RU2330406C1 - Method of fish culture in polyculture in pond - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, fishing industry.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to fish culture, particularly to cage culture of fish and can be used for cultivating planting materials, fish for sale and for producers of different species of fish in polyculture in the pond. The method includes culturing one or several valuable species of fish in single pondage of the large pond by means of its extensional isolation or dividing from each other. The method is carried out by stocking valuable species - sturgeons, salmon, sheatfishes - in one or several additional smaller ponds placed into the main large pond that is stocked with one or several additional species of herbivorous fishes: silver carps, bigheads, grass carps or species of whitefishes, mullets depending on species and technological norms for raising of the main species. The bottom of the pond is placed on the bed, if the depth of basin is less than 5-7 m a cloth made of polymer material is layed on the bottom of the pond to collect remnants of feed-stuff and excrements of cultivated fishes.

EFFECT: transformation of feed stuff remnants and waste products of the main species into the additional fish production ensures efficient use or recourses, at the same time the organic contamination of the pond decreases, feed costs per unit of the product also decrease, fish capacity and usage efficiency of production facilities increase.

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Description

The invention relates to the field of fish farming, in particular to cage fish farming, and can be used for growing planting stock, commercial fish and producers of various types of fish in polyculture in cages.

Known pond-cage method of growing fish in polyculture, where the main object - a valuable species of fish, such as channel catfish, is grown in cages installed in ponds, and an additional object, tilapia, eel or buffalo - directly in the ponds [1. Ryazantseva L.I. The experience of breeding new heat-loving species of fish in the United States. // Fisheries study of inland waters. - Leningrad .: GOSNIORH. - 1976. - No. 18. - 135 p. - S.73-75]. However, a significant drawback of this method is that the production of fish products in cages in large volumes requires high water flow, which is difficult to implement on fish ponds.

A known method of co-cultivation in cages of carp with trout [2. Romanicheva O.D., Speshilov L.I., Vakhar Yu.B., Sergiev O.R. Cage cultivation of rainbow trout, bester and carp // Fisheries, No. 9, Food industry. - 1974. - 96 p. - P.27], as well as a method of growing silver carcass hybrids in polyculture with carp in cages installed in ponds [3. Trubnikov A.I. Comparative characteristics of the growth of hybrids of silver carp in cages and ponds // Collection of scientific papers. Issues of intensification of pond fish farming. - VNIIPRH. - 1986. - S. 73]. However, the disadvantage of these methods is the transition of additionally planted fish species to food expensive feed, which is used in feeding the main object. At the same time, the remaining fodder resources, the use of which the formation of polyculture is aimed at, are consumed to a small extent. Intensive feeding and high planting densities lead to the accumulation of uneaten food residues and excrement of farmed fish at the bottom of the reservoir, which worsens the conditions of fish keeping and causes pollution of the reservoir by organic substances.

The closest technical solution is the method of growing herbivorous fishes (white and mottled silver carp) in cages in warm waters, together with carp when planting herbivorous fish in the amount of 5% of the total number of fish [4. Korneev A.N. Breeding of carp and other fish species in warm waters. M .: Light and food industry. - 1982. - S. 5, 36, 76, 121-123].

However, the joint cultivation of common carp and herbivorous fish in a single space significantly increases the consumption of animal feed per unit of production, thereby increasing the cost of fish. In addition, with this technology, only one main species of fish is grown.

The objectives of the proposed method are to increase the efficiency of the use of feeds defined by the main object due to the cultivation of one or several valuable fish species in polyculture with additional fish species in a single volume of a large cage by spatial isolation from each other, which helps to increase the yield from 1 m ² cages, reducing the cost of commercial products, as well as reducing the organic load on the body of water resulting from intensive feeding and high density of saline fish docks in cages.

The technical result is an increase in the efficiency of using the working volume of the cage and an increase in fish productivity by 35% or more due to the maximum use of all feed resources, including loss of feed and excrement of farmed fish.

