RU2776689C1 - Method for growing wild leek - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to crop and vegetable growing. The method consists in treating seeds with a biological preparation and watering. As a biological preparation, blue-green algae spirulina is used in the amount of 8 g per ton of seeds, seed treatment is carried out in the dark. Moreover, the seeds are pre-soaked in water from evening to 24 hours, and then sprayed with spirulina, after which 4-5 hours after spraying with spirulina, seeds are sown. Seeds are planted in two rows between rows of fruit and berry and ornamental woody plants planted at a distance of 3.5 m. After seed germination, the plant leaf temperature and air temperature are determined before watering, and when the leaf temperature exceeds the air temperature by 2°C and more, watering is carried out. At the same time, spraying of seeds with spirulina, as well as watering of plants is carried out by the fine sprinkling method.

EFFECT: method provides an increase in the efficiency of growing wild leek by creating comfortable growing conditions while providing ecologically and physiologically optimal conditions for growth and development.

5 cl, 2 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular to plant growing and vegetable growing, and can be used in farming and agricultural organizations when growing wild garlic.

In the process of intensive and irrational forest management and related types of resource use in natural and transformed ecosystems, it is very difficult to determine the measure of irreparable damage to wild garlic populations. Therefore, it is obvious that measures are required for the purposeful creation of artificial populations of this plant, which make it possible to obtain high productivity of phytomass to meet the nutritional, therapeutic, and therapeutic and prophylactic needs of the population in the European part of Russia.

In the article "Wild garlic resources and their use in the forests of the Russian Federation" (see Kositsyn V.N. "Actual problems of the forest complex." - 2007. - No. 19. - P. 42-44.) Some data on resource reserves and volumes of procurement of raw materials from wild garlic plants in natural ecosystems, as well as the problem of protecting its populations in various forms of nature management. The problem lies in the fact that in the process of intensive and irrational forest management and related types of resource use in natural and transformed ecosystems, it is very difficult to determine the measure of irreparable damage to wild garlic populations. Therefore, it is obvious that measures are required for the purposeful creation of artificial populations of this plant, which make it possible to obtain high productivity of phytomass to meet the nutritional, therapeutic, and therapeutic and prophylactic needs of the population in the European part of Russia.

There is a known method of wild garlic cultivation (RF patent for the invention No. 2525340, IPC A01G 1/00, pub. 10/08/2014), which consists in protecting crops of this species by means of beech leaf litter (8–10 cm layer of beech leaves), polymer film or Plexiglas from moisture loss. In this case, it is required to ensure the pressure of such a total protective shield of 2-5 kg/m ² .

The main disadvantage of the proposed method is the problem of removing such a structure every time for irrigation, since only beech leaves are not able to maintain the required level of soil moisture (this is especially true for regions with arid climate) without irrigation. Another problem is to accurately determine the pressure of the proposed design on wild garlic crops, and on the entire plantation area (garden, front garden, etc.).

There is also a known method of growing wild garlic by treating seeds with a stimulating biological product, in particular "Zircon" (see https://fermilon.ru/). Seeds are germinated in a humid environment in the presence of a biological product at an air temperature of + 20–26 ° C, after which they are sown in the ground.

However, the method does not take into account the physiological characteristics of the growth and development of wild garlic, leads to the production of plants that are not resistant to spring frosts, high temperatures and summer droughts.

Closest to the claimed is a method of growing wild garlic (bear onion and victorious onion), which consists in treating plants with a growth regulator ("Zircon") with micronutrient fertilizers ("Siliplant" and "EcoFus") (see the article by O.M. Savchenko, L. N. Kozlovskaya, E. L. Malankina, S. I. Romashkina "INTERACTION OF GROWTH REGULATOR "ZIRCON" AND MICRO FERTILIZER "SILIPLANT" DURING VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION OF ALLIUM URSINUM L. AND ALLIUM VICTORIALIS SUBSP. PLATYPHYLLUM (HULTUN) MAKINO" // Vestnik KrasSAU. - 2019. - No. 1. - P. 45–50.). The Zircon solution was used at a concentration of 1 ml/5 L of water at a working fluid flow rate of 300–400 L/ha. The Siliplant solution was used at a concentration of 1.5–2 ml/l of water at a working fluid flow rate of 300–400 l/ha. "EcoFus" is an organo-mineral fertilizer based on algae - bladder fucus - contains physiologically active substances that have immunostimulating, antiviral, antibacterial and fungicidal effects. The solution was applied at a concentration of 3 l/ha.

