RU2695555C1 - Gas generator - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to power engineering and can be used in households, farms and industry. Invention objective is to increase the gas-generator gas cleaning degree. Solving said tasks is achieved in a gas generator comprising a housing, a loading device, a main cavity in which a reactor is installed, an ash compartment under the reactor with a grate and an unloading device, air supply system to gas generator, gas duct, gas-generator gas cleaning system, output of which is connected to gas-generator gas consumer, at that output from cleaning system is connected to gas-generator gas consumer through heat exchanger, and gas-generator gas cleaning system comprises preliminary gas cleaning system made in form of cyclone inside of gas generator, wherein gas generator is made of three bodies: external, middle and inner with annular gaps between them, wherein the outer annular gap is filled with heat insulating material, in the inner annular gap the preliminary gas cleaning cyclone is made, which includes an inlet annular channel in the lower part and an outlet header with outlet holes – in the upper part, which communicate the internal annular gap with the cavity of the outlet header, which is connected to gas duct, and on grate there are ribs, which are installed at an angle to radial direction. Lower end of inner cylindrical wall can be located at distance h from grate upper end, defined by ratio: h=(0.01…0.03)H, where h is an axial gap; His the middle hull inner height. Gas generator can be equipped with a control unit, to which a sensor controller is connected, and sensors: gas analyzer installed at output of catalytic afterburner, gas generator temperature sensor installed at the heat exchanger outlet, at that outputs of sensors by control lines are connected to inputs to sensor controller. Grate can be connected with vibrator by means of traction rod. Grate is made of annular shape with side wall in form of truncated cone. Emergency afterburner can be connected to the gas pipe via a discharge pipe via a controlled valve.EFFECT: higher degree of gas-generator gas cleaning.6 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of energy, and in particular to engines running on gaseous fuel generated by the burning of solid household waste - MSW.

Wastes from production and consumption are among the largest sources of environmental pollution. The annual increase in the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) in our country is more than 30 million tons. This is a powerful renewable fuel resource that can bring huge savings in fossil fuels and provide heat and electricity to residential areas and industrial enterprises. In this regard, the creation of new enterprises for the disposal and disposal of waste is one of the urgent state tasks.

As you know, hydrocarbon fuel is constantly becoming more expensive. In addition, its natural resources are exhaustible and may end in 40 ... 50 years.

In addition, in accordance with Technical Regulation No. 609 “On requirements for the emission of harmful (polluting) substances” by automotive vehicles issued in the territory of the Russian Federation, the Euro-5 environmental class is introduced from January 1, 2014. From now on, all cars entering the territory of Russia must comply with this environmental standard. This applies to both vehicles manufactured at domestic plants and all vehicles imported into the country from abroad: both new and used; both for personal purposes and for commercial use.

Currently, 5 waste incineration plants are operated in Russia, the volume of disposal and disposal of solid waste at which is negligible and does not exceed 3% of the total amount of waste (for comparison: there are more than 50 such plants in Germany alone). In this regard, it is extremely urgent to build incinerators using modern technologies, providing for the combination of the most complete use of the energy potential of solid waste with the environmental safety of the process.

The process of burning solid waste is accompanied by the formation of a number of toxic compounds: nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon monoxide (II) (CO), dioxins and furans, and some other pollutants. At the same time, as in the case of burning traditional types of fossil fuels, nitrogen oxides make the main contribution to the total toxicity index of combustion products.

Since the composition of the flue gases of incineration plants is characterized by the variety of toxic components contained in them, they can be neutralized only when exposed to a complex of technological measures, as well as chemical and physicochemical cleaning methods. Therefore, there is a need to equip waste incinerators with multi-stage gas purification systems that reduce the content of various pollutants in flue gases to the required standards. Moreover, each of the used cleaning technologies, as a rule, is aimed at reducing emissions of one of several types of toxic components formed.

A feature of the process of thermal disposal of solid waste is the variable composition of the fuel, as a result of which there is a continuous change in combustion parameters. This, in turn, causes significant fluctuations in the concentrations of toxic components in flue gases and, as a consequence, insufficiently reliable operation of the treatment system as a whole.

