RU2798289C1 - Method for stimulation of grapes on gray forest soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: viticulture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes the operations of forming planting holes with a mechanical drill and planting seedlings. Fertilizers are used for foliar feeding: complex liquid preparations in a tank mixture with a consumption rate of Epin - 0.6 ml/5 l of water, Azotovit - 30 ml + Phosphatovit - 30 ml, making up a suspension of 60 ml/5 l of water, for spraying together with Thanos - 6 g of powder/5 l of water. The resulting working fluid with a flow rate of 15 liters of water is treated with 100 m² plantings of grapes. Plants are treated in three doses: in the spring the first is preventive, the second is carried out at the beginning of the grape inflorescence phase, the third is carried out at the end of flowering with an interval of 12-14 days.

EFFECT: increase in the yield of grapes on gray forest soils.

1 cl, 3 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used in viticulture when growing grapes on gray forest soils.

At present, due to organizational and economic reasons, the introduction of the main types of fertilizers is not systemic.

The action of complex foliar fertilizers and fertigators in foliar feeding is based on the rapid inclusion in the metabolism of the main NPK nutrients and their effect on key metabolic processes.

It should be noted that both in Russia and abroad, the attitude towards foliar feeding is still far from unambiguous. In the world-famous agrarian publication "Neww AG International", (June - July 2011, p. 68) an article "The role of foliar nutrition in modern agricultural systems" was published. It notes the following: “Foliar nutrition as an agricultural practice is 167 years old, but we are only now beginning to understand it,” said Vatren Yurin, technical director of Brandt (USA). It is an important component in modern agricultural production systems.

Foliar feeding even with a small amount of material has a significant economic effect on yield and quality. This fertilizer is especially necessary to take into account the use of microfertilizers in the form of foliar top dressing during the growing season of grape plants. Doses of micronutrient fertilizers vary depending on the provision of soils with microelements in digestible forms, the response of varieties to their individual types, and the intended use of products.

The use of foliar (leaf) top dressings in modern agricultural technologies (at least 3-4), photosynthesis is activated and favorable conditions are created for the formation and production of a full-fledged commercial harvest of grapes of the required conditions.

Research on the effectiveness of fertilizers, in particular vineyard fertilizers, is currently relevant, and in the future will be in demand in general.

It should also be noted that the protection of grapes from pests and diseases is an indispensable part of the entire complex of agrotechnical measures for growing grapes.

This is also important for the combination of the joint application of fertilizers and dressings. In science and practice, fungicidal and growth-regulating drugs for other crops are known. However, these preparations with growth-regulatory activity have not been sufficiently studied in the cultivation of grapes on the effect of micronutrient fertilizers in the form of foliar dressings on the yield of grapes in conditions of gray forest soils, as well as their action on a specific selected grape variety in combination with the preparations proposed below with a tank mixture.

A grape plant, as a perennial crop, annually extracts nutrients from the soil for its growth, development and crop formation. For normal life, it needs both macroelements, of which the most significant are nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, calcium, etc., and microelements: boron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, etc.

Briefly, the role of each nutrition is of great importance.

Foliar top dressings are highly soluble in water, the content of all the necessary trace elements, their ratio ensures compliance with the development phase. In addition, this is the convenience of using drugs and their compatibility in solutions, thereby speeding up and reducing the cost of processing grape plants.

It is tank mixes and the use of growth stimulants in the vineyard that make it possible to provide fodder top dressing from complex chelated fertilizers throughout the growing season. The composition of these mixtures can be varied by selecting different ingredients depending on the phase of vegetation in plant development. The use of tank mixes from soluble biological products is useful throughout the growing season, vine bushes come to life and get good development. The preparations proposed below increase the yield and its quality, are compatible with many fungicides (drugs for diseases), accelerate the ripening of the crop at given consumption rates, and the frequency of processing during the growing season.

A known method of planting vine seedlings, mainly on the skeletal soils of mountain terraces, includes obtaining a seedling by air layering, forming a planting hole and planting a seedling with soil, in order to obtain a powerful root system in seedlings, layering is separated leaving a two- or three-eyed stump under the rooting zone, and when forming a planting pit along its central axis, an additional hole is created in which a two-three-eyed stump is placed, and the hole is sealed with draining material to the area where the main mass of the roots is located (SU No. 1376981, A01G 17/00 of 29.02.1988).

