RU2063673C1 - Method for harvesting row-planted beans - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture. SUBSTANCE: method involves ridging plants in rows and mowing plants along ridges and simultaneously picking mown plant mass or upon mowing; feeding mown plant mass for threshing; drying off mown plant mass by active ventilation unit prior to threshing. EFFECT: increased efficiency by reduced yield loss and improved quality of product.

Description

 The invention relates to methods for harvesting crops, in particular beans.

 There is a separate method for harvesting beans, described in the book - Legumes in intensive farming (V.P. Orlov, A.P. Isaev, S.I. Losev and others. Comp. V.P. Orlov. M. Agropromizdat, 1986. P.149-151. Its essence consists in foaming the beans stalks that have reached technological maturity when 60-80% of beans are ripened and the plants are discarded by leaves, using the FA-4M bean harvester and laying the mass in rolls. After the mown mass is dried, when the seeds reach moisture 16 -18% make selection and threshing of rolls with combine harvesters SK-5, Niva, Sibiryak with a picker ami.

 However, a separate way to harvest beans that is recommended for production is unreliable. Harvest of beans occurs at the end of summer, autumn, when the weather is often unstable. It is not always possible to dry the rolls at this time in the field with occasional rainfall. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the plant mass is located directly on the soil, because the plants are pulled out with the root and no stubble remains. That is why in rainy weather the bean rolls are fed with moisture from below and above and rot, production spoilage or complete loss of grain harvest occurs.

 Since the rolls lie on the soil loosened by a bean harvesting machine, part of it is captured during selection along with the mass of plants and fed to threshing. In addition, partially the soil is stored on the roots of the plants in the form of lumps and also falls into the bunker of the combine with grain. As a result, in the heap of beans, the soil content reaches 10-20%. It is not possible to completely clear the grain from soil lumps on grain cleaning machines, since some of them are identical in diameter and shape to the beans. As a result, the harvested grain is non-marketable.

 Attempts to carry out separate harvesting of beans using bean harvesters ZhRB-4.2 on mowing into rolls without any modernization also do not solve the problem. These reapers provide a cut height of bean plants at the level of 8-10 cm, while up to 50% of the beans are located in this zone. As a result, a significant portion of the beans remain uncut or cut in half. At the same time, grain losses reach 40-50% of the crop. In addition, the stubble, as it is in crops, is absent. Beans are sown in a wide-row method with 45 cm row spacing and therefore the mowed mass, as in the case of a bean harvester, lies almost completely on the soil, which leads to spoilage or loss of crop in case of rainy weather.

 Due to the insufficiently low cut of plants, it is also unacceptable to harvest beans directly with modern combines.

 The aim of the invention is to reduce the loss of grain yield of beans, improving the quality of marketable products.

 The goal is achieved by the fact that the bean plants sown in rows are rolled up in rows, mowed and the mowed crop is threshing, drying this mass before threshing, the plants are mowed along the ridges, and the mowed crop is dried before threshing at the plant - ventilation, while the mown crop is selected simultaneously with or after mowing.

 The method is as follows. After the first spring harrowing, the field under the beans is carefully leveled. Sowing is carried out according to generally accepted technology in a wide-row way with a row spacing of 45 cm in optimal time for beans. Using conventional technology, three inter-row treatments are usually carried out. The first after the emergence of shoots with razor paws, the second 7-10 days after the first lancet paws. The third treatment, which is usually carried out by lancet paws, is replaced in our method by podoccuping plants in rows. Hilling is carried out by lancet paws with a working width of 230 mm before closing the plants in rows. It is impossible to spud earlier than this time, because the plants are still small and there is a danger of falling asleep with their soil. It is also impossible to be late with this agro-reception, since then the rows are closed in the row-spacing and during the inter-row processing the plants can be damaged. During the treatment period, the height of the ridges from the bottom of the furrow to the top reaches 12-13 cm on medium-connected chernozem soils. By the time of harvesting, the ridges have a height of 8-10 cm.

 Carrying out the above operation, namely, hilling plants in rows, provides high quality mowing, a minimum cutting height and a stable mowing process.

 Bean mowing is carried out with a serial bean header ЖРБ-4,2 along the rows, while the cutting apparatus has minimal contact with the soil surface only at the top of the ridges. This is approximately 1.3-1.4 part of the total area of contact with the soil. The high quality of the kosovitsa is also facilitated by faster drying of the soil at the tops of the ridges.

 Mowed plant mass, in contrast to the now accepted separate method of harvesting, is placed in the rolls only for a short time. Immediately upon completion of mowing, the rolls are picked up with loading into the vehicle. The selection of rolls is carried out by pick-up loaders used in haymaking. The loading of plant mass can be carried out simultaneously with mowing. After loading, the mass is placed in a stack on the installation of active ventilation (UVS-16). The height of the stack can reach seven meters. The stack may be directly in the field. In this case, it is covered with a film to protect it from rain. The stacking of the mass in the stack is carried out by PF-0.5 front-end loaders. Drying is carried out by active ventilation to a seed moisture of 14-15%. Then, the dried mass is threshed with an ordinary combine with a threshing drum operating at 400-600 rpm.

 A production test of the proposed method in the Livonsky district of the Oryol region in 1993 on an area of 17 hectares showed its reliability and simplicity. Loss of grain during harvesting amounted to 11.5% of the level of biological yield.

Claims (1)

 A method of harvesting beans planted in rows, including mowing plants and feeding the mowed plant mass for threshing, and this mass is dried before threshing, characterized in that the plants in the rows are spun and the mowing of plants is carried out along the ridges, and the mowed plant mass is dried before threshing at the plant active ventilation, while the mown crop is selected simultaneously with mowing or after it.