RU2688696C2 - Building block (embodiments) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: construction.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to construction, namely to construction materials, particularly blocks or stones, and can be used for construction of walls of civil and industrial buildings and structures with required thermal resistance for different climatic conditions of their operation. Construction unit comprises an external bearing unit with the same length and width and an internal heat-insulating structural unit retained from the inside by the structure of the external unit. Building block is made with possibility of connection in horizontal and vertical planes with other blocks by dense placement thereof in each other due to that on upper pastel surface of indoor unit there is a projection, and on bottom - corresponding to it with clearance recess, forming together with corresponding ledges and recesses of other units tight seamless vertical socket connection, and on one of header and spoon outer surface of external unit symmetrical identical projections are arranged, and on the outer surface of the outer unit, which is opposite to them, are recesses corresponding to them with a gap, which form together with the corresponding projections and recesses of other units a sealed seamless horizontal connection joint. Version of the block is also described.EFFECT: objective of invention is reduction of labour intensity of erection of walls and improvement of their energy-saving characteristics.15 cl, 68 dwg

Description

Technical field

The invention relates to the field of construction, in particular to the construction of building materials, in particular, blocks or stones, and can be used for the construction of walls of civil and industrial buildings and structures with the required thermal resistance for various climatic conditions of their operation.

The level of technology

There are various building blocks and stones for building walls.

The famous stone is a large-format hollow ceramic product, with tongue-and-groove joint, disclosed in GOST 530-2012. Product with protrusions on vertical edges for tongue-and-groove joints of stones in masonry without using masonry mortar in vertical joints. The stone can be made with flat vertical edges, with protrusions for tongue-and-groove joints on vertical edges, with an unpolished or ground supporting surface (bed). The voids in the products can be perpendicular (vertical) or parallel to the bed (horizontal).

Known large-format porous ceramic block Porotherm (Porotherm), for example, Porotherm 51 (certificate of conformity GOST 530-2012). Email address: http: // www.wienerberger.ru. A ceramic block is a rectangular parallelepiped containing outer lateral spoon and butt edges and an internal structural and insulating structure made of separated from each other by ceramic partitions and bridges of rows of through voids parallel to the butt edges of the block. The voids at the ceramic block have a rectangular outline and are located parallel to the bonded side. Stiffeners are located both in parallel and perpendicular to the butt side. Complementary voids have the outline of a square and are located on the boundaries of the mating of spoon edges, as well as with two structural holes.

The disadvantage of this large-format porous ceramic block Porotherm (Porotherm) is the need to overlay the solution on the flat horizontal surface of the block for adhesion to the overlying blocks. This leads to a deterioration of the thermal efficiency of the wall, made of this block, due to the presence of a through seam, as well as to an increase in construction time. Also, a significant disadvantage of this ceramic block is the absence of horizontal grooves, which during the construction of the masonry leads to a decrease in the accuracy and manufacturability of the construction. In addition, the resistance of masonry shear during operation is reduced. Also a disadvantage is the absence of a corpulent layer of the lining of the block, which can lead to accelerated destruction of the facing part during operation if moisture enters the external voids and the effects of freeze-thaw processes.

Known void-porous ceramic block for the construction of single-layer and multilayer walls (EN 2466246, publ. 10.11.2012), which is a rectangular parallelepiped, containing the outer lateral lozhkovy and pochkovye faces and the internal structural and insulating structure, made of separated from each other by ceramic partitions and bridges of rows of through voids parallel to the jab faces of the block, characterized in that the through voids are offset from each other in the adjacent rows by half their width s, moreover, the block has vertical and horizontal grooves, which extend beyond the stretcher and a bed face on one void width and thickness of the side face and the vertical center of the stretcher risk of side faces.

The disadvantage of this block is the location of the through voids displaced relative to each other in adjacent rows, which can in the outer layers perpendicular to the direction of heat transfer resistance lead to the formation of moisture and accelerated destruction of the block.

When laying walls of hollow bricks, cement-sand masonry mortar of high thermal conductivity is used, which is applied to the pastel, butt and spoon planes of each adjacent brick-block and thus is the main conductor of cold through all the joints of the brickwork, and especially through the solid pastel planes of the block each adjacent row of walls.

In addition, a brick-block with slit-like voids, having a one-sided internal structural thermal insulation structure, made relatively to a spoon or knit face, when building homogeneous walls into one, one and a half, two or more bricks, significantly loses not only its insulating performance, but also physico-technical characteristics, since the walls, partitions, lintels and, accordingly, through slit-like cavities of the lower and subsequent masonry rows do not coincide with each other, and the bandages intersect during ligation EC, and thus the uniform distribution of the load on all the ceramic elements of the brick-block in each row of the wall is disturbed, local, excessive stresses occur, leading to cracking in certain places of the ceramic elements and masonry, which worsens the physical-technical, heat-shielding, economic indicators of homogeneous erected walls of the specified brick block.

Known ceramic hollow bricks-blocks used for heat conservation, for example, patent RU 2331741, publ. 08.20.2008 (earlier RU2183710, published June 20, 2002). The brick contains slit-like voids, arranged in rows across the direction of the heat flow, separated by partitions and bridges.

Also known is a building block, made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, containing rows of through holes arranged along the spoon edge, placed offset from each other in adjacent rows, each row of through holes being formed by two identical main rectangular through holes and one complementary through hole made square (RU1
7052, publ. March 10, 2001).

This building block due to the creation in it of a sufficiently large number of small (slit-like) through holes has an increased percentage of emptiness, which allows to reduce thermal conductivity and improve the thermal efficiency of the building block and exterior walls of buildings and structures from such building blocks.

The disadvantages of the design of these building blocks are:

- the flat surface of the pinch faces, because of which, when the laying is carried out, cold bridges may form between the building blocks;

- the small size of the holes does not allow to use them as channels for laying pipes, electrical wiring, telephone cables;

- the absence of a “thermal lock” on the butt edges when laying from similar building blocks, the formation of cold bridges along the butt edges of building blocks is possible;

- the impossibility of forming, during the laying of blocks, through vertical channels necessary for use in various purposes — for laying communications, for strengthening the laying of reinforcing elements, including by creating an equally strong monolithic reinforced concrete structure in the vertical channels, and / or for warming the laying of bulk insulation materials when vertical filling on top of more than one row.

- hit on the bed side of the masonry mortar block into the voids of the heat-shielding system of each brick-block leads to the formation of cold bridges on the bed side of the block through the seams of the masonry and leaked mortar.

- low physico-technical characteristics in the construction of uniform walls in one, one and a half, two and more bricks, as the walls, partitions, lintels and, respectively, through slit-like voids of the lower and subsequent masonry rows do not coincide with each other, but intersect across them the most uniform distribution of the load on all the ceramic elements of the brick-block in each row of the wall is disturbed, local excessive stresses occur, leading to cracking in individual places of the ceramic elements and masonry.

Known patent US 1654631, publ. 01/03/1928, which is a rectangular parallelepiped in shape with spoon, buttress and bed faces, with vertical holes in the block, and on each of the butt faces perpendicular to the bed faces a recess is formed for the formation of one vertical along with the corresponding notch of the next block holes.

The disadvantage of the block is the absence of a “heat lock” on the bonder faces during masonry, therefore, in the masonry of similar building blocks, the formation of cold bridges along the bonded faces of the building blocks is possible.

