprøvíng efieci beßfames greaïer. Ön the stäms* hancí, xßsiweaw ine Ms cfsment exseersïs Éfiüfšfš, som àncraases, and *wøøfkabiiity is aiso refiucaä :me m :ha inereasæ än fnateriaš: harcíness. Thus, when Nk: is adcšaci., :ha xx: senmfzt ä? än Läíëíßå, praëferabiy 1105 to Züüåßw :nare praferabšy tlküš m ïèäüïê, anfi (även svara praïïsrabšy 0.3:9 ta *Lüüëfêfi 913933 Nh: G ïo NiF/é Nå? šs an ëæåzærfæefiš ííwaï suçzpsfessses åšf-:e Qfxafssršzxwg an* Qrystaš grašns šhrnugš: fawmaëtšfin ca? fine ßarbanštrídes. 'èšäfhan Mb coniæni is Ûßïäë sr more, fins carbøniïršfiæs are
åš sufflcíænfiy fnmzed, am suçpressirwg :West Qi âhfzr :zøarsenšng s? cwstßš grams hecomss greaàer, m í§n§røve~ iøzsgâfiswess anar: íatšguæ sârærï»;¿:,h. kàfhan 'we Mb søniersï eræeeüs ßåüïä. the amfiuni of carbarašïrides is sxøæssšve. 'm reduce wørkabiššty. Thus, whæn Ni: äs addedë me šåë nanftsnt äs íš äs Gfiáíššå, uraíefabây fisïèë ta ššfšffßšfë, :rænre çzræferabšy fiåfiâ in íäášiïšïfë, and aven ramsa praferabiæy Qßß to GQ
en ïamïsa]
22555134 CFEESK-E GL? äubsfišâïfifï IZÜZE-Qfšwšš*
(3:1:
h) Uf!
Ti: (3 h: LXEüÜfë-å
Ti äs an. ešemssnt ihaï suçapressæs ihe cnarsæning of cryætat graëns thrøugh førmatšøn of fšrmë carïzfcsrgširiáea. *fxfhefa Ti san-ten: äs àlíšâíšßšë n: aware, we annan-w: m' fine æarïbfinšwtfàcšess is åíßffiüššznå, .ïirfifi .N És Éxeå, 1G pzßssveni ffsrnwafion m' BN., šinçsrzvvirwg hßrfífifïšsüilïïy, ëlfïàíi izäiäf-J suppæssiísfig effecâ of *fha cšaarsening af jsíaš grams beczømæs gmaíifzr. §Vš^==en ïšäe Ti ßüfiïeni a-xcsfads Lâíšíšäfß, the æmounï n? carbænëïrifiæs is excassšve. te rediwe wørkabššítflg. Thus, »vhan Ti added, the Ti cøntfsnâ äs Q w ífnzïöåšïß. yßræfferahíy (Iküâü ti: Ûêištfšflëß. mars gfirefera big: to fimšüfšfàà. .aafzá aven :nare gwief§§rašx§y 3,32% w G.,1§=3“šfï=«.
Eüíšíšêàš
E: íš ii; Qíšfšåüïfå»
B is an eêament* mat irnprøves hardenabššity and inßreaisas rnatsriaš hardwess. vvhen B cfifxáeret šs âšßêïišfï-å m rnøre. a harfíßszfæahššityànfwçaravisxg affect äesønwes greater". íšn iha øther hand, »xfnen ine B cnfwviení exfsseüs ßiëiïiñíèšfi., :vaiæräaš hardness is šncræased, to reašašcz-fi wærkaïßššíày. Ttsus., 'xaxšmeïm å. k; äfàziefi, *maa E. csntent šs ü ie ålëššfiïïïfiää, gëfeferaíïšy (LGGXG to* šlíšüöíšäíß, :wmre praafarabiy üíšíïfiü ïcs O. .íšáíšfåå, and även rírwofifs preferabåy ilßfšií) m ïàüüišíšfšfiä.
