RU2789343C1 - Compound feed for calves with camelina seed extrudate - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, animal husbandry, fodder production.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture, animal husbandry, fodder production and is intended for young cattle. Compound feed for calves includes extruded grain of barley, wheat, oats and corn, extruded seeds of camelina, a mineral source of calcium and phosphorus, table salt, taken in a certain ratio.

EFFECT: use of the invention will make it possible to optimize the energy and protein nutritional value of diets, to realize the genetic potential of the productivity of young cattle.

1 cl, 1 ex, 4 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the feed industry, namely to feed for calves. Compound feeds in the diets of calves of the dairy and transitional periods fulfill the task of suppliers of energy, mineral and biologically active substances, the early development of cicatricial digestion. Various types of high-protein and high-energy feed products are used in compound feeds, with the help of which the general nutritional value of animal diets is regulated.

The problem of protein nutrition in cattle diets is solved by using crops containing a significant amount of protein. To optimize the energy component in diets include various sources of fat, both vegetable and animal origin.

Currently, intensive scientific research is being carried out to determine the need for essential fatty acids, which are also an energy substrate [1, 2]. Essential fatty acids include a number of polyunsaturated fatty acids involved in animal metabolism. Acids of one class are easily converted to another. At the same time, the animal's body is not able to synthesize both classes from simpler substances, so all of them must be present in the feed, like trace elements. The most common fatty acids in fodder crops are linolenic, linoleic and oleic [3]. In the rumen of ruminants, these unsaturated acids, under the influence of microflora, are converted into saturated acids (stearic and palmitic), which are subsequently included in metabolic processes.

In this regard, of little use in fodder production is the oilseed camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) from the Brassicaceae family, since it is low-cost when grown, and the content of fatty acids in the seeds is diverse. The culture is resistant to drought, low temperatures, is not demanding on nutrients, therefore it gives a good harvest without irrigation, with a lower level of fertilizer. Camelina is more resistant to many pests and diseases than other plants in the Brassicaceae family and hence its production is environmentally friendly by reducing the use of herbicides and pesticides. In addition, the protein compounds of camelina seeds have a high biological value due to their amino acid composition, which includes all essential amino acids, including significant amounts of lysine and leucine, exceeding their content in other oilseeds and cereals [4].

Camelina seeds contain from 26 to 46% oil, which is characterized by a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including gondoic, linolenic and linoleic acids [5]. The content of erucic acid is low and amounts to 1.5-3.0%. Erucic acid, as well as glucosinolates (sulfur compounds), are found in various concentrations in oilseeds of the cruciferous family and are anti-nutritional substances, since they have a toxic effect on internal organs (heart, thyroid gland, digestive organs, kidneys, liver). According to the content of erucic acid, camelina oil meets the requirements for edible vegetable oils (not more than 5%) [6].

Known feed additive for animals and poultry, which uses meal from the seeds of camelina, obtained by the extraction method [7]. The specified additive is introduced into the diet of ruminants in an amount of up to 25% of the nutritional value of the feed.

Known feed additive for lactating cows, including camelina cake in the amount of 92%, which affects the increase in productivity and improvement of the nutritional characteristics of milk [8].

A known method of feeding first-calf heifers during the period of milking, including feeding animals camelina cake as part of feed in the amount of 22% of its weight [9].

It is known to use germinated camelina grain as part of a vitamin supplement for feeding farm animals and poultry, which is pre-soaked in electroactivated water [10].

However, all of the above additives do not use extruded camelina seeds. It is known that extrusion suppresses anti-nutritional compounds contained in camelina seeds [5]. It has been established that oil obtained from oilseeds after preliminary extrusion, in comparison with oil obtained by traditional technology, contains more tocopherols (a group of biologically active substances referred to as vitamin E), less phospholipids, free fatty acids and peroxides, which ensures longer product shelf life.

The closest in terms of the totality of features to the claimed invention is compound feed for young cattle, the recipe composition of which includes traditional components that form the basis of standard concentrated feed (compound feed) used in feeding calves [11], taken in the following ratios, wt.%: barley - 29.0; wheat - 15.0; corn - 25.0; oats -15.0; sunflower cake - 15.0; mineral source of calcium and phosphorus - 0.5; table salt - 0.5. The disadvantage of this composition is the presence of sunflower oil cake as a protein-energy component, since in order to achieve the required level of nutritional value of the feed in accordance with the recommended norms [11], this component must be introduced in an amount 3 times greater than the seeds of camelina sowing, which significantly affects economic indicators of production.

