SE450492B - Sett att ur naturmaterial, sasom skiffer, utvinna skifferolja, tungolja eller tjera - Google Patents
Sett att ur naturmaterial, sasom skiffer, utvinna skifferolja, tungolja eller tjeraInfo
- Publication number
- SE450492B SE450492B SE8107100A SE8107100A SE450492B SE 450492 B SE450492 B SE 450492B SE 8107100 A SE8107100 A SE 8107100A SE 8107100 A SE8107100 A SE 8107100A SE 450492 B SE450492 B SE 450492B
- Authority
- SE
- Sweden
- Prior art keywords
- oil
- shale
- rock
- mhz
- pressure
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003077 lignite Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003079 shale oil Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 14
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000004058 oil shale Substances 0.000 description 8
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000011269 tar Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 4
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010426 asphalt Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 3
- UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Naphthalene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 UFWIBTONFRDIAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000015076 Shorea robusta Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000166071 Shorea robusta Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229960001701 chloroform Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 2
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- CNSKBOOEAKAYDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1C Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1.CCC1=CC=CC=C1.CC1=CC=CC=C1C CNSKBOOEAKAYDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001491 aromatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010907 mechanical stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010742 number 1 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011343 solid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000638 solvent extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/126—Microwaves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G1/00—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal
- C10G1/04—Production of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures from oil-shale, oil-sand, or non-melting solid carbonaceous or similar materials, e.g. wood, coal by extraction
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S208/00—Mineral oils: processes and products
- Y10S208/951—Solid feed treatment with a gas other than air, hydrogen or steam
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| HU803091A HU185401B (en) | 1980-12-23 | 1980-12-23 | Method for obtaining shale oil? heavy oil, kerogene or tar from medium of occurence theirs |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SE8107100L SE8107100L (sv) | 1982-06-24 |
| SE450492B true SE450492B (sv) | 1987-06-29 |
Family
ID=10962505
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SE8107100A SE450492B (sv) | 1980-12-23 | 1981-11-27 | Sett att ur naturmaterial, sasom skiffer, utvinna skifferolja, tungolja eller tjera |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4419214A (fr) |
| AT (1) | AT379608B (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU550310B2 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR8108372A (fr) |
| HU (1) | HU185401B (fr) |
| MA (1) | MA19319A1 (fr) |
| SE (1) | SE450492B (fr) |
| YU (1) | YU42000B (fr) |
Families Citing this family (34)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA1261735A (fr) * | 1984-04-20 | 1989-09-26 | William J. Klaila | Methode et dispositif de separation de fractions d'hydrocarbures, pour faciliter l'extraction et le raffinage des hydrocarbures liquides, pour isoler les reservoirs de stockage, et pour le decrassage des citernes de stockage et des pipelines |
| US5055180A (en) * | 1984-04-20 | 1991-10-08 | Electromagnetic Energy Corporation | Method and apparatus for recovering fractions from hydrocarbon materials, facilitating the removal and cleansing of hydrocarbon fluids, insulating storage vessels, and cleansing storage vessels and pipelines |
| US4749470A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1988-06-07 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Residuum fluid catalytic cracking process and apparatus using microwave energy |
