RU2805319C1 - Energy-efficient seedling greenhouse for small businesses - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention can be used for growing seedlings of vegetable crops in greenhouses. The greenhouse comprises containers for seedlings on racks. Heat-reflecting screens made of cellular polycarbonate sheets are fixed to the longitudinal sides and ends of the racks, the top of which is flush with the top of the grown plants. A heat-reflecting metallized film is fixed on the lower part of the polycarbonate sheets, from the inside to the level of the rack flooring. Water heating pipes are installed under the racks, and the flooring of the racks is made of planks and is sparse.

EFFECT: invention allows to reduce energy costs during the period of growing seedlings or low-growing vegetable crops on racks in small farms.

1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used for growing vegetable seedlings in closed ground.

It is known that when growing seedlings of main vegetable crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, eggplants), the normalized air temperature in the greenhouse, depending on the crop being grown and the time of day, can vary within 17-30 ° C (RD-APK1.10.09.01- 14 Methodological recommendations for the technological design of greenhouses and greenhouse complexes for growing vegetables, Table 8) [1], which causes significant heat losses from the cultivation structure during the cold period.

It is known that to obtain seedlings, various growing means can be used, for example, pots made of polymeric materials or high-moor peat filled with substrate; peat cubes or factory-made peat blocks (Vegetable growing: Textbook / Edited by V.P. Kotov, N.A. Adritskaya. 2nd ed., ster. - St. Petersburg: Lan Publishing House, 2017. - 496 p. ) [2].

There is a known standard design for winter greenhouses, in which tomato and cucumber seedlings are grown in substrate cubes on the floor in two seedling compartments. The seedling compartments are equipped with pipeline circuits for subsoil (under the seedlings) and above-ground heating, ensuring the air temperature in them within the range of 17-23 ° C (Typical project 810-1-35.90 Winter greenhouse with a span of 18 m and an area of 3 hectares. Album 1 part 1. Explanatory note part TX1 pp. 1-5.) [3]. A significant disadvantage of the floor-based system for growing seedlings is the large one-time costs of installing a water heating system (subsoil and above-ground heating of plants) and operating costs for heating. For a seedling greenhouse in small businesses, such a technological solution is not rational.

It is known to use in greenhouses lines for the industrial cultivation of seedlings of various crops using the hydroponics method on single-tier racks in pots with substrate, cassettes and mineral wool cubes (Lines for industrial cultivation of seedlings - AGROTIP: https://agrotip.ru) [4]. For small businesses, the use of such seedling greenhouses is unacceptable due to the required complex engineering equipment and significant costs for heating the greenhouse.

A multi-tiered hydroponic installation for growing plants in greenhouse trays under artificial lighting is known (RF patent No. 2045889) [5].

The use of such hydroponic installations is not rational for growing plants in small forms of farming due to the complexity of the technical solution, as well as the required significant one-time costs and operating costs due to the following:

- high consumption of steel for the frame and trays;

- artificial lighting of plants requires significant energy costs;

- in addition to maintaining a certain temperature of the solution in the trays, heating of the entire greenhouse is necessary.

- the hydroponic method of growing plants requires the use of expensive special nutrient solutions, equipment for their preparation, heating the solution, supplying it to the plants, and monitoring the solution parameters;

- low product yield, as noted by the author of the patent.

All of the above factors can make it economically unfeasible to grow plants in such setups. You can also note the difficulty of caring for plants on the upper tier of the installation.

A device for heating and moistening the soil in a greenhouse is known, intended, among other things, for growing early plants, vegetables and flowers, RF Patent No. 201297 [6].

The main disadvantage of the proposed technical solution is the impossibility of growing early plants (in particular, vegetable crops) using only subsoil heating. In accordance with [1, table. 7] for growing vegetable crops, different optimal soil temperatures are required, varying from 15 to 24°C and avoiding damage to the plant root system. Consequently, the air entering the air duct, taking into account heat loss, should have a temperature 10-15 ° C higher than the required ground temperature. This temperature will not be enough to heat the greenhouse and develop plants. In accordance with the description of the device, the air heated by the heat exchanger rises to the upper part of the greenhouse, but the plant zone will be in a low-temperature environment, unfavorable for their growth. Consequently, the greenhouse must provide not only a concentrated release of warm air, but also a dispersed one over the area of the greenhouse, providing a temperature that is comfortable for the plants.

For example, in practice, when installing subsoil air heating in film greenhouses, the temperature of the air circulating under the plants in asbestos-cement pipes is approximately 35-40°C. In this case, above-ground heating is also used to ensure the technologically required temperature in the plant growth zone.

The frame of a protective cap for covering plants is known (RF patent 98324) [7]. The device is designed to cover seedlings that have already been grown and planted in the ground.

A device for growing seedlings of flower plants in greenhouses is known (RF patent 2723191) [8]. The disadvantage of the proposed invention is the complexity of the design of the device and its maintenance (to maintain the humidity of the substrate and air, it is enough to cover the containers with planted flower seeds with a thin transparent film).

