WO1999005370A1

WO1999005370A1 - Interlocking building block system and methods of constructing walls, including with a thermal insulation

Info

Publication number: WO1999005370A1
Application number: PCT/GE1997/000003
Authority: WO
Inventors: Vitali Kobakhidze
Original assignee: Vitali Kobakhidze
Priority date: 1997-07-24
Filing date: 1997-07-24
Publication date: 1999-02-04
Also published as: AU3554897A

Abstract

An interlocking building block system comprises a plurality of blocks having the hollows (6) on one bed (4) and corresponding lugs (7) on the opposed bed (5), the centers of which are disposed in the corners of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed (4, 5) and compose with them an angle of 45°. In each course of each wall the imaginary square nets (8) of the blocks are wholly placed between the edges of the wall, and the hollows (6) of each block receive the lugs (7, 11) of similar blocks positioned longitudinally or transversely. A method of forming the composite walls consists in coincidence the central vertical axes of each block of the middle row in stretching courses with transversely positioned block in subsequent binder or mixed course. A method of constructing composite walls with thermal insulation consists in forming them of a few one-course walls, arranging the layer of the thermal insulation (34) between them, overlaying it and in a same time fixing the courses of the one course walls by fastening elements. The centers of the hollows (6, 35), lugs (7, 11, 36), vertical grooves (18, 22) and apertures (10) of each block and fastening element are disposed in the corners of the imaginary square net (8), thereby they are vertically aligned with each other in courses above and below. The centers of the imaginary square net (8) are just inside the outer edge of the exposed brick wall in composite wall, thereby the fastening elements are covered by mortar (54) from the outside against precipitations.

Description

DESCRIPTION.

Interlocking building block system and methods of constructing walls, including with a thermal insulation. Technical field.

This invention relates to interlocking building blocks for assembly walls of different widths with no mortar joints between the courses of the wall and more particularly to the rectangularly shaped building blocks with a system of interlocking hollows and lugs. Background art.

Striving for reduction of prices of construction and facilitation of laying the building blocks predetermined the appearance of series of patents on interlocking building systems with reinforcing possibilities (U.S. Pat. No. 4,651 ,485, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,431 , U.S. Pat. No. 3,534,518), grouting in the inner channels of the wall (U.S. Pat. No. 3,534,518), having empties for ventilation (U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,656) or installation of different communications (U.S. Pat. No. 4,651 ,485, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,431).

Some shortcomings of these technical solutions are: presence of several asymmetric corner blocks (U.S. Pat. No. 4,651,485, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314,431), complica- tion of manufacturing blocks with inner apertures (U.S. Pat. No.3,534,518, U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,656), the lack of or the least version of connections of longitudinally and transversely positioned blocks with keeping conventional building modulus, and small number of version of the wall width (U.S. Pat. No. 4,651,485, U.S. Pat. No. 4,314.431 , U.S. Pat. No. 3,534,518, U.S. Pat. No. 3,818,656). As a prototype of a block was taken a building block, having two opposed beds, side surfaces and end surfaces each, hollows on one bed and corresponding lugs on the opposed bed (West Germany Pat. No. 920,871 ).

As a prototype of a wall was taken a wall of building blocks having two opposed beds, side surfaces and end surfaces each, hollows on one bed and corresponding lugs on the opposed bed, formed of superimposed courses of blocks positioned in surface-to-surface abutting relation with each block in a higher course overlaying the joints between the blocks in the lower course (West Germany Pat. No. 920,871).

As a prototype of a method of constructing a wall was taken a method, consists in forming a wall of successive stretching courses with binder or mixed courses (West Germany Pat. No. 920,871 ).

Generally Jordan, West Gennany, Pat. No. 920,871 discloses the blocks which may be assembled with keeping conventional building modulus, but only for walls without using any adhesives, with large expenses at plastering lots of ribs and recesses in side surfaces of the blocks in the wall. Furthermore, the shortcoming of this technical solution is an insufficient solidity of the wall for seismic regions because of a lack of reinforcing.

There exists a method of constructing a composite wall consisting in forming it of two brick one-course walls with a layer of thermal insulation between them and in fixing them by anchors of metal. At first the inner one course wall is assembled, then the thermal insulation is fixed to this wall by anchors, then the outer wall is assembled with covering the jutting out parts of these anchors by the joints between the courses of bricks of outer wall (Le mur a double paroi, p.41 , Murs en terre cuite, Industrie Suisse de la terre cuite, Zurich, Suisse, 1989).

The shortcomings of this technical solution are complication of constructing the walls in a definite, multioperation consecution and using for their fastening the expensive metal anchors (Le mur a double paroi, p.41 , Murs en terre cuite, Industrie Suisse de la terre cuite, Zurich, Suisse, 1989). As a prototype of a method of constructing a composite wall with thermal insulation was taken a method, consists in forming a composite wall of two or three one course walls of blocks with layer(s) of thermal insulation between them and in fixing them by fastening elements (Kladka sten sistemy Gerarda po sposobu ing. Gowe, str.399, Stroitelnaia Industria, torn. 4, Pod redakciey ing. N.S.Durnbaum, Gosstro- jisdat, Moskwa, Leningrad, SSSR, 1933, Russian).

In this method is offered the rigid and reliable fixing of two parallel one course brick walls with the layer of thermal insulation between them by means of fastening elements as a slabs made of asbestine cement. These fastening elements are laid as a continuous rows on a perimeter of the walls in a horizontal mortar joints between the bricks over five-six rows of the bricks in height.

The shortcoming of this technical solution is expensivity and high labor cost of constructing the walls with mortar (Kladka sten sistemy Gerarda po sposobu ing. Gowe, str.399, Stroitelnaia Industria, torn. 4, Pod redakciey ing. N.S.Durnbaum. Gosstrojisdat, Moskwa, Leningrad, SSSR, 1933, Russian). The prior art in general and these patents in particular, do not disclose the system of interlocking building block and novel methods of constructing the walls which comprises this invention. Disclosure of the invention .