gílfülšišï
V: å) ti: Qfiüåïšâ
“så äs ašænxenï ššzaš sxxpgarfisses íhe æzsszsfsenšrxg cr? crystaš tšxrough foàrmaïšon n? fine carbønâtrëdæs. When V enn-tant is fißfiiïïfi e: nwnre, the: fina carbonštrides are sufñsíentiy íarmßsfi. anti a sugzpresæšng affeat m* saiaæïsenšng e? srysmš. grå-aina becønfiæs græaâer, to šnmføvfa tøugàfmess :mä faiigue strength. G11 the månar nam. wfhen the V conàeafit exflëëais íïuššíšíšfšà, tha amfßunï af :rarbvnâïršfies àfie axcessšve, k: reáucfi wærkabššíígf. Thus. »when V is acíded. íhe V ïsczewïrent is (3 ta O,5ÛÜ%, pfašerabiy (lšñíü ts ilšßüëfä. :nam præfarašzšy *Cnââü te Qfiíšüfšå. and även :www pfeferabiy Qfâüü tø Qßñüïå.
ïüíšïfš
Meze; reasons før speašfyfšng tsmperatnsfe A1. and ašso spacifyšng a hoådšng; temçferaïxšre T RC) .and a høkišng; ïšfne ï gàzrj; vvnšsh are ßQnüšíš-ans of sgnhernšfišxšng ænneašêng xvššš ha dascršbad.
åüíšlšåïš
(k-*šëâlfwå 'QLF
sszšzzrrsäâïacš íZGZE-(ïfifl-âå
IJ!
1G
'íš
225351 åå-än ïenfiaæratfiræ: ?5Q°C or mona
When iæfïmerature A3 is šøwær *man ïåífíl, ïha* hnšcšfšng temperature ef sßhefcsëiišzšng annesššng hæccsmæs šovø, sçšwærøšdízatšsn a? :xmstšízxššsxg mafššta and hašswšia êëezïorrßss šnsufficšent, reaušiing in insuffíæšßnt æaftfs-swšzfsg Träns, :arngwc-:raturæ A: if: 'šâíïfšï- ar rnore,
åüåšfšššš
Pvrefærahiy, ïæzvzgæerzaïuna A1; La- ?50'^°=Û tcf BÛÛKB,
Haëidlšfzg Tærszpërature T ÜC) s? Spâfaarëizfišfïaíâsn Annsalšng: íà; ~ 3§3“C} s T s (Ås « $"”=T;} Hfsšäšng Tšmæ i zjñš e? $pherøš<šízzsišnn ànneaåšng; i a 113.6 f (T » A1 +
Fíšrfsïšy, with resgsecï to ihe hnflšsàš-rzg íelmgeratzflre» ïh-e hßïšdísxg äšnw i år: ïha hsëaï tæaïmëariï m” spzfæefašfíízaâšøfl arænßaïšzxg, as sfišWer-nešïåcaššjy shown år: Figure: 1, tm? høiäšzig ternperaturfs is a ïæmperaixsre T thai is hela afàar a temperature a? stæei rnateršaš is for an-neašâng, arm* the hczšfišng tärna “tårna ï far wšxicš: the sïeæi :naâëzršaå is haka' at' im? tænzperaïure “fi
šßišáíšš»
why the hnâding tsmnaraturæ “T (°Cl} ef spherßšcššzšng :anne-zaäing is ast beiwsfsfsr: (in ~ Såïüj; am: (A1 ~ åïl) äs as føšänxvs: »vhen the hcfiaàíng tenwærature is iovver ”man íA-g - SFS; the spherošdäzaiišon of the cargzâdsæ aonstšiutäng pearište and tßašníta ëercrcsmss šnsufficšent, .rsfixfišišng insušfšsšenï snftenšng efšecå; anfš an: the såhär hamš. swhen ïhe hnšdšng; *âswzpmaízxre T {°Cl} m” ægähamšcššzšsfeg anne-aššng äs šxšgher man iàï » SPS; Viihæ :naåæzâaš tærnçsafaïuræ :may A1- väns m ïefnperature varëatšfis: än an answeaššng furfiace: nausíng austeniïe in be formëê, and ïharfsašøsfe gææariiïa nr maràænsiïe» äs fnrrned at a tärna m* subææquent air coming m watær samling, resuiting in increased harzirfzass, tf; reduce warkaíašišíy.
