RU2754311C2 - Friction shock absorber - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: transport engineering.SUBSTANCE: friction shock absorber comprises case (1) with bottom (2) and neck (4) formed by walls (3). In neck (4), there is wedge assembly (5) containing pressure wedge (6) and spacer wedges (7). Between bottom (2) and wedge assembly (5) there is elastic device (8) formed by spacer damper (9) and retaining damper (10), between which separator (11) is located. Spacer wedges (7) are made with the possibility to ensure their contact with guide elements (N) in neck (4) and are equipped with support elements (E) facing bottom (2). Support elements (E) interact with spacer damper (9) when external forces are applied to wedge assembly (5). In the direction to the top of neck (4), starting from separator (11), pusher (12) is located without the possibility of transferring the entire load to retaining damper (10) from spacer wedges (7) when external forces are applied to wedge assembly (5).EFFECT: increase in the stability and reliability of the friction shock absorber, as well as an increase in its energy consumption, is achieved.10 cl, 18 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of transport engineering and concerns friction shock absorbers of vehicles, mainly draft gears, installed between the cars of the train.

Known friction shock absorber [1, Patent RU 2380257, priority 13.11.2007, published 27.01.2010, Bul. No. 3], containing a body in the form of a glass, in which a pressure cone is placed symmetrically to its walls, a pair of friction wedges with a base plate, a pair of movable and fixed friction plates, as well as a back-and-forth device located together with the base plate and wedges between the pressure cone and bottom of the body. The pressure cone perceives an external force, which is redistributed through the wedge system of friction wedges, one part of which provides compression of the back-and-forth device, and the other part provides pressing of the friction wedges to the walls of the body.

The more intense the effect of the external force, the more pressing the friction wedges against the walls. This, on the one hand, is useful, and contributes to greater energy absorption of the friction shock absorber due to the work of friction forces, but on the other hand, it sharply increases the final force at the end of its working stroke. Proceeding from the fact that the magnitude of the final force is strictly regulated and cannot exceed the established value, the applicability of such a friction shock absorber design is limited and cannot be applied to high-energy devices of a higher class. In addition, the more the friction wedges are pressed against the body walls, the greater the likelihood of their mutual seizure and welding, which contributes to seizure and intensive wear of the friction shock absorber.

These problems are partially solved in the shock absorber [2, SU No. 109722, priority 05/15/1956, published 01/01/1957], taken as a prototype, in the body of which there are friction elements, between which spring elements are installed. The friction wedges rest on a guide cup, at the other end of which a washer is placed through a gap. The washer divides the spring elements into sections. When an external force acts on the cone, the spring elements are compressed, and the friction elements are pressed against the walls of the body. After the gap between the end of the guide sleeve and the washer is selected, the resistance of the shock absorber increases significantly.

The energy introduced into the shock absorber by an external force is absorbed due to the work expended on compressing the spring elements and overcoming the frictional forces between the friction elements and the walls of the body. That is, after the closing of the guide sleeve with the washer, the forces are redistributed to several friction elements, reducing the specific pressure on them, however, a significant increase in the final force of the shock absorber is not excluded.

Moreover, the gradual increase in the spacer forces between the friction elements and the walls of the body, as well as in the analogue [1], is preserved.

Thus, the phased actuation of the spring elements closest to the cone provides a low stiffness of the shock absorber at the beginning of the working stroke and high stiffness at the end, with an increase in the final force, which also does not allow creating high-energy devices of a higher class on its basis.

The above-described disadvantages of shock absorbers according to the analogue [1] and the prototype [2] reduce the stability and reliability of their operation, and also limit their applicability for high-energy devices.

Therefore, the object of the invention is to achieve a technical result aimed at increasing the stability and reliability of the friction shock absorber, as well as increasing its energy consumption.

