RU2704825C1 - Growing method of fruits and vegetables in a greenhouse - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: biotechnology.

SUBSTANCE: invention represents a method for cultivation of fruit and vegetable crops in greenhouses, including preparation of soil by production of compost based on livestock livelihood products by fermentation, where fermentation of manure is carried out in a heat generator for at least 6 months, by uniform introduction of an aqueous solution containing the preparation "Sanvit-K" in ratio 1:1,000 and up to 10 % urea solution, based on 200 liters per 1 m³ compost every 1–2 months. Seeds of plants are planted in the obtained soil. During growth vegetative part of plants is treated with solution of preparation "Biogor" of KM series, in concentration 1:1,000. Treatment is performed at least five times over the entire vegetative period. Moisture content is maintained at 50–60 %.

EFFECT: invention allows to produce fruit and vegetable products with high yield and high quality in any climatic zone.

1 cl, 3 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and environmental biotechnology. The method is intended mainly to create conditions for the production of food crops, in closed ground in a greenhouse. The method can be used in the middle zone of the Russian Federation for the production of fruits and vegetables in winter, but the method can be especially effective in extreme climatic conditions: both in cold northern territories and in hot, arid climates.

Recently, the greenhouse production of vegetables, in particular hydroponics, has developed. However, hydroponic technology prohibits organic production standards. It is hard to imagine that in territories with extreme climates it would be possible to create a fertile substrate without the use of mineral fertilizers, which are also prohibited by organic standards. Even for small production greenhouses (~ 300 m ² ), at least 60 m ^{3 of} fertile substrate is required. Delivery of this substrate to areas of the north or south (for example, chernozem or compost) is not economically justified. The only reasonable proposal remains the preparation of a fertile substrate at the place of production of plant products in order to provide the local population with fresh high-quality vegetables and fruits.

 The prior art methods for the production of a substrate, for example, a patent

No. 2374211 "A method for producing biocompost based on agricultural waste mainly from litter of poultry manure and domestic animal manure during aerobic-anaerobic fermentation", C05F3 / 00, publ. 11.27.2009, which includes the formation of at least one collar from the waste, the introduction of a microbiological complex, hydration, biological heating and periodic mixing of the composted mass. A feature of the method is that a microbiological complex in liquid form is introduced into the compostable mass at a certain ratio of ingredients. The method was created mainly for the processing of large volumes of poultry and livestock waste at biofuel sites and the primary motivation for its use is to solve a large-scale environmental problem with obtaining compost of acceptable quality by using this fertilizer in the fields. However, this method does not allow to obtain a sufficient amount of nutrients that stimulate the growth and development of plants.

There are proposals on the use in closed ground when growing vegetables using a fermented compost mixture (manure-sawdust) of the Baikal EM-1 biological product for controlling root rot of plants and improving the soil structure in doses of 0.3-1.0 kg / m ² (materials The First All-Union Conference on November 1-3, 2000, pp. 23-26, Voronezh). The known method successfully fights root rot, but is ineffective to accelerate the process of growing plants.

The closest in technical essence is the method of growing plants in greenhouses according to patent No. 2299539, IPC A01B79 / 02, publ. 05/27/2007. The method includes preparing the soil, introducing into the soil a biological product for controlling root rot, planting and caring for them. As a biological product for the fight against root rot, take pre-prepared compost with a biological product "Baikal EM 1". Compost with a biological product is introduced into the soil at the rate of 0.3-1.0 kg per m ² . After applying the compost, it is closed by mixing in the topsoil in a horizon of up to 5 cm. The compost is closed by harrowing with a rake or harrow, followed by watering at the rate of 2-3 l / m ² , at a water temperature of 25-30 ° С. Compost is carried out 2-7 days before planting. The used compost with the biological product “Baikal EM 1” allows to reduce the susceptibility of plants to root rot, which increases the yield of cultivated plants. The objective of the known technical solution is the fight against root rot, however, the aforementioned method does not allow to accelerate the development of plants, especially in difficult conditions of an extreme climate.

The challenge facing the invention is to reduce the ripening period of vegetable products and increase the yield of fruits and vegetables in greenhouses placed in any climatic conditions, while improving the quality of products grown without the use of chemical pesticides.