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a set of interlocking building blocks, which may be easily and effectively assembled for walls of different width and different purposes to fonn a solid and sturdy wall structure.

Another object of this invention is to provide an efficient system of interlocking building blocks with self-alignment of the blocks in project position without additional operations for aligning them, which will substantially reduce labor cost by eliminating the need to employ highly skilled labor .in the construction of walls.

Another object of this invention is to provide a wall structure of interlocking blocks having series of vertical through apertures which may be conveniently and advantageously utilized for ventilation, air heating, reinforcing or grouting any adhe- sives. Another object of this invention is to provide a wall structure of interlocking blocks having a vertical grooves which may be conveniently and advantageously utilized for installing electrical communications, pipes and various other building components. Another object of this invention is to provide universal utilization of the blocks of limited standard sizes for constructing the walls of different widths for different purposes and particularly with or without grouting, with or without reinforcing, with or without ventilation and air heating, including in various combinations. Another object of this invention is to provide the substantially less expense of adhesives in comparison with utilizing conventional blocks of same sizes.

Another object of this invention is to provide the substantially less expenses of adhesives when the walls are constructed by the new method, and possibility of using the new method for construction of the walls by conventional blocks and bricks. Another object of this invention is to provide various connections and intersections of longitudinal and transversal walls of different width at a right angle and make the end walls with keeping conventional building modulus.

Another object of this invention is to provide previously described objects when the walls with thermal insulation are assembled by the new method with reliable fixing of the walls by the fastening elements for possibility of construction in any climatic conditions.

The above noted objects of the invention are accomplished by an interlocking building block system comprising a plurality of rectangular blocks.

Each building block comprises a pair of opposed side surfaces, a pair of opposed end surfaces, hollows on one bed and corresponding lugs on the opposed bed. The centers of hollows and lugs are disposed in the corners of the imaginary square net the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed and compose with them an angle of 45°.

Each building block with grooves further comprises at least one vertical groove in at least one of the surfaces, passing through the centers of hollow and lug.

Each building block with apertures may be comprise instead of grooves or in addition to them through aperture passing perpendicularly to the bed through the center of each hollow.

Each building block with notches in addition to vertical grooves and/or apertures comprises at least two notches on the bed passing parallel to the edge of the side surfaces aligned at the center of at least one hollow with the depth of the notches being not less than its depth.

In a simple, one course walls, each stretching course comprises a plurality of blocks. The centers of hollows and lugs on the adjacent surfaces of the blocks are coincided. In each course, the centers of hollows and lugs of each block are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the wall and each bed of each block and compose with the said edges an angle of 45°, including, in various wall ends, connections and intersections of similar walls made at right angles with keeping conventional building modulus. Each block in a liigher course bonds two' halves of two adjacent blocks of a lower course with self-alignment and interlocking against any movement at horizontal flatness by means of receiving the lugs by hollows. It allows substantially reduce labor cost without need of employing highly skilled labor in the construction of walls.

The through apertures in the blocks may be remained empty for ventilation or air heating, grouted as well as the vertical apertures in the masonry formed by the verti- cal grooves and/or through apertures of the blocks positioned one above the other in the bonding courses. The vertical apertures in the masonry may be also reinforced for more solidity against any block movement in vertical direction or not reinforced, including, in different combinations according to destination of the masonry.

The vertical grooves in the side surfaces of the blocks positioned one above the other in the bonded courses allow to install conveniently and advantageously the electrical communications, pipes and various other building components.

The method of constructing composite walls, more than one course width, consists in fonning the wall of the successive stretching courses with binder or stretching courses with mixed courses. Each stretching course is formed by three rows of longitudinally positioned blocks. The middle of these three rows is laid with longitudinal half block shear of the blocks in the middle row relative to the blocks of two extreme rows. Each binder or mixed course is fonned by at least one row comprising the longitudinally positioned blocks and/or the row of transversely positioned blocks which close the joints of longitudinally located blocks by their end surfaces. Each block of binder or mixed course is overlaid the joints of blocks in stretching course. Each block of the middle row in stretching course is bonded the transversely positioned blocks of the binder or mixed course in such a way, that the central vertical axes of each said block of the middle row in stretching course and transversely positioned block in binder or mixed course are coincided. By this method may be constructed walls of various width.

Particularly, in a wall width of one standard block length each stretching course includes two rows of filler blocks and the middle row of full size blocks. Each binder course comprises the row of transversely positioned full size blocks.

In a wall width of one and a quarter standard block length, each stretching course includes two rows of full size blocks and one extreme row of filler blocks. Each mixed course includes one longitudinally positioned row of filler blocks and the row of transversely positioned full size blocks. ^'

In a wall width of one and a half standard block length, each stretching course includes three rows of full size blocks. Each mixed course includes two rows of longitudinally positioned filler blocks and one middle row of transversely positioned full size blocks.

Using only the filler blocks and any of full size blocks allow to construct the walls of various width, including, with flat wall ends, jambs, as well as with various connections and intersections the walls of different width made at right angles with keeping conventional building modulus. It underlines the universality of utilization of limited standard sized blocks.

Furthermore, the adhesive, if it is used, may be grouted only in the through apertures of the blocks in the middle row in stretching courses and in corresponding through apertures of blocks in binder or mixed courses, that will substantially reduce adhesive expenditure in comparison with traditional masonry without deterioration of quality of the masonry. Adhesive expenditure in said walls will be the same as that in the half standard block width wall when using block with through aperture. Furthermore, by this method may be erected the walls of conventional blocks or bricks with using the mortar.