A device for growing plants is known, containing a two-layer coating and arches supporting it, beds fenced with shields with a heat-accumulating layer, a compost box and other elements (RF patent 2530936) [9]. Subsoil heating of the beds and arched structure is provided by the circulation of internal air, heated as it passes through self-heated compost. Such a device is unsuitable for growing plants due to the fact that when the compost self-heats (and it must be quickly heated compost - from horse manure, straw with chicken droppings or urea, and the initial mass must be at least 0.5 tons), ammonia will be released , hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen oxides, which will ruin the plants being grown.

A multi-tiered light installation is known for growing pre-basic healthy seed potatoes and other agricultural products (RF patent 2258352) [10]. The installation is technically complex and energy-consuming; a heated room is required for its placement. Using a plant for growing seedlings in small farms is not practical.

A device is known for growing plants, including vegetables in the cold season, in personal and garden plots (RF patent 2001554) [11]. The device is designed in the form of a greenhouse with a film cover over a wire frame, while in the greenhouse there are horizontal chambers for supplying water, mineral fertilizers and carbon dioxide, as well as a heating element and lighting lamps. The use of a device for growing seedlings in small forms of farming is inappropriate for the following reasons: it may be destroyed in the cold season during snowfall; additionally, equipment is needed to supply water, mineral fertilizer solutions, and carbon dioxide to the root system of plants, and the water and solutions must be magnetized; The chambers used in the device for supplying solutions and carbon dioxide to the root system of plants are not produced by the domestic industry.

A device for growing seedlings is known, consisting of a sealed container with a hatch through which seedlings are placed into the container and which is closed with a removable panel on which systems for supplying and controlling gas pressure are mounted; inside the container on the walls and ribs there is a reflective coating made of blue and blue foil strips red (RF patent 2616778) [12]. The disadvantages of the device include the complexity of its manufacture and the small number of grown seedlings.

The closest to the invention in technical essence is a frame greenhouse (adopted as a prototype) with a water heating system for cultivation racks, consisting of a boiler, a pressure tank and water heating pipes located along the walls of the structure (Kashin SP. Greenhouses and greenhouses. LitRes Publishing House. 2013. 215 pp., Fig. 35) [13].

The disadvantage of the proposed technical solution is the provided heating of the entire greenhouse, which causes significant heat losses during the cold season.

The objective of the proposed invention is to reduce energy costs during the period of growing seedlings or low-growing vegetable crops on racks in small farms.

The technical result of the proposed invention is that for growing vegetable seedlings in closed ground, only local heating of cultivation racks is used, in which heated air from the under-rack space flows through the rarefied flooring of the rack to the plants, creating the microclimate necessary for their development.

The set task and the technical result are achieved due to the fact that heat-reflecting screens made of cellular polycarbonate sheets are attached to the longitudinal sides and ends of the racks, the top of which is located flush with the top of the grown plants; a heat-reflecting metallized film is attached to the bottom of the polycarbonate sheets from the inside to the level of the rack flooring, under the racks there are water heating pipes, and the flooring of the racks is made of sparse planks.

The invention is illustrated by the drawing, where in FIG. a cross-section of the developed greenhouse is presented, which shows: 1 - metal frame of the greenhouse; 2 - translucent roofing made of cellular polycarbonate sheets; 3 - a rack made of wood or metal, the width and height of which are taken from the condition of the possibility of two-way service; 4 - water heating pipe; 5 - heat-reflecting screen made of cellular polycarbonate sheets 8-10 mm thick, on the lower part of which, from the inside to the level of the shelving flooring, there is a metallized film that reflects heat under the root system of plants, and the over-shelf part of the sheets is made translucent to allow light to pass to the plants, while it also serves as a heat-reflecting screen; 6 - containers with grown plants.

Construction of the greenhouse begins with the installation of a metal frame 1, followed by the installation of a translucent roof 2 made of cellular polycarbonate sheets. Then water heating is installed (water heating pipe 4), which should be located above the floor of the greenhouse along the axes of the future location of the racks 3. Wooden or metal racks 3 are installed, on the frames of which sparse plank wooden flooring is laid to accommodate containers 6 with grown plants, through the gaps in through which warm air will pass from the heated under-rack space. Then, cellular polycarbonate sheets are attached to the longitudinal sides and ends of each rack 3, forming a heat-reflecting screen 5 and forming a closed shelving space. Previously, a metallized film is glued to the lower part of the cellular polycarbonate sheets from the side of the under-rack space to reflect heat to the level of the flooring of rack 3.

To prevent seedlings from stretching out during short daylight hours, it is possible to use linear-type phytolamps attached to the top of cellular polycarbonate sheets or suspended from a greenhouse drawer.

The proposed greenhouse design makes it possible to reduce energy costs during the period of growing seedlings or low-growing vegetable crops on racks in small farms.

Claims (1)

A greenhouse for growing seedlings and low-growing vegetable crops in containers on racks, characterized by the fact that heat-reflecting screens made of cellular polycarbonate sheets are attached to the longitudinal sides and ends of the racks, the top of which is located flush with the top of the grown plants, and on the bottom of the polycarbonate sheets, on the inside A heat-reflecting metallized film is fixed to the level of the rack flooring, while water heating pipes are installed under the racks, and the rack floorings are made of sparse planks.

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