There is a known method of planting plants on moderately saline soils, it also refers to viticulture when laying vine plantations, including plowing, applying organic fertilizers, planting planting material in prepared depressions and watering, in order to increase plant survival, before planting planting material on the inner surface of each deepening by spraying, a latex film with a thickness of 0.25 to 1.0 mm is applied and these deepenings are filled with chernozem with simultaneous planting of the material, and in the process of plant rooting, the soil moisture in the deepenings is maintained at the level of 75-100% of the maximum field moisture capacity (SU No. 1449043, А01В 79/02 of 01/07/1989).

There is a known method of introducing biologically active substances into the soil, moved from the rows to the middle of the row spacing (Malykh G.P., Kerimov V.C. The influence of doses of macro- and micro-fertilizers on the survival rate, growth, development and productivity of grapes on chestnut soils // Fruit growing and viticulture of the South Russia, Krasnodar, No. 42(6) 11/15/2016, pp. 88-103).

In all the methods discussed above, fertilizers are applied finely, numerous tractor passes are made, the soil is compacted to the entire depth of the plantation, which leads to a sharp reduction in active roots in the fertilizer application zone, which negatively affects the productivity of the vineyard.

A similar method of applying mineral fertilizers in vineyards on carbonate soils is known (SU No. 1480779, A01B 79/02 of 23.05.1989).

In accordance with the method under consideration, in the fall (October-November), after harvesting the grapes, fertilizers are applied by the local-tape method separately: phosphorus - to a depth of 0.2-0.3 m in the zone of the lowest carbonate content, and a mixture of nitrogen-potassium - to a depth of 0 ,5-0.6 m. When using fertilizers in the fall, phosphate fertilizers are applied immediately after nitrogen-potassium fertilizers.

However, this method of applying mineral fertilizers is used only on carbonate soils and is not suitable for gray forest soils. Moreover, if we take into account this set of essential features of the known analogue, in addition to the formation of planting pits with drilling to a certain depth of planting seedlings, then in fact the proposed solution has no analogues, and perhaps when considering the new proposal of the authors, the claims could be drawn up, without dividing into restrictive and distinctive parts. However, in this proposal, the inventors proceeded at the initial stage of considering the cultivation of plants, they still need to be planted in a hole, despite the difference in the generic concept as a whole, and he does not consider and does not confirm in the study of the effect on plants of grape varieties spraying a tank mixture of microfertilizers as extra-feed top dressings based on selected grape varieties and studies proposed for this region on gray forest soils, and there is no assessment of the role of new drugs in obtaining evidence in a balanced composition for microelements, parameters of accumulation of foliar top dressings in a mixture for growing a vineyard.

At the same time, the relevance of the proposed work, in the development of highly productive technologies using foliar top dressing for grapes with microfertilizers, the preparations proposed below for conditions of gray forest soils, namely, the Ryazan region, requires a special methodology for studying studies on forest soil: determining the optimal foliar top dressing with micronutrient fertilizers, identifying the formation grape harvest varieties: Pervenets Amur, Krasa Severa, Palanga. Hence, it should also be noted that the introduction of new drugs into agricultural production and the impact of extra-feed top dressing is one of the priority areas for the development of environmentally friendly and resource-saving technologies. The study of the effect of microfertilizers as fodder dressings, based in particular on the main grape varieties proposed for this region, is a new study of viticulture.

Variety "Amur's Firstborn" is a wine grape variety. Received at the Nizhne-Volzhsky Research Institute of Agriculture in 1983-1986. Medium maturity. Winter hardiness is high, withstands frosts down to minus 46 ° C, it is not covered for the winter. Leaves of medium size, slightly dissected, drooping on the lower side, weak sparse, along the veins, bristly. The bunch is below average - 170 g, cylindrical shape, medium density. The stem of the bunch is of medium length and thickness. The berries are small, rounded, black. The berries contain small seeds. The taste is simple. The yield is high. Resistant to diseases and pests.