The constant tightening of the requirements for gas emissions of heat power units, which include waste incinerators, create the prerequisites for creating new cleaning technologies.

The need for the development and application of technologies that provide high efficiency and stable indicators for the cleaning of flue gases generated during thermal disposal of solid waste of variable composition, determined the direction of research, the results of which are given in this invention.

The main objective of the invention: the development of a fully automated device for burning garbage and integrated cleaning of flue gases generated during the combustion of gas generator gas in an internal combustion engine. Exclusion of the emission of gas generated by the combustion of solid household waste gas into the atmosphere during emergency and off-schedule conditions.

The most difficult purification from nitrogen oxides. Particulate cleaning is relatively easy in cyclones and other industrial cleaners.

The most radical means of reducing the formation of nitrogen oxides both during the combustion of solid waste in a gas generator and during combustion in the cylinders of internal combustion engines is its afterburning in a catalytic afterburner. This will reduce the emission of nitrogen oxides NOx by several times.

The well-known "Gas Generator" according to patent RU No. 2303050 from 06/29/2006, publ. 07/20/2007, IPC C10J 3/20, F23B 99/00, which contains a combustion chamber with a drying and pyrogenetic decomposition zone, with resin combustion zones, regeneration and purification of the generator gas, water boiler ducts, a steam generation chamber, a heating and air supply chamber, the gas generator is additionally equipped with a smoke separator, gas cooler-stabilizer and a generator gas heating chamber, which are connected in series between the generator gas extraction zone and the combustion chamber, the steam generation chamber is connected to the outlet of the cleaning zone eneratornogo gas from entering the regeneration zone and through the air heating chamber with a combustion chamber.

But this device does not provide gas with a calorific value above 1560 kcal.

Known technical solution of the gasification reactor according to patent RU No. 2360949 "Method for producing synthesis gas and gasification reactor for its implementation" from 08/04/2008, publ. 07/10/2009, IPC C10J 3/32, C10J 3/40, C10J 3/68.

A gasification reactor comprising a boiler with two inner and outer shells concentrically arranged in one another, made in the form of ring heat-exchange jackets, with a gas duct between them, with a paddle agitator of raw materials and a truncated cone, zones of primary gasification and gas regeneration, a burner, and grate grate for steam supply to the regeneration zone, with a cover and a reversible drive mounted on it and a suction pipe connected to it with a pipe equalizer, with a paddle agitator mounted under it and with tuyeres installed at the free end of the pipe to supply water vapor from the zone of accumulation of steam into the zone of primary gasification of raw materials.

But this device provides a two-stage gas production with a calorific value of no higher than 1560 kcal, since the burning of excessively produced synthesis gas in the primary gasification combustion zone also contributes to a decrease in the calorific value of the gas, since a large amount of nitrogen is already present in the synthesis gas, and its combustion in this zone causes an increase in the amount of nitrogen, first in the primary gasification zone, and then in the resulting synthesis gas. In addition, the combustion of synthesis gas in the primary zone maintains a combustion temperature of 1500 ° C in order to raise the synthesis temperature to the maximum possible temperature in the regeneration zone, at the same time, this temperature contributes to the onset of NOx formation in the synthesis gas, and when using the obtained gas in gas piston power plants or in burners of heating systems, where the combustion temperature exceeds 1500 ° C, additional NOx is produced, which leads to environmental pollution.

Known methods for producing generator gas to power the internal combustion engine according to French patent No. 2455077, IPC C10j 3/20, publ. 04/25/1979, consisting in the supply of heat, air and water vapor into a reaction chamber loaded with carbon-containing fuel, where as a result of the interaction of the components the generator gas is formed. The resulting gas is purified from resins and non-combustible impurities and fed into the ICE power system.

The specified source indicates the installation for the implementation of this method, which contain a reaction chamber filled with carbon-containing fuel and equipped with inlet devices for supplying heat, air and water vapor, and at the outlet with a gas cleaning device connected to the ICE power system.