šüíšflšâï
Wšxy the hošéšng tinaefi (hä hašflri s? :ha hamääng tempafatasræ of åçsharošdšsšng anfzeašíng is sei in» “šâß i (Y - 1% + 59:: car :nare is :as føiíøwsï wher: me: íírne heíd ai ïïïæ høïcššng tamperaâure is snart, 'the sphsræšràizatiæn of the oarbädefi constšâuting peariäte and šfaaírwšte hæcmfvses msuffinient, .resuâtiafeg .in insufñciefwt scfâefwšrag effecâ.
íïliïßilfš
O-S-ESKE ULF
:sxxšsmštåßtš IíQÉZ-Üêêâ
UI
1G
1A U;*ßëhæn 'ms siaeš šxasfšng iemperaiure A; af* ïâíšïl m' hšghær conmassd 0:" šhe clfrveswzšcssš cømposštëøn described än the means of the- presefxt inventinn äs anneašed by' a gfeäetefinnâneü means, a mâcrasïrzsaïuræ that açfihericaš caïëšcåes safe u-nšàšcrmiëy* dšsperseá in færrïia is Qbàaínad, and a stfieâ nwatsríai having a materiai hardness e? 33 HRB sr âess is øàztašnæd.
ïüüêišš
"ïhaï ia, the stafaš swatafiaš sphæræšdšzsafinneašeä w' im sïzflazazäs a? tšwß presæm šwvenišen has f: rnšàcrczstructuefaa fauïšows: fi) an fractšørï af ïhe ferršte grams En whifm spheršcaš Qarâsâäæs are nat prefišgßšiaâæfâ äs íšfífë m šass; {2} area *šrasïšon fr? pfiarššâsë m* bašïnšte šzï 5% m* íess; ærwzí {3} no nsartenssiïe- 'fsrmeá
Fzwtñer, the :naieriaš ë-:mdnass øffhe siaffiezš äs 33 š-ÅERE» of mas.
ïíšfl-ßißfl'
Ncmf; :zšaerfæšsal fiønnmneræt väšuas of šnvefwïšvfß sïæä: eanëmsštšaf: am? ccffnpafaåiva sim? fzoen-pøsitifßra used far me sarnpäe frwaiaæriais, ana? A1 :vbtašsweæd tzy saícuiatian arsa shovm in Tabše å, Using the vašzieas refemwzcszzza, såfassš bax-äng :ha iemgzeraïuræ Af a? ïäiïfü :sr higher can be seiected.
Mss, im: caêfzuäaâed Aæ man be øbâašnæcš by suïastštuišmg ïê-ßš vaëue u? each chernicsä »Iíümpnneni äniø åšw .føšínwíng fmrmuša: A1 == ?23"š3 « Tââïxän åtïfšš + Éïšâši fifåfnš ~ “ïfifßàlNi [ïšízš “P ëâíšíšr ifiàšfi
šßüéeâfi
____ __ H _ > äišäíšiæïf-Rßiwz
_ N , .V » _ _, , \. : H , . 33:: < a: m va» F u: rs w _ m: 1: B N» w i' :am f* m: ssšiš» Gmïï iwši? w) Gm? (mil. mm - ~- » V- tèlk “SS . QÉJG, iifášf íšfzší* iI-.íïï 133321 Gfilëê- 'må CNS? ü,(1^i-iiâ« 1,15 (N33 - ~> » fl E MN .\ t' < \ ='- 1 W “* v '^ u :3- - n « aa r \ 'w *f fl :fm bmw a m: ~v uu was m« Vazs Ham. a... Jm \ QQ u»
üßëflïâ 9.19 ilfiš!