Variety "Beauty of the North" grapes. The variety was bred at the end of the 70s of the last century in the Central Genetic Laboratory. I.V. Michurin in Michurinsk, Tambov region. The grape variety is an early ripening variety. The duration of vegetation is 110-120 days. Vigorous, productive. Clusters are large from 400-500 g to 800 g, conical, branched, loose and medium density. The berries are large, rounded with a tan in the sun. The taste is simple and pleasant. Sugar content 15-17%, acidity 5-6 g/l. Shoots survive well. Resistant against fungal diseases 3-3.5 points. Frost resistance - 26°C. Good awakening of the kidneys, good maturation of the shoots. Berries can hang until frost. Gives a stable harvest.

Variety "Palanga" is a universal grape variety of Lithuanian selection. Early ripening period 115-120 days. In the conditions of Ryazan, it ripens in early August. Bushes of great vigor. The clusters are medium, 280-310 g, conical, sloping. The berries are medium, weighing 2.7-3.0 g, round or slightly oval, greenish-pink. The pulp is juicy, slightly mucous, taste with an unobtrusive aroma.

The objective of the invention is the use of combined processing for foliar feeding of grapes and the effect of microfertilizers with a biostimulating effect on gray forest soils, which contribute to the effective use of grape varieties to obtain high yields.

The problem is solved using the proposed method. The proposed method for stimulating foliar feeding on gray forest soils, including operations for the formation of planting pits with a mechanical drill, planting seedlings, according to the invention, fertilizers are used for foliar feeding with complex liquid preparations in the tank mixture with a consumption rate of Epin - 0.6 ml / 5 l of water, Azotovit - 30 ml + Phosphatovit - 30 ml of suspension component 60 ml / 5 l of water for spraying together with Thanos 6 g of powder / 5 l of water, the resulting working fluid consumption in the amount of 15 l of water is treated with 100 m of plantings of grapes, while the plants are treated in three doses: the first is preventive in the spring, the second is carried out at the beginning of the grape inflorescence phase, the third is carried out at the end of flowering with an interval of 12-14 days.

The studies were carried out in the field conditions of the experimental plot of the Rybnovsky district of the Ryazan region of the Russian Federation on gray forest soils. Gray forest soils are typical for the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia; according to the combination of morphological features, they occupy a transitional position from the soddy-podzolic soils of the southern taiga subzone to the chernozem soils of the forest-steppe.

Example. Morpho-genetic structure of the soil profile.

The main agronomic indicators of gray forest soils of the experimental plot are given in Table. 1.

Agrochemical analysis of the soil under the grapes was carried out by the Federal State Institution "Station of the Agrochemical Service" Ryazanskaya ".

Determination of mobile phosphates and potassium was carried out according to the Chirikov method in the modification of TsINAO (GOST 26204-84. Soils. Determination of mobile phosphates and potassium according to the Chirikov method in the modification of TsINAO - M.: Publishing house of standards, 1992. - k.s.).

The content of organic matter was determined by the method of I.V. Tyurin in the modification of TsINAO (GOST 26213-84. Soils. Methods for determining organic matter. - M.: Publishing House of Standards, 1992. - 6 p.).

It should be noted that the content of humus in the soil does not exceed 3.3%, its largest amount was in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, and it decreased with depth.

The supply of these soils with mobile compounds of phosphorus (P ₂ 0 ₅ ) and potassium (K ₂ 0) in the plow horizon was increased, since the P2O5 compound varied in soil layers in the range from 10.5 to 14.6 mg/100 g of soil, and K ₂ 0 - 14.1 to 15.6 mg / 100 g of soil. The reaction of the soil environment is slightly acidic. The main agrophysical indicators of gray forest soils of the experimental plot are shown in Table 2.

Studies have shown that the agrophysical indicators of the fertility of the experimental plot were at the level of acceptable values for this type of soil. Characteristics of the microbiological fertilizer preparations studied in the experiment:

Epin is an anti-stress hormonal drug. Its hormones support the normal immune system of plants, especially in stressful situations of low temperatures, frosts, floods, drought, diseases, etc.

It is important that an artificially created analogue of a natural plant biostimulant, an adaptogen with a pronounced anti-stress effect. It activates its own protective functions of plants, developing their immunity to an aggressive environment (as noted above).