The objective of the invention is to expand the range of feed for calves from high-calorie vegetable raw materials, prepared, including, in the conditions of economic feed shops.

The technical result is achieved by including the extrudate of camelina seeds in the composition of compound feeds designed to optimize diets in terms of the concentration of metabolic energy and nutrients.

To solve this problem, a compound feed for calves is proposed, including separate extrusion of grain of barley, wheat, oats, corn, and then joint extrusion of seeds of camelina sowing in a mixture with extruded grain of barley, wheat, oats and corn, mixing the components and adding feed precipitate and common salt with the following ratio of components in wt.%: barley - 29.0; wheat-25.0; corn - 25.0; oats - 15.0; seeds of camelina sowing - 5.0; feed precipitate - 0.5; table salt - 0.5.

Chalk, bone meal, various mineral salts - monocalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, disodium phosphate, etc. are used to normalize the diets of animals in terms of the content of calcium and phosphorus. Feed phosphates differ from fertilizer ones in the absence of harmful impurities - fluorine compounds, arsenic, etc.

The grain mixture with camelina seeds is preliminarily subjected to moisture-thermal treatment in a press extruder. The extrusion is based on the process of heat treatment up to +200°С under pressure up to 40 atmospheres and mechanochemical deformation [12]. As a result, a swollen, porous product (extrudate) comes out of the extruder in the form of a bundle with a diameter of 20-30 mm, with a bulk density of 100-120 g/dm3 and a moisture content of 7-9%. As a result of extrusion, various aromatic substances are formed in the raw material, providing a pleasant smell, the sugar content, the rate of starch hydrolysis increase, some toxins and their producers are neutralized, which improves the sanitary condition of the feed.

Camelina seeds are extruded in a mixture with grain (barley, wheat, corn, oats) in a ratio of 1:4. Also, each type of grain is extruded separately (except for camelina seeds), then the extrudates and other feed components are mixed in the required proportion according to the recipe and simultaneously crushed in the feed mixer.

Example

The experiment was carried out on two groups of black-and-white calves (1 and 2) similar in origin, live weight, health status and genetic potential of productivity. The animals were fed according to the detailed feeding norms and the milk feed feeding scheme adopted in the farm. The calves were fed as part of the rations with compound feed prepared according to the recipes presented in Table 1.

The process of extruding the feed components was carried out in a KM3-2U extruder. To prepare 80 kg of compound feed for calves of the 2nd group, a mixture of camelina seeds and barley grains was extruded in a ratio of 1: 4 (in the amount of 16 kg) and separately for each type of grain crop (barley - 11.2 kg, wheat - 20 kg, corn - 20 kg, oats - 12 kg).

Mineral components were added to the extruded mixture of grain and seeds of camelina: feed precipitate - 0.4 kg; table salt - 0.4 kg. Mixing and grinding of compound feed components was carried out at the Doza compound feed plant, consisting of a hammer crusher with a receiving hopper, a vertical auger mixer, an electric drive and a control panel. Mixing time of all components in the mixer - up to 15 minutes. The unloading of the finished compound feed is carried out through the hatch into bags using a screw conveyor.

For calves of the 1st group, 80 kg of compound feed was prepared according to the standard recipe, consisting of a mixture of extruded grain (barley - 23.2 kg, wheat - 12 kg, corn - 20 kg, oats - 12 kg), sunflower meal - 12 kg, mineral source of calcium and phosphorus - 0.4 kg, table salt - 0.4 kg.

Feed precipitate (dicalcium phosphate, CaHPO ₄ ⋅ 2H ₂ O) was used as a mineral source in both variants of mixed fodders.

For two months, the calves were clinically observed, feed consumption, dynamics of changes in live weight and average daily gain were recorded. Blood for analysis was taken on the last day of experimental feeding. The studies were carried out on a biochemical analyzer (Mindray VA-88A).

The change in the live weight of experimental calves was taken into account by individual weighing once every 30 days. Based on these data, the absolute and average daily gains were calculated (Table 2).

Analyzing the dynamics of changes in the live weight of calves of both groups, it should be noted that the introduction of extruded camelina seeds into the feed for calves of the 2nd group contributed to the intensification of their growth.

Thus, the average daily gain in live weight of calves of the 2nd group for the period from 20 to 50 days from birth was 30 g more, which is 5.0% (p>0.05) of the indicator of the 1st group of animals. In the period from 50 to 80 days, the difference between the groups was 9.4% (p≤0.01).