The problem is solved by the fact that a friction shock absorber (Fig. 1-18) containing a housing (1) with a bottom (2) and a neck (4) formed by walls (3), in which a wedge assembly (5) is located, containing a pressure wedge (6) and spacer wedges (7), and between the bottom (2) and the wedge unit (5) there is an elastic device (8) formed by a spacer damper (9) and a retaining damper (10), between which there is a separator (11), in this case, the spacer wedges (7) are made with the possibility of ensuring their contact with the guiding elements (N) in the neck (4) and are equipped with supporting elements (E) facing the bottom (2) so that they can interact with the spacer damper (9) when applied external forces (q, Q) to the wedge assembly (5), in addition, towards the top of the neck (4), starting from the separator (11), the pusher (12) is located, has a distinctive feature: the pusher (12) is located without the possibility transferring the entire load to the retaining damper (10) from the spacer wedges ( 7) when external forces (q, Q) are applied to the wedge knot (5).

Such a distinctive feature makes it possible to ensure the pressing of the spacer wedges to the guide elements with the help of the spacer damper and significantly limit the intensity, or even exclude the increase in the force of such pressing, to provide a low final force using the retaining damper, but at the same time to ensure high energy consumption of the elastic device and the friction shock absorber as a whole ...

Additional distinctive features of the invention:

- the pusher (12) is located without contact with the supporting elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7);

- the guiding elements (N) are the walls (3) of the body (1);

- the guiding elements (N) are made in the form of plates (13) placed in the body (1), while between them and the walls (3) of the body (1) there are movable plates (14), partially protruding from the neck (4);

- the pusher (12) is made in one piece with the separator (11);

- the pusher (12) is made in one piece with the pressure wedge (6);

- the spacer damper (9) is supplemented with a gasket (16) in contact with the supporting elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7);

- the height (H) of the retaining damper (10) is greater than the height (h) of the spacer damper (9);

- the contact of the spacer wedges (7) with the guide elements (N) is supplemented with inserts (15) placed between them, made of a material different from the material of the spacer wedges (7);

- the pusher (12) is equipped with supports (12 ') in contact with the supporting elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7) with the possibility of transferring part of the load to the retaining damper (10) from the spacer wedges (7) through the pusher (12) when external forces are applied ( q, Q) to the wedge knot (5).

The essence of the invention is illustrated by illustrations, where in FIG. 1-18 are front sectional side views of various embodiments of a friction damper according to the invention in initial, intermediate and fully compressed positions.

The friction shock absorber in its various designs (Fig. 1-18) contains a housing 1 with a bottom 2 and a neck formed by walls 3. x of the friction shock absorber a wedge assembly 5 formed by a pressure wedge 6 and spacer wedges 7. Spacer wedges 7 contact the guide elements N, and are also equipped with supporting elements E facing the bottom 2. Between the wedge unit 5 and the bottom 2 of the housing 1 there is an elastic device 8 (in Fig. 1-18 highlighted by a dotted line and conventionally shown by inclined crossing lines), formed from the side of the wedge assembly 5 by a spacer damper 9 and a back-up damper 10 from the side of the bottom 2 with a separator 11 between them. The elastic device 8 can be formed by metal springs, elastic elements, rubber blocks. In the direction towards the top of the neck 4, starting from the separator 11, the pusher 12 is located with the possibility of contact with the latter.

Guide elements N can be made in different designs.

For example, in one case, to increase the energy intensity of the wedge assembly 5, the guiding elements N can be made in the form of plates 13 (Figs. 10-12, 16-18), between which and the walls 3 of the body there are movable plates 14, partially protruding from the neck 4.

In another case, the function of the guiding elements N can be performed by the walls 3 of the housing 1 (Figs. 1-9, 13-15).

In each of the mentioned cases, the contact of the spacer wedges 7 with the guide elements N can be supplemented by inserts 15 placed between them, made of a material other than the material of the spacer wedges 7. This prevents the spacer wedges 7 from interlocking with the guide elements N, which negatively affects the smooth operation friction shock absorber, and provides between them the coefficient of friction necessary for reliable and stable operation of its wedge unit 5.