A method of constructing a composite wall with thermal insulation consists in forming the composite wall of two-three one course walls of building blocks with layer(s) of thermal insulation between them and in fixing them by fastening ele- ments. In each course of the composite wall the blocks are laid in such a way, that the centers of their hollows and lugs be disposed in the corners of the imaginary square net, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the wall and compose with them an angle of 45°. Then the thermal insulation is arranged so that fastening elements overlay it and thereby the rows of the blocks of the one course walls are fixed with each other by means of receiving the lugs of the elements by the hollows of the blocks. After that the subsequent courses of blocks of the one course walls are laid fixing the fastening elements and at the same time overlaying the joints of blocks of the preceding rows of the one course walls.

The walls constructed by this method may comprise both filler and full size blocks previously described and blocks narrowed to a half width of the adjacent layer of thermal insulation at one or two side surfaces, and also may comprise the blocks further comprising the hollows and beds deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening element.

In each course the centers of the hollows and lugs of each block are disposed in the corners of the imaginary square net, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the composite wall and compose with them an angle of 45°. including, in connection with a similar wall made at a right angle with keeping conventional building modulus. The deepened hollows of blocks have the possibility of receiving the lugs of fastening elements, and the hollows of blocks and fastening elements have possibility of receiving the lugs of the blocks positioned longitudinally or transversely when a wall is constructed therefrom.

Using the vertical apertures in the masonry, the notches and vertical grooves in the side surfaces of the blocks are analogous to previously described, but with using the fastening elements having corresponding vertical grooves and/or apertures. The fastening element for fixing the building blocks in the composite wall with thermal insulation comprises at least two hollows and two corresponding lugs on the opposed beds. These hollows correspond to the block hollows and the said lugs differ from the similar block lugs according to the thickness of the fastening element. The centers of said hollows and lugs are disposed in the corners of the imagi- nary square net, sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed and compose with them an angle of 45°. The fastening elements may comprise at least one vertical groove in at least one of the edges and/or at least one aperture perpendicular to the bed, both passing through the centers of the imaginary square net. The fastening element has the possibility of fixing the thermal insulation.

By this method may be constructed the walls of various width and with various width of the layers of the thermal insulation. Particularly, a composite wall width of one standard block length comprises three parallel one course walls with two layers of thermal insulation between them. The middle one course wall includes the standard size blocks narrowed at two side surfaces. Two extreme one course walls include the filler blocks narrowed at one side surface each. All of the blocks have the hollows and beds deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening element. The fastening elements overlaid the thermal insulation and fixed each course of the composite wall.

Another composite wall width of one standard block length comprise two parallel outer and inner one course walls with one layer of thermal insulation between them. The outer wall includes the filler blocks narrowed at one side surface. The in- ner wall includes the blocks having 3/4 width of its length and narrowed at one side surface. All of the blocks have the hollows and beds deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening element. The blocks having 3/4 width of its length comprise the deepened hollows and beds on the part of the width equal to the width of the narrowed filler block. The fastening elements overlaid the thermal in- sulation and fixed each course of the composite wall.

A composite wall width of one standard block length, with a width of the layer of thermal insulation equal to a filler block width, comprise two parallel outer and inner one course walls. The outer wall includes the filler blocks and the inner wall includes the standard size blocks. All of the blocks have the hollows and beds deep- ened according to the thickness of the received fastening element. The standard size blocks have the deepened hollows and beds on the half part of their width. The fastening elements overlaid the thermal insulation and fixed each course of the composite wall.

A composite wall width of one and a quarter standard block length, with a width of the layer of thermal insulation equal to a filler block width, comprise two parallel outer and inner one course walls. The outer wall includes the twice height filler blocks, and the inner wall includes the blocks having 3/4 width of its length. Two courses of the inner wall are equal in height to the one course of the outer wall. The fastening elements overlaid the thermal insulation and fixed each course of the outer wall with each second course in height of the inner wall. All of the filler blocks and each second block in height of inner wall have the hollows and beds deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening element. The said blocks of inner wall have the deepened hollows and beds on the part of the width equal to width of the filler block. Another composite wall comprise the outer one course exposed brick wall width of a half brick length and the inner one course wall of blocks having 3/4 width of a standard block size length. Between these one course walls is the layer of thermal insulation abutting to the inner wall and separated from the outer wall by a layer of air. Three lugs of each fastening element received by hollows of blocks of each second course of the inner wall. The fastening elements in a same time are overlaying the thermal insulation and are fixed to the outer wall by mortar over each five brick courses. The fastening elements have the beds without the hollows and lugs on the part of fixing to the brick wall, but with the vertical grooves and apertures for laying between the brick courses with using the mortar. The ribs of the fastening elements fix the thermal insulation against the movement, and the centers of the corners of the imaginary square net are just inside the outer edge of the brick wall in such a way, that the edge of the fastening element is covered by mortar from the outside. The technical result of the present invention consists in using the interlocking building block system and methods of constructing walls, including, with a thermal insulation for fast construction with substantial economy of the time, materials and labor costs even in case to employ the unskilled personnel.

Positive effect of present invention contains the possibilities of using the inter- locking building block system and methods of present invention for erection of walls, partitions and fences in width of quarter length of standard block, half block, three quarters of block, one block, one and a quarter block, one and a half block and may be more width, with various connections and intersections of the walls made at a right angle with keeping conventional building modulus without using the mortar, with empty apertures in the masonry for ventilation or air heating, or with grouting adhesive in inner apertures of the masonry, with or without reinforcing, with or without thermal insulation, in various combinations, with possibility of installation various communications in side surfaces of the blocks positioned one above the other in bonded courses. Brief description of drawings.

FIG. l is an isometric view of a standard full size block showing the bed with hollows.

FIG.2 is an isometric view of the block of FIG. l showing the bed with lugs. FIG.3 is an isometric view of a full size block with a through aperture. FIG.4 is a longitudinal section of the block taken along line 4-4 of FIGS.3 and 5.