In addition, the execution of such a unit has technological difficulties in terms of making narrow through holes in the body of the block, which cannot be used as channels for air flow or insertion / backfilling of insulating materials of substantial thickness and have high heat transfer, which makes these holes insignificant.

The impossibility of forming, during the laying of blocks, a significant (sufficient for additional construction tasks) number of through vertical channels that are the same or close in geometrical section over the entire height of the wall, necessary for various purposes - for laying communications, for strengthening the masonry with reinforcing elements, including creating, in part of the vertical channels, a monolithic ravnopolochnoy reinforced concrete structure, and / or for warming the masonry bulk and / or rigid insulating material and for the purpose of uniform vertical warming of the masonry in a continuous (continuous) way to the full height of the wall, it does not allow to form a stable and predictable (calculated) plane of the dew point distribution in the wall, thereby not allowing the building walls to specify the thermal conductivity of external walls for specific region of the world, as well as on the basis of the area of the proposed construction to give requirements for improving seismic resistance and by increasing the number of vertical channels inside the masonry wall ovans (filled) with reinforced concrete.

Known construction element for the construction of walls, containing a monolithic body in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with one-sided vertical blind slots (SU 985216, publ. 12/30/1982). This building element has a low weight and improved heat resistance compared to a conventional solid brick due to the presence in its body of blind holes, forming closed air voids during the construction of the wall.

However, the presence in the monolithic body of a building element of voids reduces its strength and increases the complexity of its manufacture.

There is also described a method for erecting external walls of known building elements, including laying rows with ligation of vertical seams, the construction elements of adjacent rows being arranged with overlapping voids, and ligation of seams is performed through two rows.

The disadvantage of this method lies in the complexity of the work during the construction of walls, because it requires a certain orientation of the building elements when they are placed in a block in two rows one above the other, aligning the holes, and the enlarged blocks obtained in this way only partially solve the problem of improving the insulating qualities of the wall as a whole, since the resulting blocks are placed on a solution deposited on a solid bed of an adjacent block formed from two building elements, which leaves “cold bridges” in the junction of the two blocks and leads to an increase in the consumption of masonry mortar due to the presence of vertical voids. The building elements used today for masonry in the form of bricks, wall stones, blocks, etc., are usually connected to each other with cement-sand masonry mortar, which is the main conductor of cold (“cold bridge”) in capital walls, tons. to. freezing of the wall occurs at the seams, in connection with which, according to the thermal requirements, a multiple increase in the full rows of bricks in the thickness of the wall is necessary to compensate for significant heat losses through the mortar joints.

Clay bricks or bricks of cement with a cellular structure are widely used in the construction of walls, floors, partitions or other elements of buildings.

Typically, these bricks consist of empty cells (unfilled), more or less large, more or less different forms, designed to increase thermal insulation. These structures consist of small-sized cells to limit thermal convection, and have a small wall thickness to limit the effect of conductivity.

The interior of the cells of these building bricks is usually empty. When there is a temperature gradient inside the cell, the air contained in this cell is moved by convection. A direct consequence of this is to reduce the thermal resistance of the system. One of the solutions used to minimize convection effects is to increase the number of cells, but this solution is limited to the use of more and more complex brick manufacturing technology, more significant amounts of material, the appearance of more noticeable conductivity phenomena.

To limit this phenomenon, it is possible to fill these cells with inorganic material with low thermal conductivity and thus prevent these convective movements. The role of this inorganic material is to due to its microstructure to cause "mechanical air or vacuum retention", namely to lock the air (or vacuum) in such a way as to minimize convection effects.

In the patent FR 2521197, publ. 08/12/1983 mention clay bricks with cells filled with "cellular material with high thermal insulation capacity". The materials proposed for filling the cells are: "polyurethane foam, polystyrene foam or any other fibrous (mineral wool or glass wool) or crushed (sinter agglomerate) materials."

The disadvantage of this solution is the use of organic and / or inorganic materials that either or can behave badly when confronted with the risk of fire. It can also be noted that in some cases the filling of voids is carried out on the spot during construction, this is a limitation and requires additional manual work.

In the well-known combined wall block (RU 02240402, published on November 20, 2004), which is a frame with insulating layers located along its central part, arranged along the height of the frame, while the frame is made in the form of a parallelepiped, in which two parallel side surfaces are made with the same the shape and size of the groove and the protrusion forming the lock, and the other two parallel side surfaces of which are the outer and inner walls of the fence, according to the invention, on the peripheral parts of the additional frame But the heat insulating layers are located on the inner side of the side surfaces, which are the outer and inner walls of the fence, while the central and peripheral heat insulating layers are displaced in opposite directions relative to each other in the direction of the castle beyond the masonry seam and form edges with the frame of equal thickness.

The presence of additional heat insulating layers, the shape and location of the central and peripheral heat insulating layers over the cross-sectional area of the framework allows for the assembly of the wall of the inventive blocks to form a labyrinth for the passage of air in any of the sections of the fence that are parallel to the direction of heat flow, which provides thermal insulation in the joints of block mating and increases the thermal resistance of the fence. The placement of the insulating openings in the inner space of the frame of the unit allows to exclude the formation of condensate in the insulating openings. The distribution of heat-insulating blocks over the cross-section of the frame and the formation of edges of the frame of uniform thickness allows blocks with equal values of the total areas of the insulating layers and the frame, thus achieving a uniform distribution of thermal resistance across the cross-sectional area.

A more modern example is the building brick in accordance with EP 1752593, publ. February 14, 2007. This building brick has an essentially cubic body containing a plurality of cavities separated by walls and filled with insulating filler. Construction brick of the prior art provides insulating properties at the present time, but is not able to meet future requirements for insulating properties.

Known brick with an open bottom of the emptiness. In the “roof” that overlaps this emptiness, a hole is made for the brick to be gripped by the fingers while dipping it into the mortar and laying it in place (# 50272, publ. 1/31/37).

Such a brick, with the size of the void corresponding to the majority of the internal volume of the brick, has good thermophysical indicators, however, it is exposed to the danger of destruction by breaking, cleaving, cracking its thin walls under the action of the applied load.

Known symmetric stones are wall privates with slotted through voids, having two longitudinal gutters at the ends to create mortar keys during laying (see GOST 6133-99, Fig. B.9). With through voids, masonry is overrun and the wall is weighted. To avoid this, according to the above GOST, it is possible to make slots through. In this case, the stone itself becomes heavier, which also leads to an increase in the weight of the entire wall, i.e. to increase the cost of construction. In addition, the biggest problem is created by vertical seams, which are covered with a lot of masonry mortar with stringent requirements for its plasticity.

The GOST 6133-99 also shows the construction of partition walls (see Fig. B.7, B.8) either with smooth ends or with depressions to form mortar dowels. Partition stones (PC), together with ordinary stones (RC), form a system that allows you to build not only the bearing or self-supporting walls of buildings, but also partitions inside them.

In addition to the deficiencies described, the stones (B.9) are hard to prick, so for the normal operation of the masons, additional finishing or corner stones are required. All this increases the range, complicates logistics and requires additional space to store products and avoid re-grading.

In addition, the use of these stones is associated with the problem of providing the necessary parameters for soundproofing walls, since sound insulation depends on the quality of vertical joints, and in the case of a wasteland, this laying can negate all the efforts of builders and designers.