Shaded arsa aàevaæ' :mås *1- the Envwfithfe fam -~ .We + ëíffšilr
13)- fw >== 37155333, - Wi-šÅ-'ß PIÄÉE +ííšüåâ]
QßåSK-E ÛLF submšêïäâ-ri ÉQÉÉEÅIê--EQ
ëæxå, usàng eaušz av? me fireparefš azafifxpše rnaäeršašs, heat trësaifïxafai cfsxrsfsfitšasïa åhašašâag ïlswwgveratxsæ, haïäfišng time. and ce-nâing nzethncšj» far sphermïfišzëfag anrseašíswg àreatnwefwt* ime fzøai-»annsaêæ-:š miær<§§ïruaâa¿ra ípresefice n: absënce ef* rnarïænsšïß. ara-z. fracïšonë e? pæarššte and šzzašfzåifä, and harfinææs s? àâfisz- fræaïefšafä am sïaævn ën ”fatsts E,
Kšíšfiiïï
“i
s» abš*f... w...
cavdífsnns: Area :jïvaI-o? s: gfäins m »vhízàw spêxericaš carbêaifia am xßake? _ " ï-”ïf ' I waiar “ - ~ i 93.) wak-'sr “_ ' . _ . f. ü i! än . _ air air _. ' _* Aüssméæa aif i . "i ' » Aàëenca ' åšJš-QRCG àäseacë
i n» (Iussilixxg) fufuaca åh;
Area: mmm Rasen-SQ <4! ba? :isfssrëiie s! e af sszinaa .fsxaaænsiia
Hffiki Eng iinxs ä çix§
àbse-'ws
c-:fflmfl
Wíišßf
(waïer
v. ... __» .,> ... 4: :p i-J ...x .m àrz 'm :r
ä . 25- å å K! Qš a. š
fiuflywv; w-w-aišís ....~;>¿;,M.;f_»,:-.,.»._;«;~>_ :knän
m m m rq w i» W N: .-I.- C35 ammsaw-pwyu-».çzp._»>çrfg- U? :'11 t”. (c
(i
\
' iáüfiiíßlï$ Éïïfšïæïåï ßiêíí “i fi! š 'SS Ûïêí Qi' ÛGRÜÛÅÉLFPÉ. fi* 6352231' ïëfi:f1-ï_5=CC~Ûfï'eI3~E5l'$iIš-ë.
'w fhfâanufacturšng Ffirocesses m* Sampše ivïaïæršaësï» àfier 'âššü síæaæš »cæmmsšàšøn :af A ta B ocfzwpasæë m* chsnxàßaš :zßmpcnenšs äässšed år:
Tahâa få and tm: ímâancf; Fa vsšth unavošdaïzzšæ šrräpasrštšes a-være :næäteaï h a: »acuunw mešïing
235351 N üëšååä-ë GL? suëmštieá. ÉSBÉ-üš-ââ
...a- É/'ï
3G
Éëâüâï 34»
“šffs
fßmama and »rrasïfvzfå inte sêeæš ingøis, små were subíefcïeæš tm exšæmšesfi ímrgíng 'm a cšiamßiëfßr :af 32 mm aä ííâšüïï, ans' ïšweän nnrznlaššzed ai ëâïfiï for 1 är. These were cm iniø “šíšíš mm pšefces and prææarad az; *cha sanmše mæteriaks fm* sshefniášzifig. anneaiirzg.