A known method of producing generator gas to power the internal combustion engine and installation for its implementation according to A St. USSR No. 1325173, IPC F02D 43/08, publ. 07/23/1983

The method consists in supplying heat, air, water vapor and part of the exhaust gases of the engine to the reaction chamber loaded with carbon-containing fuel and withdrawing from the reaction chamber into the engine the generator gas previously purified from impurities. During the interaction of the component in the reaction chamber create a vacuum, and the supply of generator gas to the engine is produced through an intermediate tank.

The gas generating unit comprises an engine, the gas outlet line of which is connected through calibrated openings to the inlet of the reaction chamber loaded with carbon-containing fuel, equipped with a heating device and a water evaporator, and the power line is connected to the outlet of the reaction chamber. A purifier-cooler, a vacuum pump and an intermediate tank with a flow valve are installed sequentially along the generator gas line on the engine power line.

In this method and device, there is no complete utilization of engine exhaust gases: only a small part of them is used in the process of gasification of fuel, the rest is released into the atmosphere. The lack of complete utilization of the exhaust gases leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the method for producing generator gas and a device for its production.

Known gas generator with an internal combustion engine according to the patent of the Russian Federation for the invention No. 2099553, IPC F02B 43/08, publ. 12/20/1997, the prototype.

This installation comprises a gas generator, in which a gas outlet line is connected through a filter and a gas generator gas heat exchanger with a cooler circuit, the outlet of the heat exchanger is connected to an input to the air-fuel mixture supply system of an internal combustion engine, the crankshaft of which is connected to an electric generator,

Disadvantages are the relatively low efficiency of the internal combustion engine due to the low calorific value of the generator gas, the lack of automation and the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

The objective of the invention is to increase the degree of purification of gas generator gas.

Achieved technical result: increased degree of purification of gas-generating gas.

The solution of these problems has been achieved in a gas generator containing housings, a loading device, a main cavity in which a reactor is installed, an ash compartment under the reactor with a grate and an unloading device, an air supply system to the gas generator, a gas duct, a gas generator gas cleaning system, the outlet of which is connected to the gas-generating gas consumer in that the outlet from the purification system is connected to the gas-generating gas consumer through a heat exchanger, and the gas-generating gas purification system comprises a pre gas purification unit, made in the form of a cyclone inside the gas generator, while the gas generator is made of three buildings: external, middle and internal with annular gaps between them, while the outer annular gap is filled with insulating material, the preliminary gas purification cyclone is made in the inner annular gap, which contains the input an annular channel in the lower part and an output manifold with outlet openings in the upper part, communicating the inner annular gap with the cavity of the outlet manifold, which I gazovodom connected to gazovodom, and grate the ribs, which are set at an angle to the radial direction,

The lower end of the inner cylindrical wall can be located at a distance h from the upper end of the grate at a distance determined from the relation:

h = (0.01 ... 0.03) H ₀ ,

where h is the axial clearance

H ₀ - the inner height of the middle body.

The gas generator can be equipped with a control unit, to which a sensor controller is connected by a control line, and sensors:

- gas analyzer installed at the outlet of the catalytic afterburner,

- a temperature sensor for gas generating gas installed at the outlet of the heat exchanger,

while the outputs from the sensors control lines connected to the inputs of the sensor controller.

The grate can be connected to the vibrator by means of a traction.

The grate is made annular with a side wall in the shape of a truncated cone.

An emergency afterburner can be connected to the gas duct via a vent pipe through a controllable valve.

The invention is illustrated in the drawings of FIG. 1 ... 7, where:

in FIG. 1 shows the main power installation diagram,

in FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a power plant with two gas generators and one heat exchanger,

in FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a power plant with two gas generators and two heat exchangers,

in FIG. 4 shows the control circuit of a power plant,

in FIG. 5 shows a diagram of a cyclone integrated in a gas generator,

in FIG. 6 is a drawing of a grate with a vibrator,

in FIG. 7 shows id A in FIG. 6

Designations accepted in the description:

1. the outer cylindrical body 1,

2. the middle cylindrical body 2,

3. the inner cylindrical body 3,

4. outer annular clearance 4.

