RU2807574C1 - Method for obtaining linen trust - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: flax growing.

SUBSTANCE: method consists in harvesting flax with the formation of stubble and separating the seeds from the stalks, spreading the beveled sections of the stalks into a ribbon on the stubble to obtain trust, followed by its harvesting from the field. The flax is harvested in the phase of its biological ripeness. The processing of beveled sections is carried out in stages: at the first stage by threshing the tangled stem mass to obtain raw in the form of partially flattened and shortened stems, at the second stage of processing by separation to obtain fractions of tangled sections of raw stems and clogged seeds. The tangled sections of the raw stems are spread in the form of a layer on the stubble. Trust is received at positive and negative air temperatures. The resulting trust is harvested after the snow melts on the flax and the soil is ready for the movement of harvesters.

EFFECT: improvement in the quality of seeds and flaxseeds, expansion of opportunities for the mechanization of harvesting processes.

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Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the process of preparing flax trust.

There is a known biological method for producing trust, including dew lobe, which is carried out in natural conditions for 15-30 days by spreading flax straws in meadow areas or directly on flax. In this case, tissue maceration and flax fiber release are carried out mainly by microscopic fungi [1].

The disadvantages of this method are the long duration of the process, its dependence on adverse weather conditions, the high labor intensity associated with the implementation of numerous technological operations, such as spreading, wrapping, lifting trusts, cleaning; the danger of loss of quality of flax fiber due to delays in operations, violation of the system of agrotechnical measures for processing fields in crop rotation.

There is a known method for preparing flax trust, which involves pulling the flax and spreading the stems into a ribbon on the tops of the ridges across the aeration channels [2]. Moreover, the strips are spread on the tops of the ridges after the strip of stems has been cured in a trust. To align the trusts by color, speed up the process of removing physiological moisture and ensure uniformity in the degree of maturation, the tapes are wrapped or turned 2-3 times. During the last wrapping or tedding in the process of aging the stems in the trust, the tapes are spread over the flax on the aeration channels.

However, the known method [2] also has disadvantages associated with the increased costs required for the manufacture of aeration channels.

There is also a known method for obtaining flax trust, which includes harvesting flax to form stubble and separating seeds from the stems, spreading the mown sections of the stems into a ribbon on the stubble to obtain trust, followed by harvesting it from the field [3].

This method [3] also has disadvantages due to the increased duration of the process of obtaining trust from the stems of late-ripening flax varieties, for example, oilseeds, due to the need to harvest in the phase of biological ripeness of the seeds. Because of this, the process of obtaining trust is delayed, harvesting in the year of flax sowing becomes difficult due to bad weather, and the quality of the trust itself is reduced. If flax is harvested from the field at an earlier stage of ripeness, the quality of the resulting seeds will be worse, which also reduces production efficiency.

However, in terms of technical essence and achieved effect, the known method [3] is closest to the claimed one and therefore can be accepted as a prototype.

The technical objective of the invention is to improve the quality of seeds and flax trust obtained from flax stems that have a long growing season, as well as to expand the possibilities for mechanization of harvesting processes through the use of not only specialized equipment for harvesting flax, but other equipment used, for example, when harvesting cereals.

The stated technical problem is achieved by the fact that in the method of obtaining flax trust, which includes harvesting flax with the formation of stubble and separating seeds from the stems, spreading the beveled sections of the stems into a tape on the stubble to obtain trust with its subsequent harvesting from the field, according to the invention, the flax harvest is carried out in phase of its biological ripeness, processing of the mown areas is carried out in stages - at the first stage by threshing the tangled stem mass to obtain raw material in the form of stems partially flattened and shortened in length, at the second stage by separation to obtain fractions of tangled sections of raw stems and clogged seeds, tangled areas raw stems are spread in the form of a layer on the stubble, the production of trusts is carried out at positive and negative air temperatures, and the resulting trust is removed after the snow on the flax has melted and the soil is ready for the movement of harvesting machines.

Carrying out the flax harvest in the phase of its biological ripeness ensures the ripening of the seeds and therefore ensures their better quality in comparison with harvesting in earlier periods.

Processing the beveled areas in stages allows you to achieve the following effects. Processing at the first stage by threshing the tangled stem mass to obtain raw material in the form of partially flattened and shortened stems allows the integrity of the surface of the stems to be destroyed. With this treatment, in addition to the destruction of the integrity of the stems, an important circumstance is the destruction of the integumentary tissues of the stem, which prevent the penetration of pectin-decomposing microflora into the bast tufts, which weakens the connection between these tufts and the wood of the stem. Thus, the destruction of integumentary tissues will make it possible to intensify the process of obtaining trust due to a more effective effect on the internal structure of the stem of pectin-decomposing microflora. This will help speed up the process of obtaining trust even in conditions of negative temperatures. In addition, processing at the first stage ensures the formation of a mass of raw material in the form of tangled, interconnected sections of stems. Because of this, such a mass, when falling on the stubble, does not sink to the soil and is better retained on the stubble without coming into contact with the soil. This significantly reduces the likelihood of fiber biodegradation.