To eliminate these shortcomings, a solution has been proposed for an ordinary wall stone with protrusions on one end wall of the stone and with corresponding grooves on the other (see patent RU00100787, publ. 12/27/2010), and the grooves and protrusions of such stones correspond to the protrusions and grooves of the partition stones, which makes their solvent-free compound is possible in various combinations. In addition, such a stone has enhanced sound-insulating characteristics due to the corrugated rough texture of the internal surfaces with the correct alternation of longitudinal projections and / or depressions, with the tops of these projections and depressions on adjacent internal surfaces shifted relative to each other.

Known technical solutions have several disadvantages. The quality of the brickwork is very dependent on the qualification of the bricklayer and the quality of the mortar. The weak point (in terms of quality) are vertical seams. With a liquid solution or, conversely, a very thick solution, and with a lack of qualification of a bricklayer, the vertical seams may not be completely filled with mortar, and sometimes a hollow space occurs. In addition, the density of the solution is always less than the density of a concrete vibro-pressed stone. All this leads to the fact that the walls lined with known stones, have a low level of sound insulation of airborne noise. One of the methods for solving this problem is to increase the thickness of wall plastering. However, the proposed method leads to an increase in labor intensity, material consumption and weight of wall structures.

Also, if the adjacent stones are loosely joined (defective in the masonry), or if the bricklayer wishes, avoid cutting the stone to end the row, when the stones are “dispersed” with gaps, in order to avoid the need for inserting the additional stone, gaps appear and the sound insulation of the wall drops sharply. The airborne soundproofing index, in this case, may turn out to be even lower than that of walls made of known stones, disclosed in GOST 6133-99.

An increase in the sound insulation index of airborne noise is achieved in patent RU 0000174524, published Oct. 19, 2017, due to the fact that the wall stone is made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, one of the end walls of which contains two protrusions, and the opposite end wall includes two slots. Stone wall additionally contains a recess made between the said slots, and made of dense concrete.

The lack of this stone is the lack of protrusions and depressions on the spoon and bed edge, as well as the need for additional thermal insulation.

The block, which provides for masonry mortar binding of adjacent faces of building elements and thus forming the lower horizontal row of the wall, the subsequent formation and ligation of other upstream horizontal rows of the wall, by tying the masonry mortar of adjacent faces of the building elements from the already formed horizontal row below, and from other building elements forming a new horizontal row (see patent RU 2304674, publ. 20.08.2007).

Masonry mortar is distributed on the faces of each building element in the grooves of the ridges encircling it, parallel in its longitudinal and cross section of the wall being erected, and the masonry is made so that the ridges on the edges of adjacent elements coincide with each other, and the masonry solution that filled the slots of these ridges would form inside the wall, when solidified, closed belts encircling each building element, parallel and perpendicular to the walls, are connected with similar belts of adjacent building elements and heat accumulating inter-row hollow gaps open along the entire height of the wall together with the surfaces of the joined edges of adjacent building elements bounded by these belts.

The disadvantage of the block is that the masonry wall is made without dressing vertical inter-row joints, which violates the rigidity of the entire wall.

The load from the floor is transferred to the inner mile, which leads to uneven loading and settlement of the longitudinal rows of the wall, as a result of which mortar joints may split along the entire height of the wall, i.e. its destruction and leakage of warm air through the vertical slots is also along the entire height of the wall.

From the prior art there are many building blocks, designed for a brickwork, the design of which contains protrusions and grooves, due to which the adhesion of adjacent building blocks occurs. Such designs, for example, are described in patents RU 2358070, publ. 06/10/2009, RU 100787, publ. 12.27.2010, RU 101468, publ. 01.20.2011, RU 101470, publ. 01.20.2011, RU 101471, publ. 01.20.2011, RU 2407866, publ. 12.27.2010.

The disadvantage of these building blocks is the low insulating properties of the erected structure, namely, interblock joints are available for moisture, do not exclude heat leakage, because with this brick form micro gaps can form between the rows of masonry, since the microroughness on its brick surface allows air and moisture to pass into the building .

A building block (see EA patent 200600915, publ. 10/26/2007), made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped, on the back face of which, along the entire height of the block, a vertical groove is made, the lateral surfaces of which are angled to this surface and in the cross section form “dovetail” tail".

The building block of this design, in itself, can be successfully used for the erection of wall structures by the method of solvent-free masonry, as well as for the simple and effective arrangement of ventilated facades. However, the practice of using this block showed that on the basis of the proposed block it is possible to obtain even more efficient, technological and economical multi-layer wall structures when combining the known methods of mortar masonry bearing walls with the original method of lining, including two-sided (see EA 200702371 patent publ. December 30, 2009).

Improving the speed of laying, saving time and costs for the construction of structures is achieved by the construction element, presented in the patent RU 24 34105, publ. 11/20/2011.

The disadvantage of this element is the absence of tongue-and-groove joints on vertical edges, as well as the need for additional thermal insulation.

A brick is known for a mortar-free KKBSh masonry (patent RU 2012748, publ. 15.05.1994), in which smooth, smooth side and front surfaces, on top of the front surface of the latter are made a pair of deaf mutually perpendicular longitudinal and transverse grooves forming two Maltese crosses, and from below - the corresponding a pair of mutually perpendicular longitudinal and transverse projections or spikes in the form of two Maltese crosses.

The disadvantage of this technical solution is that, with this form of brick, there may be micro gaps between the masonry rows, since the upper and lower surfaces, in places not occupied by grooves or protrusions, have a flat surface, and a brick on its surface may have micro-roughness, between which air can pass inside the building. In addition, the construction of this type of brick is not enough seismic resistant.

Building block for a mortar free (RU 00058138, publ. 10.11.2006), including horizontal faces, characterized in that one of them has voids in the shape of inverted truncated cones, on the opposite horizontal face along the contour of voids there are projections in the shape of truncated cones with by strict observance of dimensions, the block size is adopted in such a way that its width is equal to one quarter of its length, its height is equal to half its length.

The presence of a spike-nest connection of the blocks between themselves and the precise implementation of the geometric dimensions of the blocks allows them to be laid without a solution, which leads to a decrease in the cost of materials, and the productivity of the bricklayer increases due to the fact that:

- there is no solution stacking operation;

- the installation of the block in all planes is facilitated due to the spike-socket connection and the exact geometrical dimensions of the building blocks;

- control over the laying performance is facilitated and reduced;

- quality of the performed works improves;

- there is no need for high qualification of the bricklayer;

- the need for labor resources decreases.

The disadvantage of this unit is the absence of tongue-and-groove joints on vertical edges, as well as the need for additional thermal insulation.

Known unit, presented in patent SU 01791576, publ. 01/30/1993 made in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with through vertical slit-like voids. On the upper horizontal edge along the contour of the voids are located the mounting tabs. The voids are arranged in pairs. One of the pairs is parallel to the vertical end faces, and the other pair is perpendicular to them. The distance between the axes of a pair of voids is half the thickness of the block.

This solution reduces the labor intensity of the masonry by eliminating the use of a binder solution in its process.

The disadvantages of the known device should include low insulating properties and high labor intensity during operation. In addition, the device has low reliability.

Low thermal insulation properties due to the possibility of external air penetration along the smooth surfaces of the vertical and horizontal faces of the blocks. Therefore, to improve the insulating properties of the masonry use additional funds.

Resistance to air permeability of single-layer monolayer masonry is provided by wet plastering of walls, which is rather ineffective in terms of improving the heat insulating properties due to the formation of "cold bridges". Therefore, when there is a possibility, for example, when laying three-layer walls, an inner layer of slab (mineral wool, expanded polystyrene, etc.) or zasypnogo insulation is added, although this significantly increases the complexity and reduces the performance of the masonry.