The problem is solved as follows:

At the same time, two objects are being built in the form of thermally insulated biocapsules that communicate with each other using vehicles and a farm for growing small animals or birds (rabbits, lambs, pigs, turkeys, broilers, etc.) and a greenhouse for growing fruits and vegetables. Or a greenhouse for growing vegetables, fruits, etc. being built near an existing farm or complex. The manure obtained at the farm is sent to a biothermogenerator, where it is composted, generating heat to heat the greenhouse and creating compost-rash as the basis of a fertile substrate. Both objects are thermally insulated and block both low and high climate temperatures. As composting, in any case, the biomass of the substrate decreases, the concentration of active substances increases, but to control the temperature process and increase the nitrogen-organic products in the compost, the use of urea dissolved in water supplied to the biothermogen generator is proposed. At the same time, for the same purpose and enrichment of compost with growth-promoting substances, the Sanvit-K biological product is introduced into the aqueous solution. In biomass, the average temperature is 55-65 ° C, and the circulating water enters the greenhouse with a temperature of 25-30 ° C. With long-term composting (at least 6 months), the biocompost is pasteurized, which means that pathogens are absent in the plant substrate. The difference between the technological schemes for low and high outdoor temperatures is that in the first case, the received thermal energy in the heat generator is used to heat the greenhouse, and in the second case, for cooling, by using a heat pump, including for the production of electricity for lighting a thermally insulated room.

These systems are sufficiently studied and effective, because they are based on the large energy capacity of the biomass fermentation process (up to 400 kW / m ³ ).

 Currently, there are many examples of the practical use of heat obtained from the composting system for heating homes, farms, greenhouses. The special composition of microbes in the Sanvit-K biological product allows you to get rid of foul odors, increase the nitrogen content in the substrate, synthesize a number of valuable growth-promoting substances and gives great savings on heating the greenhouse or farm, having a significant impact on the cost of the final product. Microorganisms, like any other living organism, need food, air, moisture and optimal temperature conditions, which is ensured by appropriate control of technological parameters and their regulation (RF Patent No. 2094990, А01N63 / 00, publ. 10.11.1997).

 The heating period of the greenhouse in the northern regions is at least 6-8 months. This time is enough to conduct deep fermentation of manure in a biothermal generator by repeatedly adding a microbial pool, water and nitrogen. Obviously, in solving this two-pronged task (control for the long-term maintenance of heat and the desire to simultaneously obtain a high-quality substrate) for plants, the most favorable conditions for their growth, development and fruiting in difficult conditions of an extreme climate are realized. In order to enhance the growth and development of plants in the greenhouse, seeds, soil and the vegetative part of the plants are treated, crop ripening is accelerated, resistance to adverse factors is enhanced, the absorption of organic fertilizers is improved, including the solubility of the present minerals, the root growth and root formation itself are enhanced. Metabolism products and a soluble ensemble of trace elements that increase the content of economically valuable components in products. The use of the Biogor preparation of the KM series is recommended, which has passed many years of testing and received good certification (certificate of state registration No. 232-19-754-1 of 08/17/2015). A greenhouse is a closed isolated object. During the growth process, the culture is repeatedly (at least 8-10 times) processed by spraying the Biogor preparation of the KM series, forming bioprotection in the volume of the greenhouse. This allows you to grow plants in a greenhouse without the use of chemical pesticides.

A farm for growing rabbits, for example, is supplied with feed from a feed mill. The resulting manure enters the biothermogenerator for fermentation. The resulting compost is fed to the biopolygon for the preparation of the plant substrate by mixing with a small fraction (10-20%) of the local soil and the Biogor biofertilizer of the KM series. Between the heat exchanger located in the volume of the bio-heat generator and the heating pipes of the greenhouse there is a thermal communications system with a circulation pump. It should be noted that in practice the entire thermal system has a large thermal capacity and inertia. If it is necessary to carry out repair work, it can retain heat for at least 1-2 days. This suggests that there is no reason to duplicate or insure production.

The method of production of fruits and vegetables in greenhouses is as follows.