FIG.5 is an isometric view of a block having 3/4 width of its length. FIG.6 is a longitudinal section of the block taken along line 6-6 of FIG.5. FIG.7 is an isometric view of a filler block having appearance of a longitudinal half of the standard block of FIG.1. FIG.8 is an isometric view of a filler block having appearance of a half of the block of FIG.7.

FIG.9 is an isometric view of a filler block having appearance of a quarter of the block of FIG.7.

FIG.10 is an isometric view of a full size block with grooves in the end surfaces. FIG. l 1 is a longitudinal section of the block taken along line 1 1-1 1 of FIG.10.

FIG.12 is an isometric view of a full size block with groove in the end surface. FIG.13 is an isometric view of a full size block with two grooves in the side surface. FIG.14 is an isometric view of a block having 3/4 width of its length, with the grooves.

FIG.15 is a cross section of the block taken along line 15-15 of FIG.14.

FIG.16 is an isometric view of the block of FIG.14 showing the bed with the 5 lugs.

FIG.17 is an isometric view of a filler block with grooves showing the bed with lugs.

FIG. l 8 is an isometric view of a full size block with grooves in the end surfaces and one side surface showing the bed with the lugs. in FIG.19 is a partial isometric view of a wall with width of a quarter standard block length constructed by the filler building blocks in accordance with the present invention, showing the jambs, connections and intersections with the walls of the same width.

FIG.20 is a partial isometric view of a wall with width of a half standard block 15 length constructed with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, without grouting the adhesive in the inner apertures of the masonry, showing the connections with the walls of different width.

FIG.21 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 21-21 of FIG.20.

FIG.22 is a partial isometric view of a wall with 3/4 width of a standard block 2o length constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting the adhesive in the vertical apertures of the masonry and reinforcing the comer.

FIG.23 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 23-23 of FIG.22.

FIG.24 is a partial isometric view of the walls with width of a half standard 25 block length constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting, reinforcing the connections of the walls and with ventilation apertures, showing the different connections of the walls.

FIG.25 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 25-25 of FIG.24.

FIG.26 is partial isometric view of a wall with width of one standard block

30 length constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing only the vertical apertures in the middle row in stretching courses and in corresponding apertures in binder courses, showing the connections with the walls of different width.

FIG.27 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 27-27 of FIG.26. 35 FIG.28 is a partial isometric view of a wall with width of one and a quarter standard block length constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting only the vertical apertures in the middle row. in stretching courses and in corresponding apertures in mixed .courses and with reinforcing the comer. 40 FIG.29 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 29-29 of FIG.28.

FIG.30 is a partial isometric view of a wall with width of one and a half standard block length constructed with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting only the vertical apertures in the middle row in stretching courses and in corresponding apertures in mixed courses and with reinforcing the comer, showing connection with the wall of less width.

FIG.31 is a longitudinal section of the wall taken along line 31-31 of FIG.30. FIG.32 is a partial isometric view of a composite wall with width of one stan- dard block length with two layers of thermal insulation, constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing and with fixing each course by fastening elements.

FIG.33 is a cross section of the wall taken along line 33-33 of FIG.32. FIG.34 is a partial isometric view of a composite wall with width of one stan- dard block length with one layer of thennal insulation, constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing and with fixing each course by fastening elements.

FIG.35 is a cross section of the wall taken along line 35-35 of FIG.34. FIG.36 is a partial isometric view of a composite wall with width of one stan- dard block length with one layer of thennal insulation width of a quarter standard block length, constmcted with building blocks in_. accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing and with fixing each course by fastening elements.

FIG.37 is a partial isometric view of a composite wall with width of one and a quarter standard block length, with one layer of thermal insulation, constmcted with buildmg blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing and with fixing by fastening elements each course of outer wall of twice height filler blocks with each second course of blocks of inner wall.

FIG.38 is a cross section of the wall taken along line 38-38 of FIG.37. FIG.39 is a partial isometric view of a composite wall comprising the outer exposed brick wall width of a half brick length and the inner wall of blocks having 3/4 width of their length with layer of the thennal insulation between them, which is separated from the outer wall by a layer of air, constmcted with building blocks in accordance with the present invention, with grouting and reinforcing arid with fixing by fastening elements each second course of blocks in the inner wall with each fifth course of bricks in the outer wall.

FIG.40 is a cross section of the wall taken along line 40-40 of FIG.39. Best mode for carrying out the invention.

Referring to the drawings by numerals of reference, and particularly to FIGS.l and 2 is shown full size standard building block 1. The block 1 is rectangular and preferably manufactured in sizes according to conventional concrete building block standards, such as blocks of 40x20x20 cm in length, width and height. The block 1 has a pair of opposed side surfaces 2, a pair of opposed end surfaces 3, upper and lower beds 4 and 5 respectively. The upper bed 4 has a hollows 6, and the lower bed 5 has corcesponding lugs 7.

The hollows 6 are of sufficient size to receive the lugs 7 of similar blocks when a wall is constmcted therefrom. The centers of hollows 6 and lugs 7 are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net 8, the sides of which are wholly placed be- tween the edges of each bed 4 and 5 and compose with them an angle of 45°. The full hollows 6 and lugs 7 have the round shape in the plan. The hollows 6 and lugs 7 positioned close to the edges of the beds correspond to the halves of full hollows and lugs. FIGS.3 and 4 show a full size building block 9 identical to the shape and sizes of block 1 , but further comprising through aperture 10 passing perpendicularly to the bed 4 through the center of whole hollow 6 extended to the corresponding positioned lug 11 having the same shape as the lug 7 but twice less in height.

Moreover, the block 9 has two trapezoidal notches 12. These notches 12 have an inclination from the bottom of the hollows 6 located close the end surfaces 3 to the through aperture 10 with alignment at the center of full hollow 6 and cut the bed 4 with the hollows 6 parallel to the edge of side surface 2.