However, when applying fertilizers, the formation of pathologies in wild garlic plants is possible, as well as the manifestation of the limiting effect of moisture deficiency and temperature changes in leaves and the surface atmosphere (in the conditions of the Chernozem and Volga regions). In addition, the method does not involve seed treatment.

The technical problem is to create sustainable wild garlic populations in the territories of the European part of Russia with different climatic features, to protect plants from loss of water balance and diseases while monitoring and correcting the interaction in the “leaves-air-moisture” system at certain time intervals, taking into account the climatic conditions of the area.

The technical result consists in increasing the efficiency of wild garlic growing by creating comfortable growing conditions while providing ecologically and physiologically optimal conditions for growth and development.

The technical problem of the invention is solved by the fact that in the method of growing wild garlic, which consists in treating seeds with a biological product, watering, according to the invention, blue-green algae spirulina is used as a biological product, seed treatment is carried out in the dark, and the seeds are pre-soaked in water from evening to 24 hours, and then sprayed with spirulina in the amount of 8 grams per ton of seeds, after which, 4-5 hours after spraying with spirulina, the seeds are sown. At the same time, the seeds are planted in two rows between the rows of fruit and berry and ornamental woody plants planted at a distance of 3.5 m. above carry out watering; while spraying the seeds with spirulina, as well as watering the plants, is carried out by the method of fine sprinkling.

As wild garlic, the varieties "Bear delicacy", "Bear cub" are used.

Irrigation is carried out by fine sprinkling (FMA) with a water droplet diameter of 300–400 microns with an interval between irrigations of 3 to 6 hours.

In the Central Chernozem region of Russia, due to the climate and precipitation regime during the growing seasons, a one-time irrigation rate is chosen at the rate of 0.9–1.3 m ³ / ha, the diameter of dispersed water droplets is chosen as 400–600 microns, the interval between irrigations is 1 -2 hours.

In the Non-Black Earth Region of Russia, the irrigation rate is chosen at the rate of 0.6–1.0 m ³ /ha. The diameter of the dispersed water droplets is chosen as 200–300 microns, the interval between waterings is 3–4 hours.

In the sources of patent and scientific and technical information known to the authors, in methodological and reference materials, there is no method of growing wild garlic with presowing treatment of its seed material with an aqueous solution of a biological product - spirulina - at a dose of 8 g / t of seeds. Also, bioprotection and biostimulation by this drug at the indicated dose at the dark time of the day with the sowing of wild garlic seeds after an average of 4-5 hours after treatment has not been described.

The implementation of the method according to the presented formula contributes to the creation of physiologically and environmentally stable and at the same time highly productive populations of wild garlic in territories with different climatic characteristics in European Russia. In wild garlic plants, water exchange remains stable during the growing season, photosynthesis is normalized, abnormal processes in the metabolism are minimized, and tolerance to limiting environmental factors increases - frost in spring, high temperatures and drought in summer, even in regions with an arid climate type and with a lack of soil moisture. . The mode of constant ecological, bioclimatic and physiological optimum development of wild garlic plants ensured in this way during the growing season contributes to the intensive production of above-ground phytomass and the absolute yield of vitamins and flavonoids, an increase in the concentrations of amino acids, essential oils, micro- and macroelements. This is a complex practical purpose: food, spicy, pharmaceutical, phytotherapeutic, therapeutic and prophylactic, physiological and rehabilitation (for humans), ecological (protection of soils from destruction, excessive desiccation and dehumification, phytorehabilitation, stabilization of the water, physical and biochemical regime in cultivated soils , bioreclamation of small and large agrobiocenoses). The main thing is that this method ensures optimal water exchange for wild garlic plants and eliminates the depression of photosynthesis in all phenophases during the growing season. All this leads to the formation of longer stems, on average by 20 cm, up to 70% or more higher yields of stems and leaves, and the yield of vitamins C and A, in particular, increases to 50 and 30 percent, respectively. Ramson plants using the developed method are also reliably protected from diseases.