The absence of locking elements on the vertical side faces necessitates the careful alignment of the blocks of the first row of masonry, which also increases its labor intensity.

Thin-walled installation tabs can be destroyed both during transportation and during operation, which reduces the reliability of the device.

The disadvantages of the known block are the presence of additional elements: three types of blocks hence the complexity of completing the construction process. Additional elements worsen the coincidence of the protrusions and nests, impairing the quality of the masonry. Complication of masonry in different directions (mutually perpendicular arrangement of projections and nests). Complication of the masonry in the manufacture of door, window openings.

Known building block (patent RU 02157442, publ. 10.10.2000) for assembly without cement.

The building block is made in the form of a parallelepiped. On the horizontal faces are covered and covering elements, made in the form of a continuous longitudinal relief located on the upper horizontal face along the entire length of the block and a continuous longitudinal groove placed on the lower face. Near the longitudinal relief there is a continuous longitudinal channel formed by a sharp edge attached to the inclined surface of the relief, attached to the horizontal bottom. Near the longitudinal groove there is a continuous longitudinal step formed by a wall attached to an inclined surface with a small inclination or without a slope, attached to a wall with a large inclination or vertical. When blocks are superimposed on each other, the ledge and the channel located opposite each other form a continuous longitudinal cavity.

The disadvantage of the block is the need for additional warming of the masonry with bulk and / or rigid heat-insulating materials in order to provide uniform vertical warming of the masonry in a continuous (continuous) way to the entire height of the wall, as well as the need for additional reinforcement of the walls to impart strength to the wall.

The invention is known under the name "Wall", on which a wall is erected from hollow blocks on liners without a solution. The blocks contain vertical conical through holes in the middle, between which are placed cones on both sides of the liners (see patent SU 01472605, publ. 04/15/1989).

The disadvantages of the chosen analogue are that the tapered liners, firstly, do not provide rigid fixation of the blocks to each other, since the blocks are mounted one on another through the liners inserted into the blocks of blocks, secondly, the liners are made in the form of truncated cones of different diameters opposite sides, and the blocks have tapered holes with alternation on the bed surfaces of larger and smaller diameters of the cones, which requires time spent on orientation when laying the blocks on different diameters of inserts, which slows down and complicates the work.

Known wall stone according to the patent of the Russian Federation 1836531, publ. 08/23/1993, which, to give strength to the masonry, contains protrusions and depressions on the upper and lower bed surfaces, respectively.

The disadvantages of this stone is the lack of thermal insulation properties.

Known hollow stone for laying walls (patent number 27174, published. 07/31/1932). On the upper plane, the stone has protruding anchor cones A of the shape of a cone truncated parallel to the base and strictly below their centers are round slightly tapering and pointed upward B voids, open at the bottom and not reaching the upper plane of the stone, and also open deep grooves B, open at the bottom and located between round voids at the points of passage - the seams when laying. These deep grooves, helping to compact the material during stone formation, serve to facilitate the bulk weight of the stone and to separate the stone when it is necessary to have a stone when laying, as well as to use them when laying out whole stones as heat-insulating cavities that are not filled with a solution.

Stone is laid in the walls always with anchor cones A up and the solution is applied over the entire bed of stone, except for anchor cones A. protruding from the mortar layer. Anchor cones A and located under them, in the thickness of the stone, emptiness B, being natural beacons, serve to obtain carefully laying and tied in a horizontal, longitudinal and transverse direction of the rows of stones. Since the stones during laying with their round cavities B always lay on anchor cones A protruding from the mortar layer of the lower row of stones, this masonry is provided from horizontal shifts when they are discharged by internal filling and gives stability to the wall regardless of the fat content in the solution.

A hollow stone for masonry walls, equipped with anchor cones and deep grooves to facilitate splitting it into fractions, characterized in that the grooves B are not brought to the verge carrying anchor cones A, in order to use them in masonry from whole stones as heat-insulating not filled with mortar cavities.

A seismic resistant building block is known (EA patent 200601664, published on June 29, 2007) containing coaxially located on its opposite supporting sides protrusions and grooves made in the form of a cone, designed to be placed in the response grooves of another block connected to it, and installed on the side surface of each protrusion at least one damping strip for damping seismic waves in blocks connected to a building structure.

In a similar seismic resistant building block (EA Patent 200700328, publ. 12/28/2007) the protrusions and grooves are made in the form of a sphere.

Patent FR 2467929, publ. 04/30/1981, describes a block, two opposite surfaces of which are vertical and equipped with a correspondingly covered element and a covering element. When accurately fitting identical blocks, for example to complete a wall, the male element of one block must be inserted into the female element of the adjacent block. This structure forces one to orient the blocks strictly relative to others, since they are not reversible.

Patent FR 2574450, publ. 12/07/1984, describes a block, two opposite surfaces of which are vertical and equipped with a simultaneously covered element and a covering element, but the blocks are also irreversible due to the fact that the wall, which is vertical and must lie adjacent to the previous two, has an outer front surface that is offset downward relative to top surface of the block.

Patent FR 2568612, publ. 08/03/1984, describes a block that must be supported in place by concrete and includes insulating material that is located asymmetrically so that the blocks are also non-reversible.

Patent FR 2606056, publ. 11/04/1986, describes a block of the same type as the block of patent FR 2574450, but which has, moreover, an internal partition, due to which the blocks are non-reversible.

In the patent GB 1561935, publ. 10/11/1977, described a building block for structures, having the shape of a parallelepiped, which consists of six faces, four of which are vertical and two are horizontal, including covered and covering elements designed for interpenetration with tight fit and overlaying several blocks without cement, mortar or other sealing binder, while covered and covering elements are located on the horizontal faces and made in the form of a continuous longitudinal relief, placed on the upper horizontal Noah face along the entire length of the block and a continuous longitudinal groove placed on the bottom edge.

However, this well-known building block, like all described above, requires the provision of appropriate insulation.

A building block is known (ЕА 201501179, publ. 30.11.2016), containing walls, between which a channel is formed, filled with insulating material, according to the invention, on the inner sides of the channel along the longitudinal axis of the block are vertical projections of a trapezoidal shape, and there are response in the insulating material grooves for the formation of dovetail-type connecting elements; in the upper part of the walls there are horizontal longitudinal grooves for the reinforcement, and the end parts of the insulating material and the walls have vertical grooves s.

The resulting three-layer block is designed for the installation of external load-bearing walls of buildings and combines the function of the formwork to be left, insulation, as well as the basis for the application of finishing layers.

Concrete building blocks are known (RU 02208101 07.10.2003, RU 02208102 07.10.2003), which includes a face layer, concrete building layers and an insulating layer between them, and these building layers are connected by bridges that penetrate the heat-insulating layer and are made in the form of metal and plastic rods

The disadvantages of these blocks is their great weight.

The prior art technical solution related to the production of hollow products. It can be used in the manufacture of silicate and ceramic bricks, as well as hollow block products from foam concrete and other mixtures. The wall stone has partitions on the bed sides and through-voids of rectangular section. Insulating liners made of reed or cork slab are tightly installed in voids. The voids on both sides are covered with metal covers. Impermeable voids are made in the cross-section in the form of a truncated cone, the lower part of them is pneumatically communicated by vertical holes with the atmosphere (see patent RU 2352733 C1, published April 20, 2009).