The inserts 15 can be made, for example, in one case, of bronze or cast iron to improve sliding and prevent jamming of the friction damper (Figs. 10-12, 16-18). In another case, the inserts 15 can be made of steel (Fig. 7-9), which makes it possible to replace only them during repair, significantly reducing the wear of the massive and expensive housing 1.

The spacer damper 9 can be in direct contact with the support elements E of the spacer wedges 7 of the wedge assembly 5 (FIGS. 13-15), for example, using metal springs.

The contact of the spacer damper 9 with the supporting elements E can also be through the gasket 16 (Figs. 4-12, 16-18). For example, when elastic elements are used in the spacer damper 9, it can be made of metal. When used in the spacer damper 9, both elastic-elastic elements and metal springs, the gasket 16 can be made of polymeric materials, both solid and elastic, with the possibility of their deformation and energy absorption.

The key difference between the friction shock absorber according to the invention and the prototype [2] is either the complete exclusion of contact of the pusher 12 with the support elements E of the spacer wedges 7, or ensuring the contact of the pusher 12 with the support elements E, for example, using the supports 12 '(Figs. 1-3) ... Such supports 12 'can be useful both when assembling a friction shock absorber for installation with their help of the spacer wedges 7, and for regulating the degree and nature of compression of the spacer damper 9. These supports 12' can deform (Fig. 2, 3), or break off ( not shown), or be spring-loaded, with the possibility of transferring not all, but only part of the load to the retaining damper 10 from the spacer wedges 7 through the pusher 12 when external forces q, Q are applied to the wedge unit 5, or part of the load to the retaining damper 10 from the spacer wedges 7 transmitted in a different way.

Such a distinctive feature contributes to the distributed and independent transfer of a small external force q (Figs. 2,5,8,11,14,17) or a maximum external force Q (Figs. 3,6,9,12,15,18) to the spacer damper 9 and to the retaining damper 10. It is important to note that when the retaining damper 10 is compressed, the compression of the retaining damper 9 is either limited, that is, the decrease in its height h is much less than the decrease in the height H of the retaining damper 10, or when the retaining damper 10 is compressed by decreasing its height H, compression of the spacer damper 9 and a change in its height h does not occur at all (Figs. 4-6).

Moreover, variants are possible (Figs. 7-12), when under the influence of a small external force q or a maximum external force Q during compression of the retaining damper 10, its height H decreases, and the height h of the spacer damper 9, on the contrary, increases. That is, during the working stroke x of the friction damper, the pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 against the guide elements N either remains unchanged or changes negligibly.

In the design of the prototype [2], due to the fact that the friction wedges rest on the guide glass, which acts as a pusher, the increase in the force of pressing them against the walls of the body occurs constantly and intensively throughout the entire working stroke.

Therefore, the reliability of the friction shock absorber according to the invention increases, the stability and smoothness of its power characteristics, the safety and durability of the elastic device 8, the wedge assembly 5 and the guiding elements N not experiencing overloads, and the guiding elements N. Also ensured a small value of the final force and high energy consumption of the friction shock absorber.

Varying the sequence or nature of compression of the spacer damper 9 and the support damper 10 makes it possible, with minor changes, to use this design for the production of high-class friction shock absorbers with particularly stringent requirements for them, which ensures the prospects and competitiveness of the invention.

Due to the fact that it is necessary to provide a low pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 to the guide elements N and at the same time the high energy consumption of the friction shock absorber, it is also useful to observe a proportional relationship between the height h of the spacer damper 9 and the height H of the retaining damper 10, at which H> h.

The design features of the friction shock absorber according to the invention are disclosed by considering the operation of the variants of its execution according to FIG. 1-18.

Thus, in FIG. 1-3 shows a variant in which the separator 11 is made in one piece with the pusher 12, and between it and the pressing wedge 6 in the initial position (Fig. 1) a gap d is provided.