In addition to the generally accepted recommendations for the maintenance and watering of cultivated herbaceous plants, where soil water availability comes to the fore, it is necessary to irrigate sprouted and vegetative wild garlic plants according to a temperature difference of 2 or more degrees Celsius in the “leaves-air-moisture” system. Finely dispersed sprinkling of wild garlic plants helps to protect the leaves from thermal damage, from the effects of drought around the clock (this is especially important during the daytime). Together, this ensures normal water exchange, turgor and integrity of leaves and stems, their optimal growth and development, which determines the resistance of wild garlic plants to limiting abiotic (critical values of surface air temperature, lack of precipitation and unstable soil water regime) and biotic factors (diseases, pests). ) growing environments.

Fine sprinkling is the most progressive and effective method of irrigating cultivated plants for different geographical conditions (Borodychev V.V., doctoral dissertation “Fine sprinkling of agricultural crops in the zone of dry steppes of the Lower Volga region”, 1997; Kuznetsova E.I., doctoral dissertation “Fine sprinkling as an independent method of irrigation in the Central region", 1999; Khazhmetov L.M., Shomakhov L.A., Sasikov A.S., Bogatyreva A.E., article "Technology of fine sprinkling of a garden on sloping lands", 2009), which , in general, contributes to the improvement of their physiological and ecological state based on the stabilization of the water regime.

The special biological and biochemical properties of spirulina are described in detail in the works of N.I. Chernova, T.P. Korobkova, S.V. Kiseleva (article "Microalgae Spirulina as an object of biotechnology", 2006), O.L. Gladkikh (Ph.D. thesis “Study of the biological activity of spirulina and its components”, 2007), I.N. Gudvilovich and A.B. Borovkova (article "The biological value of dietary supplements based on spirulina", 2012). Therefore, spirulina microalgae has a unique bioecological effect on cultivated plants (Kazaku V.I., Ph.D. thesis “Improving the elements of technology for growing white cabbage seeds in Transnistria”, 2013).

Known treatment of rice seeds with spirulina before sowing, while the treatment was carried out during daylight hours (Berestov V.A., 2001); no processing was carried out at night.

A known method of growing fiber flax (see RF patent No. 2233070, IPC A01G1 / 00, pub. 03/27/2004), in which the plants of this species are treated three times with spirulina and fine sprinkling in the "rapid growth" phase, as a result of which its vegetation is reduced . Presowing treatment is recommended by immunocytophyte. Treatment with spirulina and DMD irrigation at night is not reported.

In our case, it is necessary, on the contrary, to extend the growing season of wild garlic. The fact is that the key bioresource is the high and stable production of above-ground phytomass of wild garlic with a high content of vitamins, antioxidants, microelements and other substances useful for humans in its leaves and stems.

Of great scientific and practical importance lies in determining the time of treatment with a solution of spirulina and the intervals for sprinkling cultivated wild garlic plants, depending on the temperature difference between their assimilation organs and the surface atmosphere.

The method is illustrated by histograms, which show the results of measuring the length of leaves (Fig. 1) and roots (Fig. 2) of wild garlic in different variants (using spirulina, DMD and the variant with spirulina and DMD) in comparison with the control. The results are given in centimeters.

The method is carried out as follows.

Seeds are soaked from evening to 24 hours in water at room temperature.

Then the seeds are treated with a biological product - spirulina. To do this, one tablet of spirulina is diluted with 1 liter of water. Then, the obtained mixture of the specified dosage is sprayed (from top to bottom) every 100 kg of wild garlic seeds by means of a sprayer backpack.

For spraying, special nozzles are used, manufactured by VolzhNIIGiM (Volgograd) and private manufacturers. These nozzles allow water droplets with a diameter of less than 1 mm (1000 microns) to escape.

The treatment of seeds with this biological product is carried out precisely at night in order to achieve the best effect (optimal for plants) of seed germination.

After 4-5 hours after spraying with spirulina, seeds are sown. At the same time, the seeds are planted in two rows between the rows of fruit and berry and ornamental woody plants planted at a distance of 3.5 m.