| AU605188B2 (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1991-01-10 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Processing of activated heavy hydrocarbon feeds |
| US4853105A (en) * | 1986-09-03 | 1989-08-01 | Mobil Oil Corporation | Multiple riser fluidized catalytic cracking process utilizing hydrogen and carbon-hydrogen contributing fragments |
| CA2060931C (fr) * | 1992-02-10 | 1996-12-17 | J. R. Jocelyn Pare | Production, au moyen de micro-ondes, de substances volatiles provenant de fluides surcritiques, et appareil |
| US5430207A (en) * | 1993-05-20 | 1995-07-04 | Keck; Jack C. | Process for degrading complex hydrocarbons to produce simpler hydrocarbons |
| GB2286671B (en) * | 1994-02-18 | 1997-08-06 | Univ Sheffield | Preparation of samples for kerogen analysis |
| DE19631201C2 (de) * | 1996-08-02 | 2001-07-05 | Rainer Buchholz | Verfahren und Reaktor zur Umwandlung von Biomasse in flüssige, feste oder gasförmige Brennstoffe und Chemierohstoffe |
| US6536523B1 (en) | 1997-01-14 | 2003-03-25 | Aqua Pure Ventures Inc. | Water treatment process for thermal heavy oil recovery |
| US6372123B1 (en) | 2000-06-26 | 2002-04-16 | Colt Engineering Corporation | Method of removing water and contaminants from crude oil containing same |
| US20060230760A1 (en) * | 2003-07-14 | 2006-10-19 | Hendershot William B | Self-sustaining on-site production of electricity utilizing oil shale and/or oil sands deposits |
| JP4627468B2 (ja) * | 2005-09-26 | 2011-02-09 | 株式会社日立製作所 | ガスタービン燃料の製造方法、ガスタービン発電方法及び発電装置 |
| US7629497B2 (en) * | 2005-12-14 | 2009-12-08 | Global Resource Corporation | Microwave-based recovery of hydrocarbons and fossil fuels |
| CA2633228A1 (fr) * | 2005-12-14 | 2007-06-21 | Mobilestream Oil, Inc. | Utilisation de l'energie des micro-ondes pour la thermotherapie |
| US7677673B2 (en) | 2006-09-26 | 2010-03-16 | Hw Advanced Technologies, Inc. | Stimulation and recovery of heavy hydrocarbon fluids |
| EP2122460B1 (fr) * | 2007-02-16 | 2016-02-10 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Procédé de détermination d'un volume de matière organique dans une roche magasin |
| EP2164927A1 (fr) * | 2007-06-14 | 2010-03-24 | Global Resource Corporation | Extraction d'hydrocarbures et de combustibles fossiles fondée sur les micro-ondes |
| US8404108B2 (en) | 2007-09-20 | 2013-03-26 | Green Source Energy Llc | Extraction of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing materials and/or processing of hydrocarbon-containing materials |
| US8101812B2 (en) | 2007-09-20 | 2012-01-24 | Green Source Energy Llc | Extraction of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing materials |
| US8272442B2 (en) | 2007-09-20 | 2012-09-25 | Green Source Energy Llc | In situ extraction of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbon-containing materials |
| WO2009049358A1 (fr) * | 2007-10-15 | 2009-04-23 | Gomez Rodolfo Antonio M | Appareil et procédé pour extraire du pétrole et du gaz à partir de dépôts de schiste bitumineux et de sables bitumeux |
| US20090173667A1 (en) * | 2008-01-03 | 2009-07-09 | Colorado Seminary | High power microwave petroleum refinement |
| DE102008004732A1 (de) * | 2008-01-16 | 2009-07-23 | Lucia Viviane Sanders | Hydrothermale Karbonisierung von Biomasse |
| US8298304B1 (en) * | 2009-02-20 | 2012-10-30 | Castle Light Corporation | Coal treatment process for a coal-fired power plant |
| US8252084B2 (en) * | 2009-04-15 | 2012-08-28 | Phoenix Environmental Reclamation | Separator and crusher of minerals with microwave energy and method thereof |
| CA2761305A1 (fr) | 2009-05-20 | 2010-11-25 | Xyleco, Inc. | Traitement de materiaux hydrocarbones |
| US8603327B2 (en) * | 2009-08-24 | 2013-12-10 | The Penn State Research Foundation | Analogue ionic liquids for the separation and recovery of hydrocarbons from particulate matter |
| US8920638B2 (en) * | 2009-11-12 | 2014-12-30 | Robert Petcavich | Method of separating hydrocarbons from oil rocks using ionic liquids |
| IT1401961B1 (it) | 2010-09-23 | 2013-08-28 | Eni Congo S A | Procedimento per la fluidificazione di un olio ad alta viscosita' direttamente all'interno del giacimento tramite iniezione di vapore. |
| WO2016064586A1 (fr) | 2014-10-20 | 2016-04-28 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Extraction de bitume assistée par micro-ondes à filtration de sédiments assistée par pression négative |
| CN109337702B (zh) * | 2018-10-18 | 2021-02-12 | 中国科学院上海高等研究院 | 微波辅助生物质热解制备富含酚类化合物的方法及装置 |
| CN113236212B (zh) * | 2021-06-11 | 2022-03-29 | 西南石油大学 | 一种油页岩与煤互层协同原位开采的方法 |