When a small external force q is applied to the pressing wedge 6 (Fig. 2), the gap z is selected. Only after that, a part of this force begins to act on the supporting damper 10 through the pusher 12 with the separator 11, and the spacer damper 9 is compressed both before, until the gap z is pulled out, and insignificantly during the working stroke x to the final position (Fig. 3) of the friction shock absorber under the action of the maximum external force Q. This is due to the fact that the guiding elements N in the form of walls 3 of the housing 1 are made inclined to the longitudinal axis O1 and the spacer wedges 7 are forced to move towards it.

FIG. 4-6 shows another variant, in which the separator 11 is also made in one piece with the pusher 12, initially in contact with the pressing wedge 6 in the initial position (Fig. 4). When a small external force q acts on the pressing wedge 6 (Fig. 5), part of this force begins to act on the retaining damper 10 through the pusher 12 with the separator 11, and partly on the expansion damper 9 through the wedge assembly 5. Due to the fact that the guides elements N in the form of walls 3 of the housing 1 are made parallel to the longitudinal axis O1, regardless of the effect of a small external force q (Fig. 5) or the maximum external force Q (Fig. 6), the expansion damper 9 is not compressed, thus providing a constant throughout the working stroke x is the pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 to the guide elements N. In this case, the height h of the spacer damper 9 does not change.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7-9, the separator 11 is also made in one piece with the pusher 12, which is passed through the pressing wedge 6 and protrudes outside it at a distance c (Fig. 7). Here, the applied small external force q (Fig. 8) initially acts on the protruding part of the pusher 12, which transfers this force to the retaining damper 10, compressing it. In this case, the distance c is gradually chosen, after which the small external force q or the maximum external force Q is distributed in such a way that one part of it continues to act on the pusher 12, and the other part of it begins to act on the pressure wedge 6, and through the wedge unit 5 acts to expansion damper 9.

A feature of this embodiment (Fig. 7-9) is the inconsistent nature of the compression of the spacer damper 9, which consists in the fact that when choosing a distance from the spacer damper 9 is expanded, reducing the pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 to the guide elements N formed by the walls 3 of the housing 1 and supplemented with inserts 15, and after choosing this distance c, when a small external force q or a maximum external force Q acts on the pressure wedge 6, the expansion damper 9 is compressed due to the inclination of the guide elements N to the longitudinal axis O1.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 10-12, the design of a friction shock absorber is considered, in which the guide elements N are made in the form of plates 13 located in the housing 1, between which and the walls 3 there are movable plates 14, partially protruding from the neck 4. In this case, the separator 11 and the pusher 12 made in separate parts. A pusher 12 with a thickening at the outer end is passed through the pushing wedge 6 to provide a gap z between the thickening on the pushrod 12 and the recess in the pushing wedge 6 (Fig. 10).

When a small external force q (Fig. 11) or a maximum external force Q (Fig. 12) is applied, the gap z is selected, and the pusher 12 with its thickening drags the pressing wedge 6 into the neck 4. As in the previous version (Fig. 7- 9), during knocking out the gap z (Fig. 12), the expansion damper 9 expands, reducing the pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 to the guide elements N, and after knocking out the gap z it is compressed due to the inclination of the guide elements N to the longitudinal axis O1. A feature of the variant (Fig. 10-12) is that the pressure wedge 6 does not experience a direct effect of a small or maximum external force q, Q.

FIG. 13-15, the pusher 12 is made in one piece with the pressing wedge 6, between which and the separator 11 a gap z is formed (Fig. 13). When choosing the gap z, the spacer damper 9 is compressed, during which the pressing force of the spacer wedges 7 against the guide elements N slightly increases, and the retaining damper 10 is not compressed. After knocking out the gap z (Fig. 14, 15), the retaining damper 10 is also compressed.

In the design of the friction damper in FIG. 16-18 separator 11 and pusher 12 are made in separate parts, and the gaps z (Fig. 16) are formed both between them and between the pusher 12 and the pressing wedge 6. When choosing the gaps z, only the expansion damper 9 is compressed, after which (Fig. . 17, 18) is compressed and the retaining damper 10.

