RU2709973C2 - Method for marketable cultivation of tropical species in pond polyculture - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: separation.

SUBSTANCE: method provides for spatial separation of tropical crustaceans and tropical fish inside one pond, for which stationary or floating groups of mesh cages are installed in it, cells of which isolates fishes of different age and size, and the bottom of the cage without feeding platforms transmits remains of fodder to pond soil. Feeding is carried out only in fish in cages, and shellfish are fed due to natural fodder base in coastal zone of pond, where they are released in form of young fry at the same time as fish are reared in cages. Crustaceans inhaling over the pond bottom, consume excess and/or not eaten fodder under the cages.

EFFECT: invention allows to increase output of a unit of fish pond area at saving of water, energy and labor resources.

3 cl, 2 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to fish farming, in particular to the commercial cultivation of tropical aquatic organisms in open ponds and can be used by pond fish farms of all forms of ownership.

The invention allows to significantly increase the production of gourmet tropical species per unit area of a fish pond, while reducing the growing period and saving water, energy and labor.

To date, the following areas and biotechnological methods for increasing the productivity of fish ponds are well known.

Optimization of the hydrochemical and hydrobiological regime of the reservoir to increase the natural forage base, along with intensive feeding with artificial feed.

The disadvantage is that in order to solve the problem of pond cultivation of tropical species in polyculture, it is impossible to have balanced planting densities of crustaceans and tropical fish. The fish is planted with high density and intensively fed to obtain maximum production. Shrimp and crayfish require a sparse planting to avoid active cannibalism. As a result, in a common pond, fish inhibit crustaceans both in high density and in active eating behavior, and the production of crustaceans is reduced to a minimum.

Polyculture cultivation in one pond of several species for maximum use of all components of the food supply.

The disadvantage of this biotechnological approach to solving the problem of growing tropical polyculture is the mismatch of trophic levels of crustaceans and tropical fish. Fish in this case are predators in relation to shrimp and crayfish and actively consume them as their preferred food.

Combined cultivation, in which a fish pond is used as a pond to place floating or stationary net cages in it, in which it is convenient to conduct intensive cultivation at high planting densities under strict control of growth and feeding conditions.

The disadvantage of this direction is the very low efficiency of growing tropical crustaceans in net cages, as well as in other limited enclosed volumes (pools, aquariums) in which the growth rate of these hydrobionts decreases by 1.5-2.0 times.

Each direction has its own history, advantages and disadvantages, as well as patented methods, which are determined both by the general level of development of science and technology, as well as by specific conditions and possibilities of fish farming.

The well-known "Method of growing fish in polyculture in pond farms" (Auth. Certificate. No. 1741692 of 11.29.1990, IPC A01K 61/00, publ. 06.23.1992. Bull. No. 23). The method is suitable for any set of fish species and includes a breakdown into groups of two adjacent ponds, in which they deliberately reinforce differences in ecological conditions of cultivation and use various biotechnical techniques: fertilizers, planting densities, stocking / bypass / sorting of planting and / or farmed material into ponds.

The disadvantage is that in the general technological process of growing in polyculture, adjacent reservoirs are used, in which purposefully create the necessary environmental conditions.

The use of adjacent reservoirs in a single process to increase the productivity of ponds increases the complexity by increasing the area / volume of services. The method considers growing in polyculture only fish, and not just hydrobionts, for example, tropical species: crustaceans and fish.

The well-known "Method of growing aquatic organisms in polyculture" (patent No. 2149541 from 07/06/1998, IPC АКК 61/00, publ. 27.05.2000). The method involves placing juvenile mollusks in cages, securing them on a rope and placing them in the sea in open water at a depth below the boundary of the summer thermocline. By growing in polyculture, conditions are created that imitate a natural ecological niche for settling of larvae and the development of juvenile mollusks and crustaceans. On cages, a primary (pioneer) fouling community develops, whose organisms serve as a substrate for sedimentation of larvae and food for young crustaceans. The cultivation of hydrobionts in polyculture is carried out until the mollusks reach the commercial size. Then, crustaceans are released into the natural habitat and shellfish are collected. The invention allows the simultaneous cultivation of mollusks and the growth of young crustaceans.

Despite the fact that environmental conditions create in the natural environment the total volume for aquatic organisms, one of the polyculture objects (young crustaceans) is returned to the natural environment for further growth, which is no longer controlled.

The well-known "Method of growing fish in polyculture in cages" (patent No. 2330406 from 12/04/2006, IPC АКК 61/00, publ. 08/10/2008 Bull. No. 22). The method allows to improve the hydrochemical regime of cages, to increase the transformation of the energy of the given feed into fish products.