| EP4377421A1 (fr) * | 2021-07-30 | 2024-06-05 | Qwave Solutions, Inc. | Procédés et systèmes de liquéfaction de matières carbonées |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3449213A (en) * | 1964-08-04 | 1969-06-10 | Edward M Knapp | Pyrolysis of coal with microwave energy |
| US3843457A (en) * | 1971-10-14 | 1974-10-22 | Occidental Petroleum Corp | Microwave pyrolysis of wastes |
| US4052293A (en) * | 1975-10-10 | 1977-10-04 | Cryo-Maid Inc. | Method and apparatus for extracting oil from hydrocarbonaceous solid material |
| US4118282A (en) * | 1977-08-15 | 1978-10-03 | Wallace Energy Conversion, Inc. | Process and apparatus for the destructive distillation of high molecular weight organic materials |
| US4153533A (en) * | 1977-09-07 | 1979-05-08 | Kirkbride Chalmer G | Shale conversion process |
-
1980
- 1980-12-23 HU HU803091A patent/HU185401B/hu not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1981
- 1981-06-30 AT AT0290781A patent/AT379608B/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-10-22 US US06/314,050 patent/US4419214A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1981-11-02 MA MA19521A patent/MA19319A1/fr unknown
- 1981-11-23 YU YU2748/81A patent/YU42000B/xx unknown
- 1981-11-27 SE SE8107100A patent/SE450492B/sv not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1981-12-10 AU AU78433/81A patent/AU550310B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1981-12-23 BR BR8108372A patent/BR8108372A/pt unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR8108372A (pt) | 1982-10-13 |
| YU42000B (en) | 1988-04-30 |
| AU7843381A (en) | 1982-07-01 |
| HU185401B (en) | 1985-02-28 |
| US4419214A (en) | 1983-12-06 |
| AT379608B (de) | 1986-02-10 |
| AU550310B2 (en) | 1986-03-20 |
| MA19319A1 (fr) | 1982-07-01 |
| SE8107100L (sv) | 1982-06-24 |
| YU274881A (en) | 1983-09-30 |
| ATA290781A (de) | 1985-06-15 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| SE450492B (sv) | Sett att ur naturmaterial, sasom skiffer, utvinna skifferolja, tungolja eller tjera | |
| US4376034A (en) | Method and apparatus for recovering carbon products from oil shale | |
| Allawzi et al. | CO2 supercritical fluid extraction of Jordanian oil shale utilizing different co-solvents | |
| US4698149A (en) | Enhanced recovery of hydrocarbonaceous fluids oil shale | |
| US3228869A (en) | Oil shale retorting with shale oil recycle | |
| US4148614A (en) | Process for removing sulfur from coal | |
| US4408999A (en) | Coal and oil shale beneficiation process | |
| US4153533A (en) | Shale conversion process | |
| BRPI0620706A2 (pt) | método para decompor uma composição, método para extrair um material a base de petróleo; aparelho para decompor uma composição; aparelho para extrair um material a base de petróleo de um composto; e polìmero, negro de fumo, aço, óleo, gás, monÈmero, material a base de petróleo produzidos pelo método da invenção | |
| US4587006A (en) | Process for recovering shale oil from raw oil shale | |
| US9518228B2 (en) | Apparatus for collecting intermediate oil from oil shale and collecting method using the same | |
| CN109054885A (zh) | 一种油砂选择性分步萃取工艺 | |
| AU2008314493A1 (en) | Apparatus and process for extracting oil and gas from oil shale and tar sand deposits | |
| US1607977A (en) | Method of recovering hydrocarbon oils from oil sands and the like | |
| CN103146412B (zh) | 一种抽提油砂沥青的方法及专用复合溶剂 | |
| Tiikma et al. | EXTRACTION OF OIL FROM JORDANIAN ATTARAT OIL SHALE. | |
| US3153626A (en) | Methanol extraction of lowtemperature tar | |
| US1467758A (en) | Process of producing hydrocarbon materials | |
| US1276879A (en) | Process of extracting hydrocarbon materials from shale and similar earthy material. | |
| AU624369B2 (en) | Pyrolysis of oil containing shale | |
| US2714086A (en) | Chemical modification of coal into hydrocarbon oils and coke | |
| US1224788A (en) | Process of securing combustible fluids from carbonaceous solids. | |
| US2471107A (en) | Recovery of hydrocarbon oil | |
| HU177165B (hu) | Eljárás gyorsan változó elektromágneses terekkel történő szén nemesítésére, valamint szénhidrogén kinyerésre olajtartalmú kőzetekből | |
| Barnakov et al. | Benefits of ultrasound in pitch production from coal tar and its mixtures with styrene distillation residue |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| NUG | Patent has lapsed |
Ref document number: 8107100-3 Effective date: 19900706 Format of ref document f/p: F |