It should be noted that the considered options (Fig. 1-3, 4-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15 and 16-18) are only exemplary ways of influencing the power characteristic and energy consumption of the friction shock absorber according to the invention. In each of these options, it is possible to introduce various combinations and minor modifications that significantly affect the behavior of the device. For example, the presence of such factors as the simultaneous or subsequent compression of the spacer damper 9 and the back-up damper 10, incompressibility or, conversely, the expansion of the spacer damper 9 when the back-up damper 10 is compressed, the presence or absence of gaps z between the spacer 11, the pusher 12 and the pressure wedge 6, their separate or joint execution, inclined or parallel arrangement of the guide elements N to the longitudinal axis O1, the value of the ratio of the height h of the spacer damper 9 and the height H of the retaining damper 10, and other parameters.

It is important to mention that the elastic device 8 can be formed according to the principle of one of the options described in the prototype [2], where a larger number of spacer and retaining dampers 9, 10 can also be used, and the spacers 11 can be equipped with secondary spacer wedges (not shown), in contact, for example, with the walls 3 of the housing 1 closer to its bottom 2. But it is necessary to observe the importance of a key difference from the prototype [2], where the pushers 12 should not be able to transfer the entire load to the retaining damper 10 from the spacer wedges 7 at application of external forces q, Q to the wedge knot 5.

The introduction of the above-mentioned distinctive features makes it possible to have a significant positive effect on the nature of the friction shock absorber, ensuring its reliability, durability and versatility, including the possibility of using practically the same design for different classes of draft gear.

Sources of information

1. Patent RU 2380257, priority 13.11.2007, published 27.01.2010, Bul. No. 3.

2. SU # 109722, priority 05/15/1956, published 01/01/1957 / prototype /

Claims (10)

1. A friction shock absorber containing a housing (1) with a bottom (2) and with a neck (4) formed by walls (3), in which a wedge assembly (5) is located, containing a pressure wedge (6) and spacer wedges (7), and between the bottom (2) and the wedge unit (5) there is an elastic device (8) formed by a spacer damper (9) and a retaining damper (10), between which a spacer (11) is located, while the spacer wedges (7) are made with the possibility of providing their contact with the guide elements (N) in the neck (4) and are equipped with supporting elements (E) facing the bottom (2) with the possibility of their interaction with the spacer damper (9) when external forces (q, Q) are applied to the wedge assembly ( 5), in addition, towards the top of the neck (4), starting from the separator (11), there is a pusher (12), characterized in that the pusher (12) is located without the possibility of transferring the entire load to the retaining damper (10) from the spacer wedges (7) when external forces (q, Q) are applied to the wedge knot (5). 2. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the pusher (12) is located without contact with the support elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7). 3. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the guide elements (N) are the walls (3) of the housing (1). 4. The shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the guide elements (N) are made in the form of plates (13) placed in the body (1), while between them and the walls (3) of the body (1) there are movable plates (14 ) partially protruding from the neck (4). 5. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the pusher (12) is made in one piece with the separator (11). 6. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the pusher (12) is made in one piece with the pressure wedge (6). 7. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the spacer damper (9) is supplemented with a gasket (16) in contact with the supporting elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7). 8. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the height (H) of the retaining damper (10) is greater than the height (h) of the spacer damper (9). 9. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the contact of the spacer wedges (7) with the guide elements (N) is supplemented by inserts (15) placed between them, made of a material different from the material of the spacer wedges (7). 10. A shock absorber according to claim 1, characterized in that the pusher (12) is equipped with supports (12 ') in contact with the support elements (E) of the spacer wedges (7) with the possibility of transferring part of the load to the retaining damper (10) from the spacer wedges (7 ) through the pusher (12) when external forces (q, Q) are applied to the wedge assembly (5).

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