5. the inner annular gap 5,

6. heat insulation 6,

7. main cavity 7,

8. feedstock 8,

9. reactor 9,

10. tapering part 10,

11. cylindrical part 11,

12. the expanding part 12,

13. ring collector 13,

14. the internal cavity 14,

15. holes 15,

16. inner cavity 16,

17. air supply pipe 17

18. Upper end 18

19. The inlet 19,

20. loading mechanism 19

21. the first drive 20,

22. collector 22,

23. inner cavity 23,

24. sleeve 24,

25. gas duct 25,

26. first lower end 25,

27. center hole 26,

28. second lower end 27,

29. grate 28,

30. holes 29,

31. ash 30,

32. ash compartment 31,

33. building 32,

34. cavity 33,

35. ash discharge device 34,

36. receiving hopper 35,

37. unloading mechanism 36,

38. second drive 37,

39. stock 38,

40. vibratra 39,

41. side wall 40,

42. solids 41,

43. upper end 42,

44. Cyclone 44.

45. inner surface 45,

46. ribs 46,

47. dump pipe 47,

48. controlled valve 48,

49. emergency catalytic afterburner 49,

50. heat exchanger 50,

51. fine filter 51,

52. valve 52,

53. gas consumer 53.

54. supply pipe 54,

55. pump 55,

56. pipeline branch 56,

57. radiator 57.

58. fan 58,

59. third drive 59,

60. control line 60,

61. control unit 61,

62. control line 62,

63. sensor controller 63,

64. gas analyzer 64,

65. temperature sensor gas generator 65.

The gas generator (Fig. 1) contains three cylindrical bodies: external 1, middle 2 and internal 3. Cylindrical bodies 1 ... 3 mounted concentrically to each other with annular gaps external 4 and internal 5 between them. The outer annular gap is filled with thermal insulation 6.

Inside the inner casing 3, a main cavity 7 is formed for the combustion and gasification of the feedstock 8. A reactor 9 is installed in the main cavity 7, in which the combustion and gasification of the feedstock 8 begins.

The reactor 9 is made in the form of a Laval nozzle and consists of a tapering (top to bottom) part 10, a cylindrical part 11 and an expanding part 12. An annular collector 13 is made concentrically to the cylindrical part 11 of the reactor 9, the inner cavity 14 of which is connected with the holes 15 to the inner cavity 16 of the reactor 9 .

An air supply pipe 17 is connected to the annular manifold 13.

At the upper end 18 of the gas generator, an inlet 10 is made for loading the feedstock 8 into the main cavity 7. The gas generator contains a loading mechanism 19 with a first drive 20.

In the upper part of the outer cylindrical body 1, a collector 22 is made on its outer surface 21, the inner cavity 23 of which is connected by bushings 24 for the exit of hot generator gas from one side, with an internal annular gap 5, and from the other, connected to the gas duct 25.

The inner case 3 does not have a lower bottom, and instead of it, a central hole 27 is made in the first lower end 26, which communicates the main cavity 7 and the inner annular gap 5.

At the second lower end 28 of the middle body 2, a grate 29 is installed, in which openings 30 are made for the ash 31 to exit into the ash compartment 32. The ash compartment 32 is made under the grate 29 and contains a housing 33 and a cavity 34.

Under the ash compartment 31, a device for unloading ash 35 is made into a receiving hopper 36 with a discharge mechanism 37 having a second drive 38.

The grate 29 with the rod 39 is connected to the vibrator 40. The grate 29 has a side wall 41 in the form of a truncated cone to collect solid particles 42 (Fig. 1, and 5). Ash 31 is collected in the ash compartment 32.

The first lower end 26 of the inner cylindrical body 3 is located at a distance H from the upper end 43 of the middle cylindrical body 2.

h = (0.01 ... 0.03) H ₀ ,

where h is the axial clearance

H ₀ - the inner height of the middle body 7.