In general, during the experiment period, the average daily gain of calves of the 2nd group was higher by 9.4% (p≤0.01), the gross gain in live weight was higher by 2.7 kg, or 7.3% (p≤0.01). 01) in relation to the indicator of the 1st group. At the same time, a statistically significant difference in live weight was noted after two months of feeding the proposed compound feed (at the age of 80 days), which amounted to 3.1 kg, or 3.9% (p≤0.01), while after a month of experimental feeding (in age 50 days) the difference was 1.3 kg, or 2.2% (p>0.05).

Feeding young animals of the 2nd group of camelina seed extrudate as part of compound feed made it possible to reduce the cost of energy, dry matter and crude protein, respectively, by 0.21 ECU, 0.12 kg and 35 g per 1 kg of growth compared to similar indicators in 1- th group.

The increase in feed intake by calves of the 2nd group, especially concentrates after heat treatment, in addition to improving palatability, was influenced by the resulting aromatic substances of camelina seeds.

Table 4 presents biochemical parameters of blood, showing that the metabolism of calves of both groups proceeded in accordance with age characteristics.

All studied blood parameters of animals of both groups were within the physiological norm, including the addition of 5% camelina seed extrudate to the concentrated feed.

The content of total protein in the blood serum is an important indicator characterizing the level of metabolism in the animal's body. Proteins are the building material for body tissue cells and are actively involved in the formation of various types of products. A comparative analysis showed that in the blood of calves of the 2nd group, the concentration of total protein was higher by 6.7% (p≤0.05) due to an increase in both the globulin fraction (by 16.3%, p≤0.05), and albumin (by 1.7%, p>0.05), which indicates an intensive protein metabolism in their body. At the same time, protein and nitrogen metabolism in general in animals occurred without disturbances, as indicated by adequate levels of urea and creatinine in their blood, as well as glucose, as an indicator of the energy supply of the body (Table 4).

The introduction of an additional source of feed fat into the diet of animals is accompanied by an increase in the activity of a number of enzymes, primarily alkaline phosphatase. The activity of this enzyme in young animals increases, as a rule, due to the intensive development of the skeleton and bone tissue. Thus, in calves of the 2nd group, the indicator of activity of alkaline phosphatase was higher by 17.8% (p≤0.01), amylase - by 68.4% (p≤0.05), gamma-glutamyltransferase - an enzyme involved in the metabolism amino acids - by 29.7% (p≤0.05).

It should be noted that the increase in the activity of the above enzymes is not associated with a violation of the digestive system, including the liver. So the amount of total bilirubin in the blood of animals of the 2nd group was lower by 63.6% (p>0.05). It is known that an increase in this indicator is associated with impaired liver function [13], the synthetic ability of which is also assessed by the activity of ALT and AST enzymes involved in the reactions of synthesis and breakdown of certain amino acids in the body. In hepatitis, the activity of AlAT in the blood serum increases by 8-10 times compared with the norm (6.9-35 U/l), and AST - by 2-4 times (45-110 U/l) [13]. According to these reference values, the activity of transamination enzymes in the blood of calves of both groups indicated the absence of physiological tension in the liver and other organs and tissues of the body (Table 4). At the same time, an increase in the activity of the AST enzyme by 36.6% (p≤0.05) in calves of the 2nd group relative to the same indicator in animals of the 1st group was obviously associated with an increase in protein synthesis as a result of feeding an additional energy source in the form seeds of camelina sowing.

Thus, the research results prove that the addition of camelina seed extrudate to the diet of calves stimulated metabolic processes in their body, but did not cause functional disorders and physiological stress in the digestive organs.

The practical significance of the use of compound feed, including the extrudate of seeds of camelina sowing, lies in the possibility of optimizing the diets of animals in terms of the content of metabolic energy and nutrients.

The proposed compound feed for calves is novel in comparison with the prototype, differing from it by the presence of extruded seeds of camelina sowing in the amount of 5%.

The Applicant is not aware of technical solutions that would use camelina seeds in the same quantities with the same effect, so he believes that the compound feed he claims meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The claimed feed for calves can be widely used in animal husbandry, feed industry, and therefore meets the criterion of "industrial applicability".

Information sources

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Claims (2)

Compound feed for calves with extrudate of camelina seeds, including separate extrusion of grain of barley, wheat, oats, corn, and then joint extrusion of seeds of camelina sowing in a mixture with extruded grain of barley, wheat, oats and corn, mixing the components and adding feed precipitate and table salt with the following ratio of components in wt.%: Barley 29.0; wheat 25.0; corn 25.0; oats 15.0; camelina seeds 5.0; feed precipitate 0.5; table salt 0.5