According to the declared characteristics, manufacturers guarantee, when processed with Epin, a significant acceleration of fruit crops, seedlings and cuttings; stimulating the development of the root system of plants; accelerated fruit ripening and increased yields; the development of plant immunity to diseases and pests, protection from stress under adverse weather conditions (temperature changes, frost, heat, heavy rainfall, etc.)), as well as stimulating the formation of shoots in old plants; reduction in the content of nitrates, pesticides and heavy metals in fruits. Moreover, the emphasis is on the balanced content of it in the tank mixture with other drugs, which were carried out in the prepared solution at a dose of 0.6 ml/5 l of water as part of the tank mixture for spraying.

Getting on the surface of the leaf, the batteries of the preparation of the tank mixture with other preparations penetrate into the plant, thereby stimulating the processes during the first hour actively against forms of phytopathogens resistant to acylalanines. The mechanism of action is the suppression of sporulation of fungi by inhibiting RNA biosynthesis in their cells (the intercellular space of the plant).

Azotovit and Phosphatovit - used together. The maximum effect is achieved when used together. They are compatible in tank mixtures with the proposed drugs noted in the materials of the proposal of the invention of the authors. The consumption rate for the tank mixture is at a dose of Azotovit - 30 ml + Phosphatovit - 30 ml, which will total a suspension of 60 ml / 5 l of water in the composition of the tank mixture for spraying.

Microbiological preparations Azotovit and Phosphatovit have passed all the necessary tests, have state registration (State Registration Certificate No. 1085 and "1086" issued by the Federal Service for Veterinary and Phyton Supervision) and are approved for use on the territory of the Russian Federation.

These are new, original and the only microbiological fertilizers in Russia that provide plants with the main elements of mineral nutrition (NPK).

Azotovit and Phosphatovit contribute to the development of the vegetative system (leaf, stem, inflorescence); increases productivity; has a fungicidal property, inhibits the spread and development of fungal diseases, such as common scab, rhizoctonia, etc. The bacteria that make up the fertilizer Azotovit and Phosphatovit belong to the group of nitrogen fixers. With their help, atmospheric nitrogen passes into a bound state, and they also release biologically active substances into the soil, synthesize a wide range of vitamins, and produce antibiotics that suppress the activity of pathogenic microflora. When using Azotovit and Phosphatovit together, the best result for growing plants is achieved. At the same time, the function of nutrition is performed - the maximum effect is achieved in providing plants with bioavailable formats: nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); protection function - the soil is healed due to the fact that beneficial bacteria fight the development of phytopathogens; growth stimulation function - a number of biologically active substances are produced that ensure healthy growth and dynamic development of plants, which accelerates the processes of flowering and fruiting.

In the experiment, it is proposed to use a tank mixture of drugs with a consumption rate of Epin - 0.6 ml / 5 l of water, Azotovit - 30 ml + Phosphatovit - 30 ml of a suspension component of 60 ml / 5 l of water for spraying together with Thanos 6 g of powder / 5 l of water , obtained by the flow rate of the working fluid in the amount of 15 liters of water, 100 m2 of grape plantings are treated. The duration of this protective drug is from 4 to 6 days. Thanos is a systemic fungicide with preventive, curative and anti-spore-forming properties to combat late blight and algernaria of agricultural and fruit crops. It is also used in complex tank mix. It should be noted its ideal fertilizer, in which two active ingredients take place: famoxadone and cymoxanail - this is the Thanos fungicide. They complement each other together in their mechanism of action. It is noted by their composition, the consumption rate of Thanos is 0.04 g / m ² . Famoxadone acts on the pathogen at very low concentrations and is one of the most potent inhibitors of fungal enzymes known in plant protection products. Active ingredient: famoxadone - 250 g/kg and cymoxanil - 250 g/kg. Preparative form: water-dispersible granules.

Mechanism of action: famoxadone acts mainly as a contact and protective and protective substance, preventing the differentiation of sporangia into zoospores; Cymoxanil, due to its translaminar properties, controls pathogens from the underside of the leaf as well. Cymoxanil is redistributed within the leaf (locally-systemically), which makes it possible to compensate for the incomplete coverage of the leaf surface.