FIGS.4 through 6 show a building block 13 preferably manufactured in sizes 40x30x20 cm in which identical numerals refer to identical parts previously de- scribed. The block 13 has three through apertures 10 located in the center of each whole hollow 6 and two notches 12 aligned at the center of one whole hollow 6. The hollows 6 and lugs 7 positioned at the comers of the block correspond to a quarters of the full hollows and lugs.

FIG.7 shows a filler building block 14 having appearance of a longitudinal half of the block 1 and preferably manufactured in sizes 40x10x20 cm. Identical numerals refer to identical parts previously described.

FIG.8 shows a filler building block 15 having appearance of a half of the block 14 and a quarter of the block 1 and preferably manufactured in sizes 20x10x20 cm in which identical numerals refer to identical parts previously described. FIG.9 shows a filler building block 16 having appearance of a quarter of the block 14 and eighth part of the block 1 and preferably manufactured in sizes 10x10x20 cm in which identical numerals refer to identical parts previously described. The block 16 by length and width corresponds to the conventional buildmg modulus. FIGS.10 and 11 show a building block 17 with identical shape and sizes to the block 9, but further comprising in both end surfaces 3 half-round by cross section vertical groove 18 rather less in diameter than the least diameter of the hollow 6 and the lug 7. These vertical grooves 18 pass through the centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 7 positioned close the end surfaces 3. FIG.12 shows a building block 19 with identical shape and sizes to the block 17, but in contrast to it having the vertical groove 18 only in one end surface 3.

FIG.13 shows a full size building block 20 with identical shape and sizes to the block 9, but further comprising in one side surface 2 two vertical grooves 18 that pass througli the centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 7. FIGS.14 through 16 show a building block 21 with identical shape and sizes to the block 13, but further comprising two vertical grooves 18 in one side surface 2 and tree vertical grooves 18 in opposed side surface 2. One of these three vertical grooves 18 passes through the centers of the hollow 6 and lug 7 that are located in the middle of side surface 2 and another two vertical grooves 22 pass through the centers of the comer hollows 6 and lugs 7 and correspond to the halves of the vertical grooves 18.

FIG.17 shows a filler building block 23 with identical shape and sizes to the block 14, but further comprising two vertical grooves 18 in one side surface 2 and three vertical grooves in opposed side surface. One of these three vertical grooves 18 centered in the middle of the side surface 2 and two vertical grooves 22 positioned in the comers as previously described.

FIG.18 shows a full size building block 24 with identical shape and sizes to the block 17, but further comprising two vertical grooves 18 in one side surface 2 positioned as previously described.

In simple, one-course walls, the blocks, forming the walls are set conventionally on a suitable foundation 25 or footing surface-to-surface in strict horizontally order for coincidence of the centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 7 that are disposed on the adjacent surfaces 3 or 2 required for right bonding of the blocks in the courses. In each course the centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 7 of each block are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net 8, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the wall and each bed 4, 5 of each block and compose with the said edges an angle of 45°, including, in various wall ends, connections and intersections of the walls made of a right angle. Each block in a higher course bonds two halves of two adjacent blocks of a lower course, with self-alignment and interlocking against any movement at a horizontal flatness by means of receiving the lugs 7 and 1 1 by hollows 6.

As a result of erection of the wall from filler building blocks 14, 15 and 16 (FIG.19), or full size building blocks 1 or 9 (FIG.20) without using any adhesive or mortar provides an essentially monolithic structure., held together by its own weight and the system of interlocking hollows 6 and lugs 7, 11. The through apertures 10 of the full size blocks 9 connected by notches 12 in network of an empties, which may be utilized as for a ventilation or air heating of the wall (FIG.21). The through apertures 10 and vertical apertures in the masonry 26, formed by vertically aligned through apertures 10 of the blocks positioned one above the other in bonded courses (FIGS.22 and 23), or by vertical grooves 18 in the end surfaces 3 vertically aligned with the through apertures 10 (FIGS.24 and 25), may be used for grouting. The grout penetrates from these apertures 10 and grooves 18 into identical apertures 10 and grooves 18 of the blocks in the lower course not only vertically, but also through the notches 12 and fill all empty space.

The vertical apertures in the masonry 26 may be reinforced 27 with grouting from top to bottom, from the foundation 25 to anti-seismic belt in the floor level, or remained empty 28 for ventilation or air heating, including, in different combina- tions. In this case, the plugs 29 made of any suitable material closed the notches 12 against penetration the adhesive in the air channels 28 (FIGS.24 and 25). As a result of erection the wall from full size building blocks 9 and 17 with grouting and reinforcing provides a monolithic stmcture, fixing against any movement in all directions (FIGS.24 and 25).

The various wall ends, jambs, connections and intersections are accomplished with keeping building modulus of 10 cm in length and width according to the above- mentioned block sizes.

For creation of the flat surfaces of the wall comer, may be used the blocks 1, 9,

13 or 19 with at least one flat end surface 3. For keeping coincidence the centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 7 that are disposed on the adjacent surfaces 2 or 3 in each course, may be used the filler blocks 14, 15 and 16 in addition to the full size blocks.

The above-mentioned way of constmcting the walls concerns a simple one course walls of 10 cm, 20 cm and 30 cm in width (FIGS.19 through 25), in accordance with previously described block sizes. In accordance with the present invention the method of constmcting composite walls, more than one-course width, consists in forming the wall of successive stretching courses with binder, or stretching courses with mixed courses. Each stretching course includes three rows of longitudinally positioned blocks. The middle of these three rows is laid with a longitudinal half block shear relative to the blocks of two extreme rows. Each binder or mixed course includes at least one row comprising a longitudinally positioned blocks and/or the row of a transversely positioned blocks which close the joints of a longitudinally located blocks by their end surfaces. Each block of the binder or mixed course is overlaid the joints of blocks in stretching course. Each block of the middle row in stretching course is bonded the transversely positioned blocks of the binder or mixed course in such a way, that the central vertical axes of each block of the middle row in stretching course and transversely positioned block in binder or mixed course are coincided.