The essence of the claimed invention lies in the cultivation of fish in polyculture in cages using spatial isolation, or separation of objects from each other, which is carried out by planting the main object of cultivation - valuable fish species of the families of sturgeon, salmon, catfish - in one or more small additional cages installed inside the main large cage, stocked with one or several additional objects - herbivorous fish: white, motley silver carp, grass carp, etc. ., or species of fish of the families of whitefish, mullet - depending on the type and technological norms of growing the main object, and to achieve high polyculture efficiency, the bottom of the large cage is located at the bottom of the reservoir, if the depth of the reservoir is more than 5-7 m, at the bottom of the large cage hem fabric from dense polymeric material to collect residues of feed and fish excrement.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the single volume of a large cage, the main object is also grown - valuable species of fish of the sturgeon, salmon, catfish families, and an additional object - herbivorous fish (or whitefish, mullet with other polyculture options), and the main and additional object are spatially isolated from each other by growing valuable species in the amount of one or more small cages installed inside a large cage. The remnants of animal feed and waste products (excrement) from the breeding space of the main fish species - the small cage - fall into the inter-planting space, where they are consumed by additional species of fish contained in the large cage. The bottom of the large (main) cage should be at the bottom of the reservoir. In the event that the depth of the reservoir does not allow this to be done (depth is more than 5-7 m), then a fabric of dense polymeric material is hemmed to the bottom of the cage to collect the residues of animal feed and fish vital products.

In figures 1 and 2 presents the scheme of growing fish in polyculture.

Figure 1 is a fragment of the cage line (side view). In the main (large) cage (1), where herbivorous fish were planted: white (9) and motley (11) silver carp, grass carp (10), which are additional objects of polyculture, two small cages (2 and 5), stocked up with the main objects, were installed - valuable fish species: small cage 2 is stocked with Siberian sturgeon (7), small cage 5 with channel catfish (8). The cages are fixed on the pontoon cage line (3). The bottom of the main charge is at the bottom of the reservoir (4).

Figure 2 is a fragment of the cage line (front view). In the main cage (1), where herbivorous fish were planted: white (9) and motley (11) silver carp, grass carp (10), which are additional objects of polyculture, a cage stocked with Siberian sturgeon was installed (7). The cages are fixed on pontoons of the cage line (3). The figure illustrates the case when the depth of the reservoir is significantly higher than the height of the main cage. In this case, a dense polymeric material (6) is hemmed to the net material of the bottom of the cage to collect residues of uneaten feed and waste products (excrement) of farmed fish.

The proposed method is as follows. Fish was grown in a fish-farming cage on the standard cage line LM-4M, where a large (main) cage of 11 m × 4 m × 5 m was installed on the cage section from a nylon nodal divide with a mesh of 20 mm. The bottom of the cage at the same time was at the bottom of the reservoir. Two small cages with a size of 5 × 4 × 2.5 m were installed in a large cage from a nylon nodeless mesh with a mesh size of 10 mm (see Fig. 1). If the depth of the pond does not allow this (the depth is more than 5-7 m), then a fabric of dense polymeric material is hemmed to the bottom of the cage to collect residues of animal feed and fish vital products (see figure 2).

In small cages, traditional fish feeders are installed in the form of galvanized roofing iron trays suspended on kapron halyards. The first small cage was stocked with Siberian sturgeon planting stock with an individual weight of 130-170 g at a landing density of 150 kg per cage; the second small cage - year-old canal catfish with an average weight of 10-15 g and a planting density of 60 kg. An immediately large cage at the beginning of the growing season was buried by biennials of herbivorous fish in a polyculture of the following composition: phytoplanktophages (white carp) - 100 kg, detritophages (variegated silver carp) - 200 kg, macrophytophages (grass carp) - 10 kg. The average mass of herbivorous fish was 500 g.

Sturgeons and catfish were fed with full-grain granulated feed with a protein content of 45%. The volume of the ration was normalized in accordance with the temperature of the water and ichthyomass. During the growing season, the main parameters of the hydrochemical regime and the water temperature were monitored.

In the process of growing Siberian sturgeon and channel catfish, part of the feed is inevitably lost through the walls and bottom of small cages and enters the space of a large cage, where additional fish stocked into it is consumed. The excrement of Siberian sturgeon and channel catfish from small cages also sink to the bottom and are consumed by silver carp. In addition, a natural forage base is used in fish nutrition: a white silver carp consumes seston and phytoplankton, a colorful silver carp consumes mainly detritus and zooplankton. Amur, in conditions of shortage of fodder resources, actively eats periphyton fouling of plant origin (filamentous algae, etc.) on the walls of small and large cages. As a result of the application of spatial isolation, in contrast to the previously used methods of polyculture of fish in one cage, an additional object cannot get into the volume of small cages and eat mixed feeds, but uses only resources located in the space between the main and small cages.