The presence of through holes in the building block provides a fairly high percentage of emptiness, which allows the block to perform in the external walls of buildings both structural and insulating functions, leading to a decrease in energy consumption for heating buildings. However, the arrangement of the rows of through holes of such a building block causes its increased thermal conductivity in both the tychkovy and spoon directions of heat flow, and reduces the thermal performance of the building block in the outer walls of buildings and structures.

A building block for a spoonwork is known, the basis of which is formed is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, pin and bed edges. This building block is made of three parallel and distantly arranged plates of the same length, height and thickness, the outermost of which form spoon faces, every two adjacently arranged plates are interconnected by one jumper, while the jumper between one two plates is located offset to one butt edge in relation to the bridge between two other adjacent plates, shifted to the other jog face. Thus, the jumpers divide the zone between two adjacent plates into two cavities unequal in volume (US20110258957, publ. 10/27/2011).

From the same source is known a spoonwork consisting of row placement of building blocks, at least part of which is a rectangular parallelepiped in shape with spoon, pinch and bed flat edges, each block in the masonry made of three parallel and distantly arranged plates of the same length, height and thickness, the outermost of which form spoon edges, each two adjacent plates are interconnected by one jumper, while the jumper between one two plates tinami arranged offset to one binder faces towards the bridge between the two other adjacent plates shifted to the other faces of the binder.

и для совмещения отверстий этого нового ряда с уже сформированными отверстиями базового ряда блоки в этом ряду переворачивают вверх дном на 180 градусов вокруг горизонтальной оси блока относительно вертикальной плоскости кладки. При этом происходит совмещение перемычек в каждом ряду базового ряда с перемычками верхнего ряда, что в представленном в патенте варианте армирования любой внутренней пустоты кладки из таких блоков раствором и арматурой очевидно образует короткий путь для прохождения холода или тепла от внешней до внутренней сторон ложковой грани блока, тем самым лишая такую кладку первоначально заявленного преимущества по сравнению с кладкой из полнотелых или имеющих пустоты стандартных блоков или кирпичей. Несмотря на то, что данная кладка предусматривает установку утеплителей в виде вкладышей параллелепипедной формы, при заливке раствора с армированием в какой-либо образуемый в процессе кладки один из вертикально сформированных каналов кладка из этих блоков очевидно сразу теряет первоначальное преимущество свойств формируемых блоками пустот в кладке по теплозащите, так как, в этом случае, кладка превращается в стандартную кирпичную или блочную кладку, теплозащита которой в таком случае обеспечивается только толщиной кладки и теплозащитными свойствами материала, из которого изготовлен такой блок, измеренной перпендикулярно ложковой грани кладки в горизонтальной плоскости.Known building block EN 0002525243, publ. 08/10/2014, where the base row of the spoonwork is made by joining the building blocks through the masonry mortar, laid out in such a way that openings are formed between the adjacent blocks — channels for placing them either in the mortar or insulating liners. The next row is laid out in the same building blocks, but with an offset to

and to align the holes of this new row with the already formed holes of the base row, the blocks in this row are turned upside down by 180 degrees around the horizontal axis of the block relative to the vertical plane of the masonry. When this occurs, the bridges in each row of the base row are combined with the bridges of the upper row, which in the variant of reinforcement of any internal void in the laying of such blocks with solution and reinforcement presented in the patent obviously forms a short path for passing cold or heat from the outer to the inner sides of the scoop face thereby depriving such laying of the originally claimed advantage in comparison with the laying of full-bodied or having voids of standard blocks or bricks. Despite the fact that this brickwork provides for the installation of parallelepiped-shaped insulators, when the mortar is filled with reinforcement in one of the vertically formed channels formed during the masonry, the masonry of these blocks obviously immediately loses the initial advantage of the properties of the voids in the masonry heat protection, since, in this case, the masonry turns into standard brick or block masonry, the heat protection of which in this case is provided only by the thickness of the masonry and heat protection tnym properties of the material from which is made a unit, measured perpendicularly to the stretcher faces laying in a horizontal plane.

The technical result of the present invention is a significant increase in the operational properties of the spoonwork of new hollow building blocks by optimizing the location of their hollowness in order to organize increased along the length of cold bridges, guaranteed rupture of direct movement inside the heat flow block, forming and maintaining regardless of the laying options inside the block as at least one row in which the thermal flow breaks, and in the case of pouring the solution with reinforcement in any from the vertically formed masonry channels of these blocks guaranteed to ensure the preservation of sufficient properties for heat protection of the whole masonry as a single-layer wall, as well as a significant increase in the fire resistance of the masonry due to a significant lengthening of the heat flow path in the body of the block and obviously the required longer time for it heating to temperatures that can lead to loss of overall masonry strength.

This solution allows to increase the thermal properties of hollow bricks or hollow stone or large-format stone with a masonry of such building blocks

The building block is also known (WO 2014088464, publ. 11/26/2013) when laying the exterior walls of civilian and industrial buildings and structures and building external bearing walls of buildings and structures up to three floors high improves the thermal properties of masonry from such building blocks by increasing voidness building blocks to increase the length of the path of heat flow in the body of the block while using the channels formed by voids as highways for laying communication networks.

A building block for a spoonwork is known, based on the formation of which lies a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, pinch and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole in the body of a rectangular parallelepiped on the side of one spoon face. On each butt edge perpendicular to the bed faces there is formed at least one notch, made with the possibility of forming an additional vertical hole together with the corresponding notch of the adjacent building block. One spoon face is made as a part of a rectangular parallelepiped in which at least one through hole is made and which is connected by a jumper to another part of a rectangular parallelepiped in which along the spoon face there is a groove open on the side of one bed face and on the side of the knit faces and made with all the flat walls or with flat side walls and the bottom, which is made transversely located protrusions. Of these wall blocks, wall masonry is erected, in each row of which the building blocks are arranged upwards and interconnected by masonry mortar, horizontally laid out between the rows and vertically laid out between the joined butting edges of the building blocks in each row. At least in one row, at least part of its length, the building blocks are successively laid with the placement of grooves on one side of the masonry and adjoining each other through a vertically laid masonry mortar to form a lengthy lodgement for filling a mortar or for laying reinforcement and filling with a mortar (see patent RU 137566, publ. 20.02.2014).

The well-known building block has a complex shape, a large width, and wall masonry involves filling the horizontal longitudinal groove of the block with masonry mortar or mortar. Consequently, wall masonry from such a building block will have a large mass, which will require an appropriate foundation. In addition, wall masonry from a known building block will reduce the internal volume of the premises. Thus, structures erected with the use of this unit, as a whole, will have high material consumption.

Famous building ceramic block (RU 0000173981, publ. 09/25/2017), which allows to erect buildings with high thermal insulation properties.

The building ceramic block, which is based on a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, pinch and bed edges, is provided with through holes in the body of the rectangular parallelepiped, running parallel to the spoon, and contains two slots. These grooves are located along the edges of the spoon and are designed for laying insulation. The grooves are designed in such a way that, in cross-section, the building ceramic block consists of two U-shaped elements having a common adjacent wall, one of which is inverted relative to the other. The first groove is open from the side of one bed edge, the second groove is open from the side of the other bed edge. In this case, both grooves are open from both butt faces and are made with flat walls and a bottom. The outer edge of the bottom of each slot coincides with the corresponding pastel edge, the spoons on the outside are ribbed.