This method may be used for constmction of the walls of various width. Particularly, in a wall of 40 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, each stretching course includes two rows of the filler blocks 14 and the middle row of the full size blocks 9. Each binder course comprises the row of transversely positioned full size blocks 9 (FIGS.26 and 27).

In a wall of 50 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, each stretching course includes two rows of the frill size blocks 9 and one extreme row of the filler blocks 14. Each mixed course includes one longitudinally positioned row of filler blocks 14 and the row of transversely positioned full size blocks 9 (FIGS.28 and 29).

In a wall of 60 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, each stretcliing course includes three rows of the full size blocks 9. Each mixed course includes two rows of longitudinally positioned filler blocks 14 and one middle row of transversely positioned frill size blocks 9 (FIGS.30 and 31).

Using only the filler blocks 14, 15 and 16, and full size block 9 with through aperture 10 allows to constmct the walls of various width, including, with flat wall ends, jambs, as well as with various connections and intersections the walls of different width at a right angle with keeping building modulus of 10 cm. It should be understood that instead of block 9 may be used other blocks, for example, the standard block 1. The adhesive may be grouted only in the through apertures 10 of the blocks in the middle row in stretching courses vertically aligned with corresponding through apertures 10 of blocks in binder courses (FIGS.25 through 31 ).

The blocks 14, 19, 20, 21 , 23 or 24 with vertical grooves 18 placed one above the other in bonded upper and lower courses with vertical alignment of said grooves 18 for installation of the various electrical communications 30, pipes 31, reinforcing rods 27 and other building components. After that the walls may be plastered on interior 32 and exterior 33 sides or made by any other conventional means to provide a finished appearance (FIGS.19, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30 and 31).

In accordance with the present invention the method of constmcting a composite 5 wall with thennal insulation consists in forming it of two or three one course walls of building blocks with one or two layers of thennal insulation 34 between them. In each course of the composite wall the blocks are laid in such a way, that the centers of their hollows 6, 35 and lugs 7, 1 1 be disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net 8, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the wall and o compose with them an angle of 45°. Then the thennal insulation 34 is arranged and overlaid by fastening elements and fixed by them over the courses of blocks of one course walls with each other by means of receiving the lugs 36 of fastening elements in the hollows 35 of the blocks. After that the subsequent courses of blocks of one course walls are laid, fixing the fastening elements and at the same time overlaying the joints of blocks of preceding rows of one course walls.

The walls constmcting by this method may comprise both the filler and full size blocks previously described and blocks narrowed to a half width of the adjacent layer of thennal insulation 34 from one or two side surfaces, and also may comprise the blocks further comprising the hollows 35 and beds 37 deepened according to the o thickness of the received fastening element.

In each course the centers of the hollows 6, 35 and lugs 7, 1 1 of each block are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net 8, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the composite wall and compose with them an angle of 45°, including, in connection with a similar wall made at a right angle, with keeping 5 conventional building modulus. The deepened hollows 35 of blocks have the possibility of receiving the lugs 36 of fastening elements, and the hollows 6 of blocks and fastening elements have the possibility of receiving the lugs 7, 11 of blocks positioned longitudinally or transversely when a wall is constmcted therefrom.

Using the vertical apertures in the masonry 26 and vertical grooves 18, 22 in the o side surfaces of the blocks are analogous to those, previously described, but with using the fastening elements having conesponding vertical grooves 18, 22 and/or apertures 10 which are vertically aligned with corresponding vertical grooves 18, 22 and/or apertures 10 of blocks in the courses above and below. The fastening element for fixing the building blocks in the composite wall with thermal insulation comprises the hollows 6 on the one bed 4 and corresponding lugs 36 on the opposed bed 38, which correspond to the lugs 7 of blocks and differ from them according to the thickness of the fastening element. The centers of the hollows 6 and lugs 36 are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net 8, the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed 4, 38 and compose with them an angle of 45°. The fastening element has the vertical grooves 18, 22 or apertures 10 previously described and has the possibility of fixing the thermal insulation 34. By this method may be constmcted the walls of various width and with various width of the layers of the thennal insulation.

Particularly, a composite wall of 40 cm in width, in accordance to the above- mentioned block sizes, includes three parallel one course walls with two layers of thermal insulation 34 between them, each 6 cm in width. Two extreme one course walls comprise the filler blocks 39 similar to the block 14, but narrowed on a 3 cm from one side surface each. The middle one course wall comprises the blocks 40 similar to the block 17, but narrowed on a 3 cm from each of both side surfaces. All of the blocks have the hollows 35 and beds 37 deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening elements 41. The fastening elements 41 have through ap- ertures 10 for reinforcing 27 and grouting the adhesive into the vertical apertures 26 of masonry, overlay the thennal insulation 34 and fix each course of the composite wall (FIGS.32 and ^~33).

Another composite wall of 40 cm in width, in accordance to the above- mentioned block sizes, includes two parallel outer and inner one course walls with one layer of thennal insulation 34 between them 6 cm in width. The outer wall comprises the filler blocks 42 similar to the block 14, but narrowed on a 3 cm from one side surface. The inner wall comprises the blocks 43 similar to the block 13, but nanowed on a 3 cm from one side surface and without notches 12. All of the blocks have the deepened hollows 35 on the deepened beds 37 according to the thickness of the received fastening element 44. The blocks 43 comprise the deepened hollows 35 and beds 37 on the part of 7 cm width from the edge of the adjacent layer of thermal insulation 34. The fastening element 44 have the vertical grooves 18 for reinforcing 27 and grouting the adhesive into the vertical apertures 26 of masonry, overlay the thennal insulation 34 and fix each course of the composite wall (FIGS.34 and 35).