For example, to combat fouling in cages, grass carp was often grown together with carp. However, this did not always give the desired results, as grass carp willingly ate granular feed, and algae continued to develop. Numerous studies have shown that silver carp under certain conditions (lack of natural food resources, over-compacted planting, etc.) also actively consume animal feed. At the same time, it was noted that herbivorous fish, due to their biological characteristics, use compound feed ineffectively and, as practice has shown, the products received from them do not justify the consumption of feed resources spent on its production.

Since intensive feeding and high planting densities are used, the remains of uneaten food, as well as the excrement of farmed fish, fall to the bottom of the reservoir and, gradually accumulating, on the one hand worsen the conditions of keeping fish and, on the other, contribute to the pollution of the reservoir by organic substances.

The biotechnology of the proposed cage polyculture method is based on the prevention of these adverse events and is aimed at the maximum use of all feed resources.

During the growing season of Siberian sturgeon in the first small cage and channel catfish in the second small cage, 1.5 tons of feed are consumed for feeding, and about 10-15% of this amount is lost when feeding a valuable object. The amount of excrement generated during the cultivation of sturgeon in the first small cage and in the second small channel catfish cage is up to 5 tons in the total biomass. As a result, the remains of the scattered feed and excrement, penetrating through the net bottom and walls of small cages, enter the volume of a large cage, where herbivorous fish are consumed as additional food.

For five months of growing fish in polyculture, the average weight of the silver carp was 1200 g, the variegated silver carp was 1600 g, the grass carp was 800 g, the average weight of the sturgeon increased to 1200 g, the channel catfish was 900 g. The total productivity of herbivores was 1000 kg, the Siberian sturgeon - 1020 kg, channel catfish - 1000 kg.

Thus, the proposed method of polyculture in cage fish farming, carried out by spatial isolation and through the use of additional feed resources in feed, which, with traditional technology, are irretrievably lost and are a source of organic pollution of water bodies, allows you to get additional fish products, which ultimately:

- increases the efficiency of the use of animal feed;

- reduces the cost of farmed fish;

- increases the economic effect of growing;

- reduces the negative impact on the ecology of the reservoir.

It should be noted that in small cages it is possible to grow not only commodity fish of valuable species (families of sturgeon, salmon, catfish) and decorative fish, but also planting material, repairs and producers of the same species, i.e. those facilities for the use of which expensive compound feed is used. And as additional species for landing in a large cage, you can use not only herbivorous fish of the Far Eastern complex, but also mullet, in particular pylengas, tilapia, whitefish and other fish, i.e. in each case, a certain composition of species is formed, and, accordingly, the effectiveness of the proposed method of polyculture in each case will be different.

The biotechnology of the method is not limited by the sizes of large and small cages, since cage lines of various types, sizes and designs (floating and stationary, light, medium and heavy type; marine underwater, etc.), as well as mesh pitch of mesh material are currently being produced . The choice of this or that option depends primarily on the capabilities of the economy, the design features of cage lines and, accordingly, on the species composition of polyculture objects and the size of fish grown.

Information sources

1. Ryazantseva L.I. The experience of breeding new heat-loving species of fish in the United States. // Fisheries study of inland waters. - Leningrad .: GOSNIORH. - 1976. - No. 18. - 135 c. - C.73.75.

2. Romanicheva O.D., Speshilov L.I., Vakhar Yu.B., Sergiev O.R. Cage cultivation of rainbow trout, bester and carp // Fisheries, No. 9, Food industry. - 1974. - 96 p. - S. 27.

3. Trubnikov A.I. Comparative characteristics of the growth of hybrids of silver carp in cages and ponds // Collection of scientific papers. Issues of intensification of pond fish farming. - VNIIPRH. - 1986. - S. 73-74.

4. Korneev A.N. Breeding of carp and other fish species in warm waters. M .: Light and food industry. - 1982. - S. 5, 36, 76, 121-123.

Claims (1)

A method of growing fish in polyculture in cages, in which they grow in warm water cages of ponds of herbivorous fish: white and colorful silver carp, together with carp, characterized in that they grow one or more valuable fish species in polyculture with additional fish species in a single the volume of a large cage through their spatial isolation from each other, carried out by planting valuable objects - fish of the families of sturgeon, salmon, catfish - in the volume of one or more additional cages the smallest sizes installed inside the main large cage, stocked with several species of additional fish: white, motley silver carp, grass carp or whitefish, mullet - with other varieties of polyculture, while the bottom of the large cage is located at the bottom of the reservoir, in case the depth of the reservoir is more than 5 -7 m, a fabric made of dense polymeric material is hemmed to the bottom of the cage to collect residues of animal feed and fish waste products.

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