Processing at the second stage by separation to obtain a fraction of tangled sections of raw stems and a fraction of contaminated seeds eliminates the use of tow and the use of more effective technological influences on flax seed pods, for example, those used when operating a grain combine during the harvesting of grain crops [4]. Thus, the proposed processing makes it possible to use not only specialized flax combines with stripping units, but other machines used in harvesting, for example, wheat or rye.

Spreading tangled sections of raw stems in the form of a layer on the stubble makes it more likely to keep the layer on the stubble without contact with the soil compared to the option when the layer is formed from stems paralyzed among themselves using standard combine technology for flax harvesting [5].

Obtaining trusta at positive and negative air temperatures makes it possible to eliminate the biodestruction of stems when they remain on flax for a long time, when the stems have not yet turned into trusta. Keeping the stems on the stubble at subzero temperatures significantly reduces the number of microorganisms that affect the destruction of cellulose in flax fiber.

Cleaning the resulting trust after the snow has melted on the flax field and the soil is ready for the movement of harvesting machines, simplifies the cleaning, namely, it allows you to use trust cleaning in the form of rolls or bales using an expanded range of equipment. In addition, cleaning after the snow melts and the soil is ready for the movement of harvesting machines allows you to reduce the moisture content of the trust and improve its quality during its subsequent processing.

The proposed method is carried out as follows. In autumn, when the flax stems reach biological ripeness, at which the quality of the seeds is the best, the flax stems are harvested. After cutting the flax, stubble remains on the field, the height of which depends on a number of factors: the evenness of the surface of the area on which the flax is grown, the degree of lodging of the flax, etc. The harvesting process can be carried out using, for example, a combine harvester equipped with a cutting device [4]. Next, the cut sections of the stems, together with the seed pods, enter a processing zone, for example, found in a grain combine.

Once in the processing zone, sections of the stems are subjected to a combination of mechanical effects on the tangled stem mass to produce raw material in the form of partially flattened and shortened in length, with wood partially removed from the sections of the stems. With such influences, seed pods will also be separated in the processing zone, which at a subsequent stage are separated from the raw material from the stems. To separate the seed component and tangled sections of stems in the form of raw material, the mixture (stems and seeds) is separated in the processing zone, namely at the second stage. As a result, fractions of tangled sections of raw stems and clogged seeds are obtained. A fraction of tangled sections of raw stems is separated from the processing zone and placed (falls) on the stubble in the form of a layer.

From the moment a layer of raw stems is found on the stubble, the process of obtaining trust begins due to the influence of a combination of microorganisms on the stems, primarily fungal microflora. However, in late autumn or during periods of insufficient moisture, the process of obtaining trust at positive temperatures until the proper quality is ensured is delayed and does not reach completion. During this period, flax stalks, in addition to the trusts not being ready, turn out to be difficult to remove from the field due to bad weather. Therefore, the process of obtaining trust continues to be implemented, but less intensively at negative temperatures, even under snow cover. However, the location of the raw layer on the stubble without contact with the soil eliminates the biological destruction of the fiber. When the period comes when the snow disappears from the flax field and the soil becomes ready for harvesting machines to move across it, the trusts begin harvesting. Trusts are harvested in the form of rolls or bales using standard equipment.

The proposed method for obtaining flax trust allows its use in the production of selective flax varieties that have a long growing season until the biological ripeness of the seeds is achieved. The method does not require significant implementation costs compared to standard flax harvesting technology, and during its implementation it is possible to use other equipment, for example, grain harvesting, which provides harvesting of stems. Taking into account these circumstances, the method ensures an increase in the quality of the trust based on the preservation of the technological value of the fiber.

Information sources

1. A.N. Marchenko et al. "Technology for manufacturing fiber flax in the Tver region." Practical guide. Department for Socio-Economic Development of Rural Affairs, 1998. - p. 47.

2. RF Patent No. 1692348 “Method of preparing trust”, authors: Kovalev M.M., Mukhin V.V. - Publ. November 23, 1991

3. RF Patent No. 2236112 “Method for the production of fiber flax”, authors: Zhivetin V.V., Chernikov V.G., Ginzburg L.N., Kocharov S.A., Uvarov A.A. - Publ. September 20, 2004

4. Trubilin E.I., Ablikov V.A. Machines for harvesting agricultural crops (designs, theory and calculations): Textbook. village - 2nd ed. reworked and additional - KSAU, Krasnodar, 2010 - 325 p.

5. Fiber flax. Ed. Trusha M.M. M.: Kolos, 1976. - 352 p.

Claims (1)

A method for producing flax trust, including harvesting flax with the formation of stubble and separating seeds from the stems, spreading the mown sections of the stems into a strip on the stubble to obtain trust with its subsequent harvesting from the field, characterized in that the flax harvest is carried out in the phase of its biological ripeness, processing of the mown plots are carried out in stages - at the first stage by threshing the tangled stem mass to obtain raw material in the form of stems partially flattened and shortened in length, at the second stage of processing by separation to obtain fractions of tangled sections of raw stems and clogged seeds, tangled sections of raw stems are spread in the form of a layer on stubble, the production of trusts is carried out at positive and negative air temperatures, and the resulting trust is harvested after the snow on the flax has melted and the soil is ready for the movement of harvesting machines.