If this time is missed, then with unfavorable temperature drops in the “leaf-air” system, the processes become little or not controlled at all, which allows the root system to save soil moisture reserves and maintain plant turgor. Thus, the specified time of sowing seeds subsequently positively affects the operation of the stomatal apparatus and protects young leaves from temperature changes (unfavorable cell turgor) and burns. From the classical positions of plant physiology and ecology, it is these response signs that signal the stability of plants, both individual plant organisms and their groups - in our case, the entire wild garlic populations.

Wild garlic, like ginseng, needs 50% sunlight. Therefore, it is demanding for certain types of trees and shrubs in phytocenoses. Since plants use energy in the 400–700 nm range, the light in this spectral region is called photosynthetically active radiation, or simply PAR. It was experimentally proved that the required value of PAR is best provided when growing wild garlic between rows of fruit and berry (apple, pear, cherry, blackthorn) and ornamental (birch, chestnut, linden, oak, jasmine, lilac) woody plants planted at a distance 3.5 m apart. In this case, the seeds are planted in two rows between the rows of woody plants. With this planting, wild garlic plants receive a dose of sunlight in the amount of 50%.

When shoots appeared, the treatment was carried out by fine-dispersed sprinkling (FSP) with a norm of 300–400 microns according to the temperature difference in the “leaf – surface atmosphere” system. As soon as the temperature of the wild garlic leaves exceeded the temperature of the ground air by 2 ^o C and above, DMD was carried out, since a depression of photosynthesis was immediately observed. Cheremsha especially reacts to air drought (which, by the way, manifests itself in the Lower Volga region, in the south and southeast of the Middle Volga region, in the south, southeast and east of the Chernozem region, in the southwest and south of the Non-Chernozem region and in a number of other regions): leaves fold, transpiration decreases critically, necrosis processes appear in leaves and stems due to dry wind burns.

The interval between waterings was experimentally selected. Watering by the method of fine sprinkling is carried out only in the dark.

At the same time, in the Central Black Earth Regions (CSO) it is necessary to perform 30–40 DMD treatments during the growing season, in the Non-Chernozem Region - 20–30 DMD treatments. Processing is carried out before the flowering of plants, because. after flowering, this is not necessary due to the formation of plants.

One-time norms for the use of DDM in the Non-Chernozem region should be observed in the range of 0.6–1.0 m ³ /ha, and in the Central Chernozem Region - within the range of 0.9–1.3 m ³ /ha. The diameter of finely dispersed water droplets in the Central Chernozem Region should be 400–600 microns, and in the Non-Chernozem Region, 200–300 microns. The intervals between humidifications are from 1 to 2 hours in the Central Chernozem Region, and 3–4 hours in the Non-Black Earth Region.

The temperature difference is set as follows. Through the field laboratory of Professor L.A. Spatts measure leaf temperature. With the help of instruments - thermographs and hygrographs - they measure, respectively, the temperature and relative humidity of atmospheric air. As soon as the leaf temperature exceeds the air temperature, the turgor falls: the leaves begin to wither. If the temperature of the leaves is found to be higher than the air temperature (i.e., with a temperature difference between these organs and the surface atmosphere) by 2 ⁰ C or more, spraying with DPM is recommended.

From the histograms in Fig. 1 and 2 it follows that the combination of DMD treatment with spirulina gives the best effect. Aboveground and underground organs grow better and faster and develop better. The weighted average data on the length of the leaves (42–45 cm) and the length of the roots (71–75 cm) in the latter variant testify to this: in comparison with the control, the values are more than 2 times higher. The reliability of the results was obtained at the level of statistical significance p<0.05 and Student's t-test at t>3. It was also noted by observations that the vegetation of wild garlic plants takes a month longer, which is of great practical importance. This is accompanied by a significantly greater deepening of the root systems in the soil. Thus, the stress effect on plants of heat and drought in the daytime and even at midday hours is reduced, metabolism is facilitated, development is stabilized, and the ecological stability of the created populations of wild garlic plants is ensured.

It has been experimentally proven that when using spirulina at a dose of less than 8 g per ton, the processing efficiency drops, and the use of higher doses of the drug does not increase the efficiency of the method, therefore it is not economically feasible. The positive effect of DMD on the temperature difference in the "leaf-air" system on the process of wild garlic vegetation has been established. As a result, land productivity and crop quality, agrophysical, agrochemical and biological properties of agricultural lands, their resistance to imbalance and a drop in the content of nutrients, resistance to structural disturbance and erosion processes increase.