 According to one of the modern technologies, animals (for example, rabbits) are raised on a closed farm. Manure from the farm is unloaded (in accordance with the production schedule of 3-5 days) to a concrete platform with a canopy and reloaded as the heat and biogenerator is released, where the time is dictated by the production of plant products in the greenhouse (at least 6 months). The dynamics (terms) of movement of the processed biomass is determined by the ratio of the scale of meat production on the farm, the accumulation of waste products of rabbits (manure) and the amount of plant products in the greenhouse. The composting rate of incoming manure is determined by the need to stabilize the temperature and maintain it at a level comfortable for a given crop, usually 20-30 ° C. For this, the appropriate amount of an aqueous urea solution (from 2 to 10%) with the addition of the Sanvit-K biological product in a ratio of 1: 1000 is automatically added to the temperature in the center of the biothermogenerator. The amount of the solution and the concentration of urea are selected experimentally by the frequency of supply of the solution to maintain the temperature in the greenhouse in a predetermined temperature range of ± 5 ° C. According to the experience of real production, the technological measures taken make it possible to obtain a substance for plants of much better quality than vermicomposts permitted by the current standard. Plant seeds are planted in the resulting soil. Plants, in the process of growing, are treated with the help of the Biogor preparation of the KM series at a concentration of 1: 1000, at least five times over the entire vegetative period, while maintaining soil moisture at a level of 50-60%.

The implementation of the proposed method is illustrated by examples of its specific implementation for the cultivation of individual crops.

Example 1

The experiment was carried out with cultivation of Chantenay carrots in winter in closed ground, in a greenhouse on a plot of 4 × 5 m with soil prepared according to the proposed method: the biocompost was obtained on the basis of the livelihoods of a rabbit farm by fermentation. The process of fermentation of livestock products was carried out in a heat and bio generator for 6 months, by uniformly introducing an aqueous solution. The enzyme-probiotic preparation “Sanvit-K” was added to the aqueous solution, in the ratio 1: 1000 and 10% urea solution, at the rate of 200 liters per 1 m ^{3 of} manure. (Installed experimentally). Carrot seeds were pre-soaked in a 0.1% solution of the Biogor biological product of the KM series for 8 hours, then the seeds were planted in the prepared soil. The energy (heat) obtained in the heat and biogenerator during manure fermentation was used to heat the greenhouse (maintain the desired temperature) as the temperature of the environment changes (from +3 to -11 ° С). Soil moisture was maintained at a level of 50-60%. The temperature inside the greenhouse was maintained at 27 (+ _5) ° С. In the process of growing carrots, the vegetative part of the plants was treated 5 times for the entire growth period with a solution of the Biogor biological product of the KM series at the rate of 1 g. per 1 liter of water (1: 1000). The vegetative period in the control was 53 days. The average yield in the experiment was - 8.9 kg / m ² - 89 t / ha.

At the same time, the implementation of the method of cultivating carrots of the Chantene variety was also carried out in a greenhouse on a plot of 4 × 5 m, without using drug treatment, on ordinary compost. All agricultural activities (planting, watering, top dressing, cultivation) and lighting in both areas were carried out at the same time, the same way and in accordance with generally accepted standards adopted for growing carrots. The average yield in the control of 6.5 kg / m ² - 65 c / ha. (Table 1)

  The excess in yield in the experimental plot was 73% compared with the control. In addition, the carrots in the experimental plot were larger than the average size (25.2 cm versus 16.5 cm) and average weight (198.3 g. Versus 183.5 g.). If we compare the results with long-term data, it is obvious that the result almost corresponds to the maximum potential of the culture.

 Carrots from the experimental plot are well stored for a long time and do not lose their presentation, have a good marketable bright red-orange color and a smooth, without stains, surface. Carrots are sweet because sugar content 9.5 ÷ 10.1% more than in control (7.1-7.8%). It should be noted that the experimental carrots are organoleptically more juicy than in the control.

Example 2

For planting were used seeds of cucumbers of the Nezhinsky 12 variety. The variety is unpretentious in care, gives a good harvest, prefers a good fertile soil. The experiments were carried out under similar conditions (example 1) in sections of the greenhouse 4 × 5m in cucumbers using similar composts. The process of fermentation of poultry products was carried out in a heat and bio generator for 6.5 months, by uniformly introducing an aqueous solution. The enzyme-probiotic preparation “Sanvit-K” was added to the aqueous solution, in the ratio 1: 1000 and 5% urea solution, at the rate of 200 liters per 1 m ^{3 of} manure. (Installed experimentally). The seeds of cucumbers were pre-soaked in a 0.1% solution of the biological product "Biogor" of the "KM" series for 12 hours, then the seeds were planted in the prepared soil. The vegetative part of plants in the experimental plot was treated 6 times during the growth period with the Biogor biological product of the KM series at the rate of 1 g per 1 liter of water (1: 1000). Humidity in the greenhouse during the growth of the cucumber increased from 50% to 60% when the fruit was “poured” at a temperature of 20 to 30 ° C, which was constantly maintained at this level. Watering before flowering 1 time in 7 days, after flowering - every 3 days. 5 top dressings with dry powder were carried out equally in experiment and control (3 tbsp.spoons per 10 liters of water). With a plant height of 1.5 m, pinch over the second leaf - left 2 ovaries, then over 3-4 leaves and left 3-4 ovaries, on the third tier - 6 ovaries. The crop of cucumbers in the experiment - 12.1 kg / m ² - 101 t / ha, in the control - 7.8 kg / m ² - 78 t / ha, efficiency - 55%. (Table 2)