íâñàšïšå
fëšfihernidizâng Anneaíšng Pmsßssz»
With ræsffiect k: :ha pws-:zaraá ssmpša fnateriäis, the äçfnæroëfšizàraå; anneaššng was cøndnfictexï using a Kanthal furnacfa afscordâng to the føiiawšng prßcedure. The prepareë sarnpše materia »vas puà šawâs the šurnace sm; ai ina hašfzššng iamperzature a? sgsïzercsšzíêzšng anneašång æpecšfíeai "än "ïahie 2, kam far 32 minutes for hæatííng, aswl hetcí in ins furnafse fm the šwošcššng tšmæ specšfiefi är: 'Fabia 2. âufnsefcguæawïšy, air a: waâer scæfzfiššfing; »was :sarvšæá cut as sßæašfšad år 'Taísše 2. in mås wzsy, -zraæ spšxereíéizifxg anneaššrfg 'âreaïnwaswt -vøas cündumtsd, Am, the iom! ïâmæ that tha sample rnaïariaš »vas preæeni in the furnace is sšxown in Taëše ä
Güåfi]
flššixfaâxiaššan štarøw
As f-:vašuaâšon thæ cšwaracåaršstšas af each sarngaiza :naïærïaä »which *was äuëjææïeü ts me* spšwerašfiàzing anneaššng ïræatsnent, (ä) snšcmstruæture observaïicn ia. an area fraazïšcn e? tim 'færrite »grains in vøixšariiz snvšzefišcaší aarbšašaa wærsf: no: prefišpštaïeašv i). area fracfmns sf pfiaršíiæf: and Esašnítë, and presence nr zëbsence m* :ræarïansššaëš vvas :zornüucâed aræri (Ejæ ïhe mateæfísš haräfiess was mæasufea. än Tabše rßsušïs nä* eafffin a? sanfepäa ïnaïeršašs, Ls., the pfesence ar ihe absence- of martensiïe. the arsa “fractäons af peariítæ and mainšïe, the arsa fr-acïšün m* the ïerrita grams (a: grašns; in xvšxšazš: spšzafšcaš mrbâmf-:s *were :mt femzefš, and *tha harcíness, are shown*
ítæíšâšíš
-fiššvašuatšon àršethnfh
(ü švlšcrfssïructuræ
Ta: ahseïws :ha :nšcrøsârzafiïusfe of *ma sawspša maierâaš, :ha salmpâe maïawïaš vfas fšrsfi cuï ïhraugh its cenïer and paraåiei m» a røšišng çiíreaxäørg 'me aut surface was polished. and the Qæäšsheä sufïaxxë weas cørwašfiäaš wštšæ a Nštaš aošmtksfs. àfier áhaï, a må pasšïfšøn a? the små
surface :was obsawffecš by using an øptícai snicrosnüpæ, 'anti evaiuateci as føâiaws,
ÜÅ-ššESK-E QLF
submšštesí EÜÉÉ-Q-å-Lïš
i!!
3:*ffl
*ä
a. ävaäuaïšon m' âhe area frasåšün m* t; ïerršte år: »which sgsšzæràffaš cærbšašæs »vara nøi pfecäpiiaïaè-fí
At me BM pøsiàimx. ar: šrnage xafëss taken wšïh 2: fšeâd m? viexaf of Xáüü. and tm: area fraation íåf ššïfïïê Éšï Wïïïch ånšïæfiüssš ßarhšeisas »aware rssí* pmçåpšïawåøä än the tæafgsi 'arma at" m-a-s šfrsvfcrgzä »vass sneasureaš.
h, Evaiuatëüsw Qfthæ araa fractšans af peasrâitæ and bainiïe
Aï ärva 235% püßšïåaëfw. an šmaæ was taken ævšâh the fisæšd fi? všsxw n? Xflfüü, and *ma afëfl *ñasïäïiszws a? çezëråàts and íwašszita in the target area af* the image was mæasurefd.
e. Ešvaluaiëmn of ms presence or tha absmce af the gæswaëraïšon af :nafiensäte
å: ma EM posïiê-sfz, av: àërnagæ ma: »tai-aan »with the fzešd of väew of Xflšüü, amfi ïšxa præseswaeß m' :ha :ašsence a? the genemfiëasn cs? rnarïfinsšïe sàrumzre in the issrgaê area a? the íšrwægfi xvas obsarved.
ïüüåíšš
{2} hafárææfiæ
Tha sampm rnaieršai w-as små in a cíirecfiiafivr: parpaindàßuiar in the :vzxiiing dšrecïiæn, and after surface gríncišng of the cut surface, Rnckwešë harfšraz-ss tææàšng mffsas -swcêucàefi at ina üšfš ç-asšäaïx, amš the hanriness übtašsuëaš was sšxøwsæ in Taàåe 12 as ïhe .ffwatæršai šwaswšness. íüüšâš
än Fšgaxres 2 m 4., :ha 'šmaçgëas ïakafw by XâGG ai ihæ Bfå gxosštšm: are shawwisz.