The method includes the cultivation of one or more valuable fish species in a single volume of a large cage by their spatial isolation, or separation from each other. The main type of polyculture is placed in a small volume of cages: fish of the sturgeon, salmon, and catfish families. In a large volume of the cage, additional objects are grown, for example, herbivorous fish: white and motley silver carp, grass carp, etc., or fish of the whitefish, mullet, families, depending on the type and technological norms of growing the main object.

The method considers a polyculture of growing fish, and not tropical aquatic organisms (crayfish, fish).

The closest in technical essence and the achieved result are the "Method of commercial cultivation of tropical crayfish" (patent No. 2340173 dated 12/04/2006, IPC АКК 61/00, published on December 10, 2008. Bull. No. 34), in which at the second stage, in spring-summer period, when the water temperature in open ponds reaches above 18 ° C, young crayfish are planted in ponds for commercial cultivation in intensive or extensive mode to a weight of 50-70 g in one annual technological cycle, as well as “Method of giant commercial growth freshwater shrimp "(patent No. 2180775 about t June 21, 2000, IPC A01K 61/00, published March 27, 2002, Bull. No. 9), which makes it possible to obtain a giant freshwater shrimp in the temperate continental climate, while guaranteeing the achievement of a high salable shrimp, to increase the efficiency of this production.

The disadvantage is that these methods involve growing in a monoculture, without feeding, which does not allow to achieve high production per unit area.

The objective of the claimed invention is to minimize or completely eliminate the above disadvantages of existing methods of pond cultivation in polyculture.

The goal is to achieve maximum production of tropical objects in the pond both individually and in total for all used cultivation objects, while eliminating their negative influence on each other during cultivation.

The solution to this problem is achieved by the spatial separation of tropical crustaceans and fish inside one pond. Why stationary or floating groups of net cages are installed in the pond, with a mesh that allows you to isolate fish of different ages and sizes. The bottom of the cages is made without feed pads, from the mesh material of the same mesh as the walls of the cage, and the rest of the feed freely passes through the cage and fall on the soil of the bottom of the pond. One group of cages combines at least 3 cages for regular, at least 3 times during the season, sorting of growing fish. The whole growing process lasts an average of 3-4 months of the summer season. At the same time, primary feeding is carried out only for fish in cages, and crustaceans receive food in an open pond due to its natural food supply in the coastal zone, where they are colonized as juvenile fish simultaneously with stocking of fish in cages, and also secondarily, due to excess and / or uneaten feed that gets from cages to the bottom of the pond, where bottom crustaceans live in the process of growth and resettlement.

Description of the method.

In prepared and in advance, for example, two weeks before the start of the cultivation process, in a flooded pond with a depth of not less than 2 meters put at least two groups of cages on 1 ha of the pond. When the water temperature is reached stably no lower than 20 ° С, in the first cage of each group planted juveniles of tropical cichlids or catfish are planted. When a fish does not require sorting, for example, tilapia, it is planted immediately in all 3 cages, but with different planting densities. Fish are fed from the first day of stocking. At the same time, at a considerable distance from the cages, into the open pond into the coastal part, young juveniles of tropical crustaceans, for example, freshwater shrimps or Australian crayfish, which at first grow on the natural forage base of the pond, and at the same time spread throughout its bottom area, are released.

As natural forage objects eat up, and the mass of crustaceans increases, the need for food in crustaceans increases, and they consume the remains of food components falling on the soil of the pond under the cages, where tropical fish species - cichlids or catfish are sitting. The faster the fish builds up mass, the greater its daily diet, and the more food residues under cages that consume omnivorous tropical crustacean freshwater shrimp or Australian crayfish.

Thus, tropical crustaceans and fish grow in one pond in a multiculture, which are connected by a common technological scheme of artificial feeding. At the same time, small crustaceans are isolated and protected by the cage from aggressive extermination by larger and more active tropical fish. As a result, total production per unit area of the pond increases. In addition, in contrast to the polyculture of cyprinids, commodity cultivation of which is carried out for 7-8 months during the summer season, the duration of commodity cultivation of tropical objects is 3-4 months, which halves water, energy and labor resources. The ability to use wintering ponds for growing tropical objects, which are usually empty throughout the summer, increase their operational efficiency by 25%.

Examples of the use of the proposed method are given below.