We get cucumbers short, with brown-dark spines, about 12 cm long. The fruits have a soft, crisp flesh. Cucumbers from the experimental plot have a pronounced superiority in marketability, fresh cucumber smell, brighter color and larger size.

Example 3

For the experiment with tomatoes, the Hurricane F ₁ variety, popular among gardeners, was selected.

The experiment was carried out on tomatoes, in winter, in closed ground, in a greenhouse on a 4 × 5m plot with soil prepared according to the proposed method: the biocompost was obtained on the basis of the products of the livestock farm by fermentation. The process of fermentation of animal products was carried out in a heat and biogenerator for 7 months, by uniformly introducing an aqueous solution. The enzyme-probiotic preparation “Sanvit-K” was added to the aqueous solution, in the ratio 1: 1000 and 10% urea solution, at the rate of 200 liters per 1 m ^{3 of} manure. The enzyme-probiotic preparation “Sanvit-K” was added to the aqueous solution, in the ratio 1: 1000 and 5% urea solution, at the rate of 200 liters per 1 m ^{3 of} manure. (Installed experimentally). Tomato seeds were pre-soaked in a 0.1% solution of the Biogor biological product of the KM series for 12 hours, then the seeds were planted in the prepared soil.

The vegetative part of plants in the experimental plot was treated 5 times during the growth period with the Biogor biological product of the KM series at the rate of 1 g per 1 liter of water (1: 1000). Humidity in the greenhouse during the growth of tomatoes increased from 50% to 60% when the fruit was “poured” at a temperature of 20 to 30 ° C, which was constantly maintained at this level. Watering before flowering 1 time in 7 days, after flowering - every 3 days. 5 top dressings with dry powder were carried out equally in experiment and control (3 tbsp.spoons per 10 liters of water). At a plant height of 1.5 m, pinch over the second leaf - leave 2 ovaries, then over 3-4 leaves and leave 3-4 ovaries, on the third tier - 6 ovaries. The harvest of tomatoes in the experiment - 7.1 kg / m ² , in the control - 3.5 kg / m ² efficiency - 102%. (Table 3)

Thus, while reducing the ripening time of the crop by 16%, an organic quality crop was obtained that was twice the yield in the control plot.

Based on the results of the experiments, it can be concluded that the soil prepared on the basis of vital products taken from the livestock farm with the addition of the Sanvit-K preparation and long-term composting contains not only a large amount of active substances, but also soil nutrients: amino acids , polysaccharides, soluble trace elements, vitamins, humic substances, organic biostimulating substances, which powerfully affects the growth and development of vegetable products (e.g. carrots, cucumbers, tomatoes). And also thanks to the systematic support of the Biogor biopreparation of the KM series in the future, in the process of plant growth, an increased maturation rate, increased yield of manufactured products while improving its consumer qualities are provided.

The technical result from the implementation of the proposed invention is to increase productivity and improve the quality of products in greenhouses located in any territory (in the north, south, Siberia or Africa) through the use of special soil based on animal waste products enriched with the drug "Sanvit- K "with a solution of urea and further processing of the vegetative part of plants with the biological product" Biogor "of the KM series according to the proposed technology.

Thus, the objective of the invention is solved.

Claims (1)

A method of growing horticultural crops in greenhouses, including preparing soil by composting based on livestock products using fermentation, characterized in that the process of manure fermentation is carried out in a heat-biogenerator for 6-10 months by uniformly introducing an aqueous solution containing an enzyme-probiotic preparation "Sanwa-K" at a ratio of 1: 1000 and 10% urea solution, the rate of 200 liters per 1 m ³ of compost every 1-2 months, depending on the generating volume of the heat necessary for heating the greenhouse, then plant seeds are planted in the obtained soil, and during their growth, the vegetative part of the plants is treated with a solution of the enzyme-probiotic preparation with a set of trace elements "Biogor" KM series at a concentration of 1: 1000, at least five times for the entire vegetative period, while the soil moisture is maintained at a level of 50-60%.

Images