Cymoxanil inhibits a wide variety of fungal cellular mechanisms and is rapidly degraded in plants, reducing the likelihood of resistance in pathogens.

Cymoxanil has systemic and medicinal properties to block mycemic growth and sporulation.

It should be noted, therefore, in general, the drug Thanos acts at all stages of pathogen development.

The dose of the drug in the tank mixture is 6 g of powder, dissolved in 5 liters of water.

Thus, the total consumption of the working fluid of the preparations in the tank mixture of the liquid solution - 15 ml / 5 l of water or 15 liters of the solution is treated per 100 m of grape plantings.

Agrotechnical measures for the cultivation of grapes were carried out in accordance with the existing zonal recommendations, carried out when creating planting pits with a mechanical drill. Planting of seedlings is carried out in the spring, for which planting pits 1.2 m deep are drilled, seedlings are introduced into the pit so that the heel of the root system is located at a depth of 0.6 m. The roots are straightened in the pit and covered with earth, watered to compress the root system with soil and pour earth to the top of the pit. During the growing season, agrotechnical measures are taken to care for plantations adopted in viticulture.

The application of organomineral fertilizers during planting is carried out only at an early stage of plant growth to an adult when fruiting is achieved, and is recommended for soils that are poor in nutrient content and heavy in mechanical composition of soils. Care during the growing season of grape plants - spraying affects the use of foliar top dressing with multi-component liquid fertilizers. The results of experiments of adult plants below confirm the advantages of the proposed method and are given in table. 3.

Research results. The onset of the phenological phases of plants depended on the weather conditions of the year and the options for spraying grapes with the complex use of a tank mixture with micronutrient fertilizers.

Spraying (treatment) of the tank complex mixture was carried out in three steps: the first in the spring is prophylactic, the second is carried out at the beginning of the grape flowering phase, the third is carried out at the end of flowering with an interval of 12-14 days. Spraying was carried out with a knapsack sprayer.

In the process of research, an increase in the yield of grapes as a result of the complex use of the tank mixture was established. Microelements contained in the tank mixture of preparations fell on the surface of grape leaves and penetrated into the intercellular space of the plant without loss, which stimulated the photosynthetic activity of plants. Thus, the average maximum increase in grape fruits was revealed for the Palanga variety + 2.4 t/ha (+12.6%). In particular, the increase was noted for the Palanga variety in 2020, and amounted to + 4.1 t/ha.

The obtained yield analysis data for grape varieties are shown in Table 3.

As follows from the data given in table. 3, the use of a combined treatment with liquid microfertilizers increases the yield on all grape varieties in comparison with the untreated control.

In addition, the increase in grape fruits for the Palanga variety was maximum in 2020, and amounted to + 4.1 t/ha.

In studies, on variants using the drug Thanos, a decrease in the incidence of mildew was noted (on average, by 90%, rot by 96%).

Thus, foliar application, even with a small amount of combined treatment of preparations, compared with soil application, has a significantly higher economic result on grape yield and product quality, as well as reduce labor costs.

The action of combined foliar fertilizers and fertigators in some top dressings is based on the rapid inclusion of essential nutrients (NPK) in the metabolism and their effect on key metabolic processes.

The use of special fertilizer preparations by the method of foliar feeding during the growing season significantly reduces the number of days from bud break to full physiological ripeness for the proposed grape varieties by an average of 8-10 days compared to the control, for example, viticulture for Ryazan, the doses of which macronutrients in the tank mix provide them in digestible forms and their reactions for these grape varieties.

Claims (1)

A method for stimulating foliar feeding when growing grapes on gray forest soils, including the formation of planting pits with a mechanical drill, planting seedlings, characterized in that fertilizers are used for foliar feeding: complex liquid preparations in a tank mixture with a consumption rate of Epin - 0.6 ml / 5 l of water, Azotovit - 30 ml + Phosphatovit - 30 ml, constituting a suspension of 60 ml / 5 l of water, for spraying together with Thanos - 6 g of powder / 5 l of water, obtained with a working fluid with a total consumption of 15 l of water, treat 100 m ² planting grapes, while the plants are treated in three steps: the first in the spring is preventive, the second is carried out at the beginning of the grape inflorescence phase, the third is carried out at the end of flowering with an interval of 12-14 days.