A cyclone 44 is formed in the inner annular gap 5.

On the inner surface 45 of the side wall 41 of the grate 29 are installed ribs 46 made at an angle (less than 90 °) to the radial direction.

The middle and inner cylindrical bodies 2 and 3, the inner annular gap 5 and the ribs 46 perform the function of the pre-treatment gas generator gas in the form of a cyclone 44, made inside the gas generator 1.

Exhaust gas generator can harm the atmosphere. However, it is known from other branches of technology the most effective means of neutralizing harmful substances: a catalytic exhaust gas afterburner.

A catalytic afterburner is designed to convert harmful substances into less harmful ones before they exit the car’s exhaust system. The catalytic afterburner has a very simple design and is of great importance. Emissions from the engine include the following: Gaseous nitrogen (N2) - 78% of the air is nitrogen, and most of it passes through the engine.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the products of combustion. The carbon contained in the fuel binds to oxygen from the air.

Water vapor (H2O) is another combustion product. The hydrogen contained in the fuel binds to oxygen from the air.

For the most part, these emissions are not harmful, although carbon dioxide is believed to contribute to global warming. Due to the fact that the combustion process proceeds in imperfect conditions, the engine also produces a small amount of harmful emissions. The catalytic afterburner is designed to neutralize them: Carbon monoxide (CO) is a poisonous gas without color and odor. Hydrocarbons or volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are formed from the fumes of unburned fuels and lead to smog. Nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2 or their common designation NOx) lead to the formation of smog and acid rain, which can have an adverse effect on the mucous membranes.

The catalytic afterburner has a simple structure: it contains ceramics filled in the body and the catalyst: a thin layer of platinum.

To the gas duct 25 is connected a discharge pipe 47 containing a controllable valve 48 emergency afterburner 49.

A heat exchanger 50, a fine filter 51, a valve 52 and a gas consumer 53 are connected in series to the gas duct 25.

A radiator 57 is connected to the heat exchanger 50 by the supply piping 54 with a pump 55 and a discharge pipe 56. A fan 58 with a third drive 59 is installed against the radiator 57.

Control lines 60 are connected to the first 21, second 37, third 59 drives and vibrator 40.

In FIG. 2 shows a diagram of a power plant with two gas generators and one heat exchanger,

In FIG. 3 shows a diagram of a power plant with two gas generators and two heat exchangers,

In FIG. 4 shows the control circuit of a power plant, which contains a control unit 61 to which a sensor controller 63 is connected by a control line 62, to which all sensors are connected by a control line 62:

- gas analyzer 64 installed at the outlet of the emergency catalytic afterburner 49,

- a temperature sensor for gas generating gas 65 mounted at the outlet of the heat exchanger 50.

In FIG. 5 shows in more detail the design of the cyclone 44, for pre-treatment of gas-generating gas.

In FIG. 6 shows in more detail the design of the grate 29 and the mechanism of its shaking in the form of a vibrator 40 connected by the rod 39 to the grate 29 of the grate. The grate 29 contains a side wall 41 made in the form of a truncated cone on which solid particles 42 are collected.

к радиальному направлению.In FIG. 7 is a view A showing ribs 46 mounted at an acute angle

to the radial direction.

The device operates as follows (Fig. 1 ... 7).

The feedstock 8 is loaded (FIG. 1) through the loading mechanism 20 into the main cavity 7. The feedstock 8 is ignited (the ignition system in FIGS. 1 ... 7 is not shown).

The feedstock 8 is fed into the gas generator 1 through the air supply pipe 17, it burns out when there is a lack of air and generator gas is formed with a temperature of 1200 ... 1300 ° C. The process of synthesis of gas-generating gas is at a temperature of from 1000 to 1300 ° C. It is preferable to maintain a temperature of about 1300 ° C. At a lower temperature, the gas-generating gas does not form in sufficient volume.