The technical result of using this unit is to increase the insulating properties of walls and structures erected using the proposed building ceramic block, while simultaneously reducing the total weight of walls and structures, i.e. reduced material consumption.

Known building block (RU 00045422, publ. 10.05.2005) in the form of a rectangular parallelepiped with through vertical slit-like voids and placed on the upper horizontal face, the mounting ledge, according to the utility model, on the side faces of the block alternate vertical protrusions and grooves are made, moreover, the protrusions and grooves on one of the side faces are made interconnecting with the grooves and protrusions of the other side face, the installation protrusion is made across the entire width of the block and is located in its middle part, and on the lower mountain of the vertical face is made, corresponding to the installation ledge, the ledge.

Improving the insulating properties and reducing the labor intensity of masonry is achieved by the fact that the building block does not require the use of additional, increasing air permeability, means (wet plaster, slab or backfill insulation, etc.), ensuring low labor intensity and high performance of the masonry.

Alternate protrusions and grooves on the side faces of the block, as well as the installation protrusion on the upper horizontal face and the corresponding ledge on the lower horizontal face across the entire width of the block, significantly improve its heat insulating properties due to the formation of a groove-ridge system on the faces of the maze blocks.

When laying the wall of the claimed blocks, the protrusions and grooves of the side face of the block are aligned with the corresponding grooves and protrusions of the side face of the adjacent block, forming a maze of the tongue-and-groove system. In this case, the longitudinal grooves and the upper surface of the protrusions form a closed volume of the “air trap”, which prevents further penetration of external air along the side faces and blocks. The penetration of outside air into the wall along horizontal edges is prevented by vertical slit-like voids, the mounting ledge and ledge, made across the entire width of the block in its middle part.

The use of this building block allows, on the one hand, to significantly increase the insulating properties of the masonry of the proposed blocks, eliminating the need for additional funds that increase its thermal resistance, and on the other, reduce the labor intensity of the masonry and increase its productivity.

The closest analogue is a hollow-porous ceramic brick block for erecting homogeneous walls and methods for its laying (patent for invention RU 2377371, publ. 06/23/2008), containing outer lateral spoon and butt edges and inner structural insulating structure. the heat-shielding structure is rotated relative to the spoon and butt facets by 45 ° and is divided in length into two equal parts by a ceramic bridge that runs across the spoon and parallel to the pin facets.

The disadvantages of this prototype are:

- the absence of horizontal and vertical grooves and ridges, which reduces the strength of the masonry shear during its operation and leads to the formation of "cold bridges";

- hit on the bed side of the masonry mortar block into the voids of the heat-shielding system of each brick block leads to the formation of “cold bridges” on the bed side of the block through the seams of the brickwork and the leaked mortar;

- the small size of the holes does not allow to use them as channels for laying pipes, electrical wiring, telephone cables;

- the impossibility of forming during the laying of blocks of through vertical channels necessary for use in various purposes - for laying communications, for strengthening the laying of reinforcing elements, including by creating uniform strength monolithic reinforced concrete construction in the vertical channels, and / or for warming the masonry bulk for warming the masonry bulk and / or rigid heat-insulating materials for the purpose of uniform vertical warming of a laying in the continuous (continuous) way in all height of a wall.

DISCLOSURE OF INVENTION

The objective of the invention is to reduce the complexity of the construction of walls and improve their energy-saving characteristics.

The technical result of the invention is to create the construction of the building block, which has a high insulating ability and durability, as well as not requiring special conditions and efforts in the construction of walls, making the process of laying blocks simple and fast.

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that the construction block in the first embodiment contains an external carrier block with the same length and width and an internal heat-insulating construction block, also due to the fact that a protrusion is placed on the upper pastel surface of the internal block and on the bottom - corresponding to it a gap forming a hermetic seamless vertical nest joint together, and on one of the bonded and spoon outer surface of the outdoor unit there are symmetrical identical projections and on the outer surface of the outer block opposite to them, corresponding to them with a gap, of a hollow, forming together a tight seamless horizontal socket connection

The technical result is achieved due to the fact that the building block according to the second variant contains an external carrier block with a spoon edge equal to two sizes of its junction edge, consisting of two identical parts, and two identical internal heat-insulating structural blocks, and also due to the fact that the upper pastel surface of each indoor unit has a protrusion and on the lower one there is a depression corresponding to it with a gap, forming together a seamless vertical nest joint, and on one of the knit and spoon outer On the outer surface of the outdoor unit, symmetrical identical protrusions are placed and, on the opposite outer surface of the outdoor unit, there are cavities corresponding to them with a gap, which together form a seamless horizontal socket connection.

Confirmation of the solution of the problem is the following.

- Thanks to the external bearing block, the strength of the building block is increased, and the presence of a thermal insulation and structural indoor unit allows it to increase its thermal insulation.

- Due to the tight sealed seamless nested connection vertically due to the presence of mutual protrusions and depressions on the indoor unit eliminates air flow through the horizontal junction of the blocks, and the absence of a horizontal seam eliminates the "cold bridge" through the masonry mortar. At the same time, the presence of a gap between the protrusions and the depression forms a hermetically closed volume of air, which provides thermal insulation along the horizontal junction of the blocks without obligatory plastering on both sides. In order to increase the strength of the masonry and the stability of the wall, a binding solution is placed in this gap.

- Due to the presence of reciprocal protrusions and depressions on the pastel edges of the indoor unit, it is possible to lay the blocks parallel and perpendicularly vertically. Thus, it becomes possible to use both the spoon and stick masonry, as well as the shear strength of the masonry during operation. At the same time the laying is considerably simplified, due to combination of ledges and hollows without the need for additional alignment.

- Due to the tight sealed seamless nested connection horizontally due to the presence of mutual protrusions and depressions on the outer block eliminates air flow through the vertical junction of the blocks, and the absence of a vertical seam eliminates the "cold bridge" through the masonry mortar. At the same time, the presence of a gap between the protrusions and the depression forms a hermetically closed air volume, which provides thermal insulation along the vertical junction of the blocks without obligatory plastering on both sides. In order to increase the strength of the masonry and the stability of the wall, a binding solution is placed in this gap.

- Due to the presence on one of the butt and spoon outer surface of the outer block of symmetrical identical protrusions and on the opposite outer surface of the outer block of the corresponding depressions with the gap, it is possible to lay the blocks parallel and perpendicularly horizontally. Thus, it becomes possible to use both the spoon and butt masonry at the same time, and also the shear strength of the shear during its operation increases. At the same time the laying is considerably simplified, due to combination of ledges and hollows without the need for additional alignment.

Description of the figures of the drawings

The invention is illustrated by the following drawings, which are not the only possible, but clearly demonstrate the possibility of achieving the desired technical result.