Ramson seeds were sown in the Tver region in the aisle of an apple-cherry orchard. The width between the rows of trees was 3.5 m (to provide an ecologically optimal dose of PAR for wild garlic plants in the amount of 50%). Wild garlic between them was sown in two rows on light loamy soil. Fertilizers were not used.

When shoots appeared, the treatment was carried out by fine-dispersed sprinkling (FSP) with a norm of 300–400 microns according to the temperature difference in the “leaf – surface atmosphere” system. As soon as the temperature of the wild garlic leaves exceeded the temperature of the ground air by 2 and above °C, DMD was carried out, since a depression of photosynthesis was immediately observed. Cheremsha especially reacts to air drought (which, by the way, is especially important for the Lower Volga region, the south and southeast of the Middle Volga region, the south, southeast and east of the Chernozem region, the southwest and south of the Non-Chernozem region): leaves curl up, transpiration decreases critically, appear necrosis processes in leaves and stems due to dry wind burns.

This method allows you to effectively regulate the micro- and phytoclimate, improve the qualitative biochemical characteristics of wild garlic plants, the stability and high productivity of the created agrophytocenoses, the ecological stability of agrolandscapes in different physical and geographical conditions of the European part of Russia. Also, this development contributes to the rational consumption of land resources, improvement of their condition, restoration of morpho-physical, agrochemical and biological properties.

The proposed method makes it possible to successfully cultivate wild garlic without special costs, both in the conditions of specialized agrobiocenoses (farmers, nurseries, botanical gardens, introduction centers and various educational and experimental territories), and in non-specialized and low-skilled crop production (front gardens, vegetable gardens, country and garden plots). It is extremely important that in this way it is possible to effectively and at minimal cost implement the reproduction of wild garlic resources, which is necessary both in environmental and directly in the economic context. Provides real savings in areas of land resources occupied by fruit and berry and ornamental tree crops, where the successful cultivation of wild garlic is possible. Thanks to the described method, the protection and improvement of the soils used are implemented, the principle of sustainable development of the created wild garlic populations, which have an important immune-supporting and antiviral value, including in the current conditions of the spread of coronavirus infection.

Thus, the proposed method allows you to create sustainable populations of wild garlic in the territories of the European part of Russia, different in terms of physical and geographical features, ensures the optimum passage of wild garlic plants through phenophases under the influence of limiting environmental conditions, allows you to protect plants from loss of water balance and diseases by controlling and correcting the interaction in system "leaves-air-moisture" at certain time intervals, taking into account weather and climatic factors.

Claims (5)

1. A method of growing wild garlic, which consists in treatment with a biological product, watering, characterized in that blue-green algae spirulina is used as a biological product in the amount of 8 grams per ton of seeds, seed treatment is carried out at night, and the seeds are pre-soaked in water in the evening up to 24 hours, and then sprayed with spirulina, after which, 4-5 hours after spraying with spirulina, the seeds are sown, while the seeds are planted in two rows between the rows of fruit and berry and ornamental woody plants planted at a distance of 3.5 m, after germination seeds before watering, the temperature of the plant leaf and the air temperature are determined, and when the leaf temperature exceeds the air temperature by 2°C or more, watering is carried out, while spraying the seeds with spirulina, as well as watering the plants, is carried out by the method of fine sprinkling. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the varieties of wild garlic "Bear delicacy", "Bear cub" are used. 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that watering is carried out by fine sprinkling with a water droplet diameter of 300-400 microns with an interval between waterings of 3 to 6 hours. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the Central Black Earth region of Russia, a one-time irrigation rate is chosen at the rate of 0.9-1.3 m ³ / ha, the diameter of the dispersed water droplets is chosen as 400-600 microns, the interval between irrigations - 1-2 hours. 5. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the Non-Black Earth Region of Russia, the irrigation rate is chosen at the rate of 0.6-1.0 m ³ /ha, the diameter of the dispersed water droplets is chosen as 200-300 microns, the interval between irrigations is 3-4 hours.

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