A composite wall of 40 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, includes two parallel outer and inner one course walls with the layer of thennal insulation 34 between them 10 cm in width. The outer wall comprises the filler blocks 45, similar to the block 14. The inner wall comprises the blocks 46. similar to the block 17, but without the notches 12. All of the blocks have the deepened hollows 35 on the deepened beds 37 according to the thickness of the received fastening element 47. The blocks 46 comprise the deepened hollows 35 and beds 37 on the half part of the bed 4 from the edge of side surface 2. The fastening elements 47 have the vertical grooves 22 for reinforcing and grouting the adhesive into the vertical apertures 26 of masonry, overlay the thermal insulation 34 and fix each course of the composite wall (FIG.36).

A composite wall of 50 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, includes two parallel outer and inner one course walls with the layer of thermal insulation 34 between them, 10 cm in width. The outer wall comprises the filler blocks 48 similar to the block 14, but twice higher. The inner wall comprises the successive courses of the blocks 49 and 50, two courses of which are equal in height to the one course of filler blocks 48. The blocks 49 and 50 are similar to the block 13, but without notches 12. All of the filler blocks 48 and each block 49 have the deepened hollows 35 on the deepened beds 37 according to the thickness of the received fastening element 51. The blocks 49 comprise the deepened hollows 35 and beds 37 on the part of 10 cm width from the edge of the adjacent layer of thermal insulation 34. The fastening elements 51 have the vertical grooves 18 for rein- forcing 27 and grouting the adhesive into the vertical apertures 26 of masonry, overlay the thennal insulation 34 and fix each course of the outer wall with each second course of the inner wall (FIGS.37 and 38).

A composite wall of 52 cm in width, in accordance to the above-mentioned block sizes, includes the outer one course exposed. brick wall of 12 cm in width and the inner one course wall of 30 cm in width of successive courses of blocks 49 and 50 previously described. Between these one course walls is the layer of the thermal insulation 34 of 8 cm in width, abutting to the inner wall and separated from the outer wall by a layer of air 52 of 2 cm in width. Three lugs 36 of each fastening element 53 received by hollows 35 of blocks 49 of each second course of the inner wall. The fastening elements 53 in a same time are overlaying the thermal insulation 34 and are fixed to the outer wall by mortar 54 over each five brick courses. The fastening elements 53 have the beds without the hollows 6 and lugs 36 on the part of fixing to the brick wall, but with the vertical grooves 22 and apertures 10 for laying between the brick courses with using the mortar 54. The apertures 10 be partially open in the masonry to provide the ventilation of the air layers 52. The ribs 55 of the fastening elements 53 fix the thermal insulation 34 against the movement. The centers in the comers of the imaginary square net 8 are just inside in 2 cm from the outer edge of the brick wall in such a way, that the edge of the fastening element 53 is covered by mortar 54 from outside against precipitations. The fastening element 53 have the vertical grooves 18 for reinforcing 27 and grouting the adhesive into the vertical apertures 26 of the masonry (FIGS.39 and 40).

The connections with the walls of different width, plastering or making any other conventional means to provide a finished appearance, are made as previously described without essential differences. Industrial applicability.

The building blocks may be made of any suitable material in accordance to the masonry purposes. The walls assembled in accordance with the present invention may be of various width, used as bearing or non-bearing walls, either exterior or interior, as well as foundation walls, breast-walls or fence walls. The walls may be reinforced, or non- reinforced, with ventilation channels or air heating channels, as well as the walls, heated by any of conventional materials.

The block may be also used for paving the roads and sidewalks. Using the full size block with through aperture and vertical grooves in the end surfaces with grouting all of the inner chinks through the vertical apertures in masonry allow to constmct the hennetically sealed walls for special purposes, includ- mg, for underwater building.

Besides that, the blocks may be used according to the method of the present invention to constmct the columns and pilasters of different sizes and shapes with or without reinforcement.

By the method of present invention the walls may be erected by conventional standard blocks or by bricks, using mortar between the rows.

The walls with thennal insulation, assembled by the method of the present invention, may be used in various climatic conditions, as they may have the layer of the thennal insulation of various width. For thermal insulation may be used the air layers, hard foam artificial materials as ready-makes, or the liquid foam poured be- tween the courses, filling materials and so on. The fastening element may be made of any suitable material, including reinforced material.

On the basis of the building blocks of the present invention, it is possible to make the thennal insulating elements, lintels, windowsill blocks, filler blocks in height for keeping the conventional building modulus in height, including, the filler 5 blocks with one of two opposed beds being flat, and the blocks with non parallel beds may be used for construction of the vaults and arch ceilings.

The invention essentially reduces the time and labor cost required to constmct the block walls, even if the walls are assembled by unskilled personnel. Construction time is also reduced by means of providing a plurality of the vertical apertures o in masonry which may be used universally for grouting, reinforcing, ventilation or air heating, and by means of installation of the various communications, pipes and other building components in vertical grooves of the wall.

The invention essentially reduces the time and labor cost required to constmct ^• the walls with the thennal insulation by means of synchronous assembling the courses of the wall, arranging the thennal insulation and fixing the courses by fastening elements.

Smaller models of these blocks can be used for playthings, constmctions. While this invention has been described fully and completely with special emphasis upon the best mode for carrying out the invention, it should be understood 0 that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein.

Claims

CLAIMS.

1. A building block, having two opposed beds (4, 5), side surfaces (2) and end surfaces (3) each, hollows (6) on one bed (4) and corresponding lugs (7) on the op- posed bed (5) is characterized in that the centers of hollows (6) and lugs (7) are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed (4, 5) and compose with them an angle of 45┬░.

2. A building block according to claim 1 , is characterized in that it further comprising at least one vertical groove (18, 22) in at least one of the surfaces and/or comprises an aperture (10) perpendicularly to the beds (4, 5), all of which pass through the centers of the hollow (6) and lugs (7, 1 1 ).

3. A building block according to claim 1-2, is characterized in that it further comprises at least two notches (12) on the bed (4), passing parallel to the edges of the side surfaces (2), aligned at the center of at least one hollow (6), with the depth of the notches (12) being not less than its depth.