Fägursa* å* sšæaws pšwatøgragpæhs m* me: nxšaïrnstfašctafre :vbsæwszi tsy 'im fiptšcaš :nàcrfïseape m* an æxanæpiæ of' mßasuršng the arsa frantšar: crf 'šaærrâts än *which ægzherøêdixad carbídes were :må premšpäàaïæfá. The çašwïograph (ieft) ahows a searrtäfmzaš mšcrcæstructurës af ïšfze sampšeÅ materia! :sf an imfentšalæ exampše.. 'sh-ai is ašzstaïšsfiaafi m: spšzerøšzišzšszg annaaššrag the f; síeaš having an šnvæntive síeeà sompcsštion, unifšer the nønëš-tšøns af the hcaêäšng ïenwpæraturs :sf ?ñ=lï°ilï, *fhæ- hašfiïng tšrme af å» h. and air cßoëiswg; and åhæ Qhoïagraph irågfii; fihsws a sectionaš micsøsïrueïïura n? tha ræfnaßåæ maâaršaš af the mmgzaraàšva exanmše in xwêzâah me E? steei having; the cfimparraiive síeaš conwæsštšan was :air cøøâed :mcšer the cas-zfiëtàons m? :ha ïsøšäšfig ïenïpæraïure of 'Fêílfiüí tha høiaíšrxg ärm: m* 2 h. The pšmiøgraplêu íïæffi: cnfrespcrfiës ia ïšsæ šnvænïšve exampša, amâ shaææfs that tšflsæ area: ffaetšof: s? iësrršáe šs üfišfë; små âífxæ
phcfeograph ísightg áshfßws mat ina: frfictaøn n? ierräïa ia fišflïfš.
- . šßšïåë CflEEESK-š GLE* äušïêmšiïëâ ÉÜEÉ-iïfí-»Éš
“ES
šíííšâëš Figure 3 shovvs moifigraphs m* :he nwšarrastructura obsewed by *ma øptical nwšcroscßpæ m* an æxësnpša at? eafaíxxaåëng ïšßa area fraattšnns fax* çearišše afasi bašnšâe, The: çhoâægraph išeñ) shrnws a; seciímnaå awwicrcisiructuife of íšxa samçaše nwateriaš m? en šnvanfiva mxampïêa. ibm k: 5 üâz-tašnæai hy spheffßšašizzâng armaašàng ïhe C steeš hazfšng an ànvfinïšve sïææš cømßwêïicra, unüer âhe aanditiçxns o? tha- äwšiíšng “ierïïpêfaiurë Üf?â{š“{l, Išïæ hnišíšng išmfš of 6 h, and air caoåšewg; afasi the gxšwøïegraph (righšf: shauvæ a sæatšonaš rnäcrnsâmscïure e? the sanfipëe rnaàeríaš Qi the af:rr:;_:-a_ratšv<.å,«. exampšaæ in which me: G stæeï having en šnvantåve steßsš cnmpnsitšas: was ai:- csøšeá :ßniåer the canëiišcsws af the høšdšng ïæmpæraïura of Yíâfiïï, *ifhæl 10 høiüirwg tärna sf 'i h. Tšæe photograph qâefi; ßmräßspfirsäs m the šrnfßfwtšxfe exampše. and shflzws that the area .fracïínras o? :Lvssarššäe :and âiwaärïšie ara 8%: ïïw :ßhcaïegraçh {rš§ht} is tha cmswgaratívæ enampïe and shaxvs that me: area fractions crf pearäšïe åns! äašnïïe are 2íffië-fä. íüfiâä 35» Fšgufe »i sšwsws 'en fixsmçsšïe- s? førmaâšnxz fö? :naräensššffàa The :sšfißïograpfs shamfsÅ a senïšanaâ :nïcrrastrzsrzëure Qi tha sampie rnateriaš a? tive eomparativæ æxanïçvše in »vhšnh the Q steeš havmg an šnvefaiive steeš snzwzgxsaštíerx was sçsïxærøidšzæ-arsneaiacš under the anndštväosws m' tha hešcíšfwg tsfnparansfflïš a? Ifêšßfü, âšxe høidsng tísïza sf 5 h. and xfvaàar cnmâšrxg, and gansaratšnun of :ha martensšâe strucàure waæ øïrsssrvefi. 223 :jíšíš-âšñï Tàbše 'å shfiws invvßnïšve exæmmšææ (Has. S, ä, 9, 1:1. ÉEÉ 13, 33, and 24 in Tabše :IQ ævhäch the steeï having the šnvæntšve sieefš comçaasšššæn was sphefnšdšze-V-Åannsaåad ín a way* ihat satísïšaëæ the: spherßidšëšrxg anneaššng cfinxïlšïians s? 'išiafz gxfesant šåawenišfsn: cønïpafatšaff-a ësxampšæs íNos. *i k: 4, Tf, *IQ it: 13, 16, W, šš io 22, and 25 to 2? år; Tabífi 2") år: wšwšßh 2:3 *me steel havêng the inventšvæ steæš cønwpasätšae: xvas heaï-:feateaå än a way *fífzai ücses mt saišsfy *the snhesrošdšxšng afinæaëing cøndšïšons of :äre pressa: šnventšafisx, and aisv fiomparzziive exanmšas Was. 28 in S