FIG. 1 shows a general view of a building block according to the second embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and an external block with protrusions and valleys on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 2 shows a general view of a building block according to the second embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel faces in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and an external block with protrusions and cavities on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 3 shows a general view of the building block in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases, and also shows the horizontal connection between the blocks;

FIG. 4 shows a general view of the building block in the first embodiment and in the second embodiment, where the outdoor unit is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases, and also shows the vertical connection between the blocks;

FIG. 5 shows a top view of the building block of the second embodiment, where the outer block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 6 shows a view from the opposite side of the building block shown in FIG. one;

FIG. 7 is a bottom view of the building block of the second embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and depressions on pastel edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and an external block with projections and depressions on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 8 is a bottom view from the opposite side of the building block shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 shows a general view of the external unit according to the second variant with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 10 is a top view of the external unit according to the second embodiment with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 11 shows a general view of the external unit in a section according to the second variant with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 12 - identical internal blocks are depicted according to the second variant with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

fin. 13 is a view from the opposite side of the building block shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. 14 is a bottom view of the building block of the second embodiment, comprising an external block with protrusions and valleys on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases and one internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 15 is a top view of the external unit according to the second embodiment with protrusions and depressions on the vertical faces in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 16 — identical inner blocks are shown with the protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 17 shows a general view of a building block in the first embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and an external block with protrusions and cavities on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 18 shows a top view of the external unit in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on the vertical faces in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 19 shows the general view of the outdoor unit as shown below, with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 20 is a top view showing a general view of an indoor unit in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on pastel and vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 21 - the bottom view shows a general view of the indoor unit in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on pastel and vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 22 shows a sectional view of the inner block in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on pastel and vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 23 shows a general view of a building block in the first embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and an external block with protrusions and cavities on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 24 shows a general top view of the external unit in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 25 is a bottom view of a general view of a building block in the first embodiment, comprising an external block with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with circular bases;

FIG. 26 shows from above a general view of the indoor unit in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on pastel in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 27 is a sectional view of a building block in the first embodiment, comprising an internal block with protrusions and valleys on pastel in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases and an external block with protrusions and cavities on the vertical edges in the form trapezoidal with round bases;

FIG. 28 is a sectioned view of an inner block in the first embodiment with protrusions and depressions on pastel in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and on vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 29 is a top view of the building block in the first embodiment and the second embodiment, where the outdoor unit is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 30 is a top view of a horizontal connection of a building block in the first embodiment with a spoon edge with a protrusion in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases and a second variant with a pin or spoon edge with a depression in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 31 shows a general view of a horizontal connection of the building blocks shown in FIG. thirty;

FIG. 32 FIG. 33 shows a general view of a horizontal and vertical connection of a building block along both warrants, where the outer block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 34 is a front view of a horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks with each other, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 35 shows a general view of the horizontal and vertical connection of the building blocks in both versions, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 36 is a plan view of a horizontal and vertical joint shown in FIG. 35;

FIG. 37 is a top view of the building block in the first embodiment and the second embodiment, where the outdoor unit is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 38 is a top view of a horizontal connection of a building block in the first embodiment with a spoon edge with a protrusion in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases and a second embodiment with a pin or spoon edge with a depression in the form of a trapezoidal shape with circular bases;

FIG. 39 is a general view of the horizontal connection of the building blocks shown in FIG. 38;

FIG. 40 shows from above a general view of a horizontal and vertical connection of a building block in both versions, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 41 shows a general view from the bottom of a horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks in both versions, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 42 shows from above a general view of a horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks along both versions, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 43 is a top view of a horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks in both versions shown in FIG. 42;

FIG. 44 is a side view of a horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks in both versions, shown in FIG. 42;

FIG. 45-fig. 51 shows the sequence of horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks in the first embodiment, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 52 shows a general view of the compound shown in FIG. 45-fig. 51;

FIG. 53 FIG. 59 - depicts the sequence of horizontal and vertical connection of building blocks in the first embodiment, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases;

FIG. 60 depicts a general view of the compound shown in FIG. 53 FIG. 59;

FIG. 61 — shows the spoonwork of the wall from the building block according to the second embodiment, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases, as well as the angular connection of these building blocks;

FIG. 62 illustrates the possibility of laying communications or reinforcement of masonry with reinforcing elements, including by creating an equally strong monolithic reinforced concrete structure in the vertical channels due to the fact that the internal unit has a vertical through hole in the middle;

FIG. 63 — The wall of the building block is shown in spoonwork in two interconnected rows according to the second variant, where the outer block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 64 - at the same time, the spoon and butt laying of the wall from the building block interconnected according to the second variant is shown, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with square bases;

FIG. 65; FIG. 66 — shows the spoonwork of the wall from the building block according to the second embodiment, where the external block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases, as well as an angular connection of these building blocks;

FIG. 67, FIG. 68 — The wall of the building block is shown in spoonwork in two rows interconnected according to the second variant, where the outer block is shown with protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round bases.

The implementation of the invention

According to the present invention is considered the construction of the building block.

The building block in accordance with the first embodiment contains an external carrier block (1) with the same length and width and an internal heat-insulating structural block (2), retained from the inside by the structure of the external block. The building block is designed to be connected in horizontal and vertical planes with other blocks by tightly placing them into each other due to the protrusion (3) placed on the upper pastel surface of the internal block, and the depression corresponding to it with a gap (4) on the lower pastel surface forming together with the corresponding protrusions and grooves of other blocks a hermetic seamless vertical nest joint, and on one of the butt and spoon outer surfaces of the outdoor unit are placed symmetric identical in mortars (5) and corresponding depressions with a gap (6) on their opposite outer surface of the outer block forming together with the corresponding projections and recesses of other blocks tight horizontal nesting seamless connection.

The building block in accordance with the second variant contains an external carrier block (1) with a spoon edge equal to two sizes of its junction face, consisting of two identical parts, and two identical internal heat-insulating structural blocks (2), retained from the inside by the construction of the external block. The building block is designed to be connected in horizontal and vertical planes with other blocks by tightly placing them into each other due to the fact that a protrusion (3) is placed on the upper pastel surface of each indoor unit, and a depression corresponding to it with a gap (4 ), forming together with the corresponding protrusions and grooves of other blocks a hermetic seamless vertical nest joint, and on one of the bonded and spoon outer surface of the external block one symmetrical one is placed kovye protrusions (5) and corresponding with the cavities gap (6) on their opposite outer surface of the outer block forming together with the corresponding projections and recesses of other blocks tight horizontal nesting seamless connection.

 Below are considered the design features of the proposed building block and specific examples of the execution of the building block.

The external unit can be made of baked clay in both versions.

The internal unit of both variants can be made of polystyrene concrete, or of cellular concrete, for example, of foam concrete, aerated concrete, polyosilicate, gas silicate, or of expanded clay concrete, or of opilkobeton, or brizolite, or arbolit, or of various composite or polymer materials For example, from geobeton.

The external unit in the first embodiment has a cubic shape, in the second embodiment it has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped. The internal block in both variants has a cubic form.

In the building block in the first embodiment, symmetric identical projections in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases and on the outer surface of the external block opposite to them, corresponding to them with a gap in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape, are placed on one of the butt and spoon outer surface of the external block with round or square bases.

In the building block, according to the second variant, on one of the bonded outer surface of the external block there is a projection in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases, and on the opposite external surface of the external unit to it there is a depression in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape corresponding to it with a gap round or square bases, on one of the spoon outer surface of the outdoor unit, there are two projections in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square dratnymi bases, but there are two corresponding hollows in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with a circular or square bases opposite thereto on the outer surface of the outer block.

The presence of mutual protrusions and depressions on the vertical edges of the external unit eliminates the lack of construction of the building block, the prototype, which implies the possibility of forming cold bridges along the vertical junction of the blocks during laying.

In the building block in the first embodiment, on the side internal surfaces of the external block there is a projection in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases on two adjoining sides, and on the side internal surfaces of the external unit opposite to them there is a depression in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases.