The gas-generating gas enters the inner annular gap 5, previously on the ribs 46 of the grate 29 of FIG. 1 and 4) is twisted and the centrifugal forces cast off the solid particles 42 to the periphery and they are discharged through the openings 30 along with the ash 31 along the inclined side wall 41 of the grate 29 to the ash compartment 32.

The resulting gas-generating gas is burned in the gas consumer 53

Monitoring the operation of all installation systems is carried out using sensors (Fig. 1 and 4):

gas analyzer 64.

gas generator temperature sensor 65,

They control the operation of the gas generator and, depending on the readings of these sensors, using the control unit 61, from which signals are sent to the actuators 21, 38, 59 and the vibrator 40.

When applying the scheme with two and gas consumers 53 (Fig.1..7 such an option is not shown), one of the gas consumer 53 can be turned off for prevention.

In the event of an emergency, for example, with the use of one gas consumer 57 or a simultaneous failure of gas consumers, the gas generator continues to work for several hours and produce gas-generating gas. It can not be discharged into the atmosphere, since it contains many oxides of nitrogen and N0x and other harmful substances. This can lead to environmental degradation.

To prevent this, open the controlled valve 48 and the gas-generating gas is burned in the emergency catalytic afterburner 49.

Monitoring the ecological state of the gas generator power plant, as mentioned earlier, is carried out continuously using the gas analyzer 64 and, when the concentration of one of the harmful substances is exceeded, the gas generator is corrected or the emergency catalytic afterburner 49 is changed (Fig. 1).

The application of the invention allowed:

1. To provide full automation of the gas generator on household waste of any solid waste due to the control unit, the controller of sensors and drives.

2. To increase the efficiency of the gas generator by increasing the combustion temperature of the generator gas.

4. Reduce the harmful effects on the environment by reducing the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. This is achieved by using an emergency catalytic afterburner.

5. To reduce the temperature of the gas-generating gas entering the internal combustion engine to ensure its operation using a heat exchanger and radiator.

6. To increase the reliability and reduce the cost of maintenance of the internal combustion engine due to:

- reducing the content of resins and non-combustible impurities in the generator gas during its cleaning in three stages: pre-treatment, fine cleaning and chemical treatment in afterburners,

- the possibility of preventive repair of one of several consumers of gas generator gas,

- afterburning of gas-generating gas in the emergency catalytic afterburner.

Claims (9)

1. A gas generator comprising a housing, a loading device, a main cavity in which the reactor is installed, an ash compartment under the reactor with a grate and an unloading device, an air supply system to the gas generator, a gas duct, a gas generator gas purification system, the outlet of which is connected to the gas generator gas consumer characterized in that the outlet from the purification system is connected to the consumer of the gas-generating gas through a heat exchanger, and the gas-gas cleaning system contains a preliminary gas purification system ki made in the form of a cyclone inside the gas generator, while the gas generator is made of three buildings: outer, middle and inner with annular gaps between them, while the outer annular gap is filled with heat-insulating material, the preliminary gas treatment cyclone is made in the inner annular gap, which contains the inlet annular a channel in the lower part and an output manifold with outlet openings in the upper part, communicating an internal annular gap with the cavity of the output manifold, which is connected by a gas duct with a gas duct, and ribs are made on the grate, which are installed at an angle to the radial direction, 2. The gas generator according to claim 1, characterized in that the lower end of the inner cylindrical wall is located at a distance h from the upper end of the grate, determined from the relation: h = (0.01 ... 0.03) H ₀ , where h is the axial clearance; H ₀ - the inner height of the middle body. 3. The gas generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it is equipped with a control unit, to which a sensor controller is connected by a control line, and sensors: a gas analyzer installed at the outlet of the catalytic afterburner, a temperature of the gas generator gas installed at the outlet of the heat exchanger, while the outputs from the sensors control lines connected to the inputs of the sensor controller. 4. The gas generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the grate is connected to the vibrator by means of a traction. 5. The gas generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the grate is made annular with a side wall in the form of a truncated cone. 6. The gas generator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that an emergency afterburner is connected to the gas duct by a discharge pipe through a controllable valve.

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