Example 1

The wintering pond in the spring is caught, lowered and treated with bleach from the remnants, the remains of fish that winter there. It is dried during April-May, in mid-May, water is drawn through a mesh bag from a mill gas, in order to avoid the ingress of developing eggs and fry of spring-spawning fish. The water level in the pond is set and maintained at least 2 m. Organic fertilizers (manure, straw) in the amount of 1-2 tons per 1 ha are introduced for the development of zooplankton. As the water temperature rises in the pond, the amount of zooplankton increases. With a steady increase in morning water temperature to 20 ° C, for example, the first decade of June, juveniles of giant freshwater shrimp (M. rosenbergii) weighing 50 to 500 mg / pc in an amount of 20,000 pcs are planted in a pond. on 1 ha.

Prior to shrimp landing, two groups of floating cages, three cages per group, are placed in the pond for regular sorting of up-coming fish up to 3 times during the season. The mesh of the net in one cage is 10 mm, and in the other two - 20 mm. The dimensions of the cage are 3 × 3 m, the depth (height) of the cage is not more than 1.5 m. A similar composition of cages is formed for another group. Cage groups are placed in opposite corners of the pond and fixedly fixed in place by anchors.

In a cage with a mesh of 10 mm planted juvenile African catfish with an average weight of about 50-100 g, in the amount of 500 pcs. per 1 square. square meter of a cage (4500 pieces per 1 cage). Cultivation is carried out for 20 days, then, catfish are sorted in the first cage. About half of the largest weighing about 400 g are selected and transplanted into the second cage.

The process of growing tropical hydrobionts in polyculture (African catfish, juvenile giant freshwater shrimp) is presented in Table. 1

Thus, from 3 cages with a total area of 27 m ² for 4 months of cultivation, 4488 kg of African catfish were obtained. The output amounted to 3148 pcs., Or 70% of the planted quantity. The total cost of extruded feed was 6082 kg. The total increase is 4173 kg. Feed consumption per 1 kg increase of 1.46 kg. Part of this feed is consumed by shrimp (not more than 200 kg).

Example 2

In the second group of 3 cages installed in the wintering pond, tilapia is grown.

All 3 cages are stocked up at once, because the growth rate of tilapia, the variation in size, is less than that of catfish. Stocking density from 3,000 to 5,000 pcs. on 1 cage.

The results of the cultivation are presented in table. 2.

In total, from three cages, with a total area of 27 m ² , 2193 kg of Nile tilapia were caught, an increase in weight of 1593 kg. Catch from 1 m ^{2 of} cage on average 81 kg. A total of 2984 kg of extruded feed was consumed, or 1.8 kg of feed per 1 kg of commercial tilapia. Of the total feed, not more than 200 kg was eaten by shrimp under the cage group.

After catching the cages, water is drained from the pond through a mesh trap installed on the outlet of the pond. During the day, the water drains completely; in total, 672 kg of shrimp, 12923 pieces were caught during the descent of the pond. average weight of 53 g (from 28 to 87 g). The yield from shrimp planted in the pond was 65%.

Thus, the total catch of tropical hydrobionts during the three summer months of cultivation from 1 ha of the wintering pond amounted to 7353 kg, the increase in production minus the initial weight was 6888 kg. This is almost 20 times more than the normative natural fish productivity of fish ponds for the full (8 months) season of commercial production of cyprinids in the 6th fish breeding zone, to which the Astrakhan region belongs.

Claims (3)

1. A method of commercial cultivation of tropical species in a pond polyculture, including the spatial separation of tropical crustaceans and tropical fish within one pond, for which stationary or floating groups of net cages are installed in it, the mesh of which isolates fish of different ages and sizes, and the bottom of the cage without feeding grounds passes the rest of the feed to the soil of the pond, while only fish in cages receive primary feeding, while crustaceans initially feed on the natural food base in the coastal zone oud, where they are released in the form of grown juveniles simultaneously with the stocking of cages with fish, settling along the bottom of the pond, crustaceans consume excess and / or uneaten food under cages. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that at least two groups of cages are located at opposite ends of the pond, while each group of cages combines at least 3 cages to conduct regular at least 3 times during the growing fish sorting season , the stocking of a group of cages starts from cage No. 1, after 20 days of cultivation, the first sorting is carried out, in which large individuals are placed in cage No. 2, after the next 20 days, from the stocked cages No. 1 and No. 2, the second sorting is carried out in cages No. 2 and No. 3, in the third sorting through 20 days, all fish from three cages are used, in addition, fish is taken from cage No. 3 for goods. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the cultivation of tropical species is carried out in the optimal biological time for them, which lasts 3-4 months, feeding the fish begins immediately after stocking, which is carried out when the water temperature is stable not lower than 20 ° C, and stop feeding and growing when lowering it to 18 ° C.