4. A wall of building blocks having two opposed beds (4, 5), side surfaces (2) and end surfaces (3) each, hollows (6) on one bed (4) and corresponding lugs (7) on the opposed bed (5), formed of superimposed courses of blocks positioned in sur- face-to-surface abutting relation with each block in a higher course overlaying the joints between the blocks in the lower course, is characterized that in each course the centers of hollows (6) and lugs (7) of each block are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the wall and each bed (4, 5) of each block and compose with the said 5 edges an angle of 45┬░, including in various connections and intersections with a similar walls at right angles, and the said hollows (6) received the said lugs (7) of similar blocks positioned longitudinally or transversely when a wall is constmcted therefrom.

5. A wall according to claim 4, is characterized in that it comprises the blocks o having at least one vertical groove (18, 22) in at least one of the surfaces and/or having the aperture (10) perpendicularly to the beds (4, 5), all of which pass through the centers of the hollows (6) and lugs (7, 11), and the said vertical grooves (18, 22) and/or apertures (10) of blocks in the courses above and below are vertically aligned with each other. 5

6. A wall according to claims 4-5, is characterized in that it comprises the blocks having at least two notches (12) on the bed (4), passing parallel to the edges of the side surfaces (2), aligned at the center of at least one hollow (6) with the depth of the notches (12) being not less than its depth, and the vertical grooves (18, 22) and/or apertures (10) are connected by the said notches (12). o

7. A method of constmcting a wall of artificial stones, including interlocking stones, consists in forming a wall of successive stretching courses with binder or mixed courses, with longitudinal laying the stones in three rows with longitudinal half stone shear of stones in the middle row relative to stones of the two extreme rows in each stretching course, and in each binder or mixed course with longitudinal laying at least one row of stones and/or laying a row of transversely positioned stones which close the joints of longitudinally located stones by their end surfaces, and overlaying the joints of stones in the stretching course by each stone of the binder or mixed course, is characterized in that the central vertical axes of each stone of the middle row in stretching course and transversely positioned stone in binder or mixed course are coincided.

8. A method of constmcting a composite wall with thermal insulation of building blocks, each having two opposed beds (4, 5), side surfaces (2) and end surfaces (3), hollows (6) on one bed (4) and corresponding lugs (7) on the opposed bed (5), consists in forming the composite wall of two or three one course walls of blocks with layer(s) of thermal insulation between them and in fixing them by fastening elements, is characterized in that in each course of the composite wall the blocks are laid in such a way that the centers of their hollows (6, 35) and lugs (7, 1 1 ) be dis- posed in the comers of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the composite wall and compose with them an angle of 45┬░, the thennal insulation (34) is arranged and overlaid by fastening elements, and fixed by them over the courses of blocks of one course walls with each other by means of receiving the lugs (36) of fastening elements in the hollows (35) of the blocks, after that the subsequent courses of blocks of one course walls' are laid, fixing the fastening elements and at the same time overlaying the joints of blocks of preceding rows of one course walls.

9. A composite wall, for the accomplishment of the method in claim 8, with layer(s) of thennal insulation (34) and fastening elements which fix the one course 5 walls of building blocks each having two opposed beds (4, 5), side surfaces (2) and end surfaces (3), hollows (6) on one bed (4) and corcesponding lugs (7) on the opposed bed (5), fonned of superimposed courses of blocks of one course walls positioned in a surface-to-surface abutting relation with each block in a higher course overlaying the joints between the blocks in the lower course, is characterized in o that in each course the centers of the hollows (6, 35) and lugs (7, 11) of each block are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of the composite wall and compose with them an angle of 45┬░, including in connection with a similar wall at a right angle, comprises the blocks nanowed to a half width of the adjacent layer of thermal insulation (34) 5 at at least one side surface and/or comprises at least some blocks with hollows (35) and beds (37) deepened according to the thickness of the received fastening element, and the said deepened hollows (35) of blocks have the possibility of receiving the lugs (36) of fastening elements, and the said hollows (6) of blocks and fastening elements have the possibility of receiving the lugs (7, 1 1) of blocks posi- tioned longitudinally or transversely when a wall is constmcted therefrom.

10. A composite wall according to claim 9. is characterized in that at least one of the one course walls comprises the blocks, having as well as fastening elements, at least one vertical groove (18. 22) in at least one of the surfaces or the edges and/or having the apertures (10) perpendicularly to the bed (4), all of which pass through the centers of the hollows (6, 35), and the said vertical grooves (18, 22) and/or apertures (10) of blocks and fastening elements in the courses above and below are vertically aligned with each other.

11. A composite wall according to claim 9-10, is characterized in that the outer one course wall is made of exposed bricks, and the fastening elements whose lugs (36) are received by the hollows (35) of the blocks in the inner one course wall are fixed to the outer wall by mortar (54) over a few brick courses, and the layer of thennal insulation (34) is separated from the outer wall by a layer of air (52), and the centers of the comers of the imaginary square net (8) are just inside the outer edge of the brick wall in such a way, that the edge of the fastening element is covered by mortar (54) from the outside against a precipitations.

12. A fastening element, for the accomplishment of the method in claim 8, for fixing building blocks in the composite wall with thermal insulation (34), is charac- terized in that it comprises of at least two hollows (6) on one bed (4) and two corresponding lugs (36) on the opposed bed (38), and the centers of the said hollows (6) and lugs (36) are disposed in the comers of the imaginary square net (8), the sides of which are wholly placed between the edges of each bed (4, 38) and compose with them an angle of 45┬░, comprises at least one vertical groove (18, 22) in at least one of the edges and/or comprises at least one aperture (10) perpendicular to the bed (4) all of which pass through the centers in the comers of the said imaginary square net (8), and has the possibility of fixing the thermal insulation (34) by means of the hollows (6) and lugs (36), or ribs (55) too.