Claims (3)
1. En metod för sfäroidiserande glödgning av ett stålmaterial, vilket innefattar glödgning av ett stålmaterial som har en temperatur A1 på 750 °C eller mer och som i viktprocent består av 0,15 till 0,26 % C, 0,05 till 1,00 % Si, 0,1 till 0,9 % Mn, 0,030% eller mindre av P, 0,030 % eller mindre av S, 1,30 till 2,50 % Cr, 0,020 till 0,050 % Al, 0,0040 till 0,0300 % N, 0.02 till 2,00 % Ni eventuellt 0 till 2,00 % Mo, eventuellt minst en eller flera av 0 till 0,10 % Nb, 0 till 0,200 % Ti, 0 till 0,0050 % B och 0 till 0,500 % V, och återstoden är Fe och oundvikliga föroreningar, så att följande villkor uppfylls: en hålltemperatur T(°C) för den sfäroidiserande glödgningen: (A1 - 30) s T s (A1 - 5) och en hålltid t(h) för den sfäroidiserande glödgningen: tz 120 / (T - A1 + 50), varvid A1 erhålls genom att ersätta [%]-värdet av varje kemisk komponent i följande formel: A1 = 723°C - 14Mn [%] + 22Si [%] - 14.4Ni [%] + 23.3Cr [%].
2. Metoden enligt krav 1, varvid stålmaterialet i viktprocent innefattar 0,05 till 2,00 % Mo.
3. Metoden enligt krav 1 eller 2, varvid stålmaterialet i viktprocent innefattar minst en eller flera av 0,02 till 0,10 % Nb, 0,020 till 0,200 % Ti, 0,0010 till 0,0050 % B och 0,010 till 0,500 % V.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2019178293A JP7471068B2 (ja) | 2019-09-30 | 2019-09-30 | 肌焼鋼の球状化焼なまし方法 |
PCT/JP2020/036247 WO2021065713A1 (ja) | 2019-09-30 | 2020-09-25 | 肌焼鋼の球状化焼なまし方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
SE2250518A1 SE2250518A1 (en) | 2022-04-29 |
SE545531C2 true SE545531C2 (en) | 2023-10-10 |
Family
ID=75272298
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
SE2250518A SE545531C2 (en) | 2019-09-30 | 2020-09-25 | Method for spheroidizing annealing case-hardening steel |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP7471068B2 (sv) |
SE (1) | SE545531C2 (sv) |
WO (1) | WO2021065713A1 (sv) |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2012126953A (ja) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-07-05 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 機械構造用合金鋼鋼材 |
US20130174943A1 (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2013-07-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd.) | Case hardened steel and method for producing same |
JP2014185389A (ja) * | 2013-03-25 | 2014-10-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 面疲労強度と冷間鍛造性に優れた肌焼用鋼材および歯車 |
JP6177754B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-18 | 2017-08-09 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 打抜き性と結晶粒粗大化防止特性に優れた浸炭用鋼板および機械構造部品 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3545963B2 (ja) * | 1998-03-30 | 2004-07-21 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 高靱性超耐摩耗鋳鋼及びその製造方法 |
JP3696476B2 (ja) * | 2000-03-27 | 2005-09-21 | 日本ピストンリング株式会社 | 組立式カムシャフトのシャフトおよび組立式カムシャフトの製造方法 |