In the building block according to the second variant, on the lateral inner surfaces of each part of the outer block there is a projection in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases on two adjoining sides, and on the lateral inner surfaces of each part of the outer block opposite to them there is a depression in the shape of a pyramidal or trapezoidal with round or square bases.

On the upper and lower pastel surfaces of the outdoor unit, both options have vertical through and blind holes, which allows to facilitate the unit and create a closed volume of air, providing additional thermal insulation.

The protrusions and the corresponding depressions on the pastel surface of the indoor unit in both versions are made in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round or square bases.

The presence of mutual protrusions and depressions on the pastel edges of the indoor unit will eliminate the lack of construction of the building block of the prototype, which implies the possibility of forming “cold bridges” along the horizontal junction of the blocks during laying.

The inner block in both versions has a vertical through hole in the middle, which allows it to be lightened and used for laying communications or for reinforcing masonry with reinforcing elements, including by creating an equal strength monolithic reinforced concrete structure in the vertical channels.

When laying a wall of blocks, the formation of a multitude of vertical through interconnecting channels is ensured in the wall.

The presence on one of the butt and spoon outer surface of the outer block of symmetric identical protrusions and on the opposite outer surface of the outer block of the corresponding cavities with a gap allows you to lay the blocks parallel and perpendicularly horizontally. Thus, it becomes possible to use both the spoon and butt masonry at the same time, and also the shear strength of the shear during its operation increases. At the same time the laying is considerably simplified, due to combination of ledges and hollows without the need for additional alignment.

The presence of reciprocal protrusions and depressions on the pastel edges of the indoor unit, allows you to put the blocks parallel and perpendicularly vertically. Thus, it becomes possible to use both the spoon and tykkovuyu laying, and also increases the strength of the masonry shear during its operation. At the same time the laying is considerably simplified, due to combination of ledges and hollows without the need for additional alignment.

The laying of blocks is possible without the use of a binding solution or glue-mounting, or without their significant use.

The presence of reciprocal protrusions and depressions on the inner block eliminates blowing through the horizontal junction of the blocks, and the absence of a horizontal seam excludes the “cold bridge” through the masonry mortar. At the same time, the presence of a gap between the protrusions and the depression forms a hermetically closed volume of air, which provides thermal insulation along the horizontal junction of the blocks without obligatory plastering on both sides. In order to increase the strength of the masonry and the stability of the wall, a binding solution is placed in this gap.

The presence of reciprocal protrusions and depressions on the external block eliminates blowing through the vertical junction of the blocks, and the absence of a vertical seam excludes the “cold bridge” through the masonry mortar. At the same time, the presence of a gap between the protrusions and the depression forms a hermetically closed air volume, which provides thermal insulation along the vertical junction of the blocks without obligatory plastering on both sides. In order to increase the strength of the masonry and the stability of the wall, a binding solution is placed in this gap.

Industrial Applicability

The use of this invention in the field of construction when laying the walls of civil and industrial buildings and structures can improve the thermal and strength properties of masonry from such building blocks.

Wall masonry using the proposed building block is as follows.

The building blocks are laid horizontally on the bed edge so that the protrusion on the butt edge of one block coincides with the depression on the butt edge of another block, forming with it a tight seamless nest connection.

In the case of masonry building blocks in two or more parallel rows, adhesion between the rows is possible due to the combination of depressions and protrusions on the spoon face of the blocks.

Also, the building blocks are laid horizontally on the bed edge of the bonded masonry so that the protrusions on the spoon edge of one block coincide with the hollows on the spoon edge of another block, forming with it an airtight, nested seamless connection.

For the formation of an angular connection, it is necessary to align the protrusions on the butt edge of one building block with a hollow on the spoon edge of another block, or a ledge on the spoon edge of one building block with a hollow on the knock face of another block, forming with it an airtight nested joint.

At the same time, in order to increase the strength of the wall, mortar or glue-mounting is applied to the hollow or to the ledge of the building block, and due to the gap between the hollow and the ledge of the building block, a sealed, seamless nested connection is maintained

The upper row of building blocks with a lower pastel edge with a hollow is placed on the upper bed edge with a protrusion of the lower row of blocks, forming a vertical, airtight, nested seamless connection.

Laying the top row of the building block on the bottom row is parallel or perpendicular.

At the same time, in order to increase the strength of the wall, a mortar or glue-mounting is applied to the hollow or to the protrusion of the pastel face of the building block, and due to the gap between the hollow and the protrusion of the building block, a sealed seamless nest connection is maintained

When laying a wall of building blocks, a multitude of vertical, intersecting interconnecting channels is provided in the wall, which can be used to lay communications or to reinforce masonry with reinforcing elements, including by creating an equal strength monolithic reinforced concrete structure in the vertical channels.

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Claims (15)

1. A building block containing an external carrier block with the same length and width and an internal heat-insulating construction block that is retained from the inside by the construction of an external block, characterized in that the building block is capable of connecting in horizontal and vertical planes with other blocks by densely placing them into each other in the friend due to the fact that a protrusion is placed on the upper pastel surface of the internal block, and on the lower there is a depression corresponding to it with a gap, which together with the corresponding Protrusions and grooves of other blocks have a hermetic seamless vertical nest connection, and symmetric identical protrusions are placed on one of the tychkovoy and spoon outer surfaces of the external block, and on the outer surface of the outer block opposite to them there are cavities corresponding to them with a gap other blocks hermetic seamless horizontal nest connection. 2. A building block containing an external carrier block with a spoon edge equal to two sizes of its junction face, consisting of two identical parts, and two identical internal heat-insulating structural blocks that are retained from inside by the construction of an external block, characterized in that the building block is designed to connections in horizontal and vertical planes with other blocks by densely placing them into each other due to the fact that on the upper pastel surface of each indoor unit is placed a high and, on the bottom, there is a depression corresponding to it with a gap, forming together with the corresponding protrusions and notches of other blocks a hermetic seamless vertical nest joint, and on one of the knit and spoon outer surfaces of the external block there are symmetric identical protrusions block - corresponding to them with a gap hollows, forming together with the corresponding protrusions and grooves of other blocks hermetic seamless horizontal socket connection. 3. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the external block is made of baked clay. 4. Building block under item 1 or 2, characterized in that the indoor unit is made of polystyrene concrete. 5. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the indoor unit is made of cellular concrete, for example foam concrete, aerated concrete, expanded silicate, gas silicate. 6. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the indoor unit is made of expanded clay concrete, or of opilkobeton, or of brisolite, or of wood concrete. 7. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the indoor unit is made of various composite or polymeric materials, for example, from geo-concrete. 8. Building block under item 1, characterized in that the external unit has a cubic shape. 9. The building block according to claim 2, characterized in that the external block has the shape of a rectangular parallelepiped. 10. Building block under item 1 or 2, characterized in that the internal unit has a cubic shape. 11. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the symmetrical identical protrusions and the corresponding depressions on the tychkovy and spoon outer surfaces of the external block are made in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases. 12. Building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the symmetric identical protrusions and depressions on the side internal surfaces of the external unit are made in the form of a pyramidal or trapezoidal shape with round or square bases. 13. Building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the upper and lower pastel surfaces of the outdoor unit have vertical through and blind holes. 14. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the protrusions and the corresponding depressions on the pastel surface of the indoor unit are made in the form of a trapezoidal shape with round or square bases. 15. A building block according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the internal block has a vertical through hole in the middle.

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