JP5298683B2 (ja) * | 2008-07-24 | 2013-09-25 | 日本精工株式会社 | 転がり軸受及びその製造方法 |
-
2019
- 2019-09-30 JP JP2019178293A patent/JP7471068B2/ja active Active
-
2020
- 2020-09-25 SE SE2250518A patent/SE545531C2/sv unknown
- 2020-09-25 WO PCT/JP2020/036247 patent/WO2021065713A1/ja active Application Filing
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20130174943A1 (en) * | 2010-09-28 | 2013-07-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho (Kobe Steel, Ltd.) | Case hardened steel and method for producing same |
JP2012126953A (ja) * | 2010-12-15 | 2012-07-05 | Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd | 機械構造用合金鋼鋼材 |
JP2014185389A (ja) * | 2013-03-25 | 2014-10-02 | Kobe Steel Ltd | 面疲労強度と冷間鍛造性に優れた肌焼用鋼材および歯車 |
JP6177754B2 (ja) * | 2014-11-18 | 2017-08-09 | 株式会社神戸製鋼所 | 打抜き性と結晶粒粗大化防止特性に優れた浸炭用鋼板および機械構造部品 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JP7471068B2 (ja) | 2024-04-19 |
WO2021065713A1 (ja) | 2021-04-08 |
SE2250518A1 (en) | 2022-04-29 |
JP2021055138A (ja) | 2021-04-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
SA521421547B1 (ar) | خط أنابيب فولاذي مقاوم للإجهاد في أعماق البحار، وعملية درفلة | |
PL363975A1 (en) | Steel and steel tube for high-temperature use | |
AR042073A1 (es) | Procedimiento para fabricar una chapa de acero resistente a la abrasion y chapa obtenida | |
SE545531C2 (en) | Method for spheroidizing annealing case-hardening steel | |
CN102719628B (zh) | 铁镍软磁合金真空退火二步法 | |
Hafenstein et al. | Influence of temperature and tempering conditions on thermal conductivity of hot work tool steels for hot stamping applications | |
JPS5675551A (en) | Grain stabilized carburizing steel | |
WO2021013895A3 (de) | Kommunikationsvorrichtung mit einer magnetischen antenne | |
Takao | Statistical thermodynamics of binary solid solutions with anisotropic distribution of atoms | |
GB1128527A (en) | Steel | |
CN1517445B (zh) | 疲劳特性优良的高强度奥氏体系不锈钢钢带 | |
JP3961800B2 (ja) | 鋼材中の残留オーステナイト量の測定方法および測定装置 | |
US20230160843A1 (en) | Method for manufacturing reference piece for x-ray measurement of residual stress and reference piece for x-ray measurement of residual stress | |
Burgess | UNDER THE RADAR-Scott H. Ainsworth and Thad Hall: Abortion Politics in Congress: Strategic Incrementalism and Policy Change.(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. Pp. xiii, 226. $24.99, paper.) | |
ALEKSEYENKO et al. | Carburizing and heat treatable steels di-2, di-3, di-3 a/ep-176/ and di-4(Physical and mechanical properties of low nickel carburizing steels) | |
MILLION et al. | Diffusion of Cr, Mn, Ni and W in tungsten alloyed steel CSN 17455 | |
Philp | Graham, Ronald Edward | |
Philp | Joseph, David | |
Karashima et al. | On the Dislocation Velocity Exponent of Spheroidite and Pearlite | |
TH2001002439A (th) | แผ่นเหล็กกล้าที่แกลแวนนีล | |
Philp | Mana, Fred | |
Philp | Te Winkel, Marius Hans | |
BG108911U (en) | Metal detector antenna | |
Davies et al. | STRUCTURE AND STRENGTH OF FERROUS MARTENSITE | |
ARRENDALE | Survivability enhancements for military communications satellites(M. S. Thesis) |