US20130205703A1 - Method for constructing a building using bricks connected using dry joints - Google Patents
Method for constructing a building using bricks connected using dry joints Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20130205703A1 US20130205703A1 US13/805,057 US201113805057A US2013205703A1 US 20130205703 A1 US20130205703 A1 US 20130205703A1 US 201113805057 A US201113805057 A US 201113805057A US 2013205703 A1 US2013205703 A1 US 2013205703A1
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- Prior art keywords
- bricks
- brick
- tongue
- base
- stiffening
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/10—Lime cements or magnesium oxide cements
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
- E04B2/18—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
- C04B28/10—Lime cements or magnesium oxide cements
- C04B28/12—Hydraulic lime
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
- E04B2/24—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element the walls being characterised by fillings in some of the cavities forming load-bearing pillars or beams
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
- E04B2002/0206—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections of rectangular shape
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of construction. More specifically, it relates to a method for making a building from prefabricated and interlocking elementary bricks, made from a material comprising plant fibers (hemp, straw, flax, etc.) agglomerated using a binder (in particular dirt, non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime).
- a binder in particular dirt, non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime.
- plant fibers to construct buildings, and more specifically to produce walls and partitions, has been known for some time.
- examples include laterite mud, made up of a matrix of clay (or more generally dirt) and agglomerated plant fibers (in particular straw).
- Hemp fibers have also been used in construction.
- One traditional technique consists of preparing a concrete (commonly, although wrongly, called hemp “concrete”) in situ from a plant aggregate (hemp chaff) and a binder (non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime), and filling a wooden framework wall using such a concrete.
- Hemp concrete may also be used to produce concrete slabs, insulating coats, or insulation per se, which is for example poured into the rakes of a roof before placing a cover.
- the invention aims to improve the use of plant fibers (in particular hemp) in construction, by proposing an implementation that is both simple and fast, capable of equaling or even surpassing the ordinary construction techniques (in particular terra cotta bricks or cement concrete quarry stone).
- the invention first proposes a method for constructing a building using prefabricated bricks made from a material (such as hemp concrete) comprising plant fibers agglomerated using a binder, provided with grooves and tongues allowing the dry-joint connection thereof.
- a material such as hemp concrete
- this method comprises the combined placement of solid base bricks, provided with a groove and a tongue that can be joined together, and honeycomb stiffening bricks, provided with a groove and a tongue, that can be joined together as well as a cell with the passage of a reinforcing post.
- Each post for example comprises a metal framework embedded in (cement) concrete.
- the invention secondly proposes, for the implementation of the aforementioned method, a hemp concrete brick, provided with a tongue designed to be joint-connected in a groove, said tongue having a protrusion whereof the ratio to an effective height or effective width of the brick is comprised between 1/10 and 1/4, preferably approximately 1/5.
- the tongue also has a width whereof the ratio to an effective width of the brick is comprised between 1/4 and 1/2, preferably approximately equal to 1/3.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first type of hemp concrete brick
- FIG. 2 is a side view of the brick of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 3 is a top view of the brick of FIG. 1 ;
- FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a second type of hemp concrete brick
- FIG. 5 is a side view of the brick of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 6 is a top view of the brick of FIG. 4 ;
- FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a third type of hemp concrete brick
- FIG. 8 is a side view of the brick of FIG. 7 ;
- FIG. 9 is a top view of the brick of FIG. 7 ;
- FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a fourth type of hemp concrete brick
- FIG. 11 is a side view of the brick of FIG. 10 ;
- FIG. 12 is a top view of the brick of FIG. 10 ;
- FIGS. 13 to 19 are perspective views showing different successive steps for producing a building from the bricks of FIGS. 1 to 12 ;
- FIGS. 20 and 21 are perspective views showing two successive steps for producing a corner wall from the bricks of FIGS. 1 to 9 .
- FIGS. 1 to 12 show four different types of prefabricated hemp concrete elementary bricks.
- the concrete is prepared from hemp or hemp chaff aggregate, which is the fragmented inner part of the hemp stalk.
- the hemp chaff used meets the recommendations of hemp producers for use in construction, cf. the aforementioned volume Co Meeting en Chanvre.
- the density of the dry hemp chaff used is approximately 100 kg/m 3 bulked (i.e. not tamped).
- the binder used may comprise non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime (standard NF EN 459-1 to 3), potentially with added pozzolana (standard NF P 18-308), but in the case at hand is preferable to use pure non-hydraulic lime.
- the composition also comprises quick-setting cement and mixing water (meeting the stipulations of standard NF EN 1008).
- the proportions by volume of the preferred composition are as follows: hemp chaff 73%; non-hydraulic lime 8%; quick-setting cement 4%; water 15%, i.e., for 100 l (10 kg) of hemp chaff, approximately 11 l of non-hydraulic lime, 5.5 l of quick setting cement and 20 l of water.
- each type of brick is made by pressurized molding (the pressure is done by compaction of the still-wet composition). Once folded, each brick is stripped, then undergoes air drying for several weeks, or may be placed in a drying oven for accelerated drying.
- FIGS. 1 to 3 A first type of brick 1 is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3 .
- This brick 1 called a base brick, is solid. It has an effective length 2 of 600 mm, an effective width 3 of 300 mm, and an effective height 4 of 300 mm.
- the base brick 1 comprises:
- the tongues 5 , 7 have a (protruding) height 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm.
- the grooves 9 , 10 have a depth 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm.
- FIGS. 4 to 6 A second type of brick 15 is illustrated in FIGS. 4 to 6 .
- This brick 15 called a stiffener, has a cellular structure. Like the base brick 1 , it has an effective length 2 of 600 mm, an effective width 3 of 300 mm, and an effective height 4 of 300 mm.
- the stiffener 15 comprises a cell 16 with a square section pierced over the entire height thereof, the sides of which measure 150 mm and are spaced apart from the side 17 and rear 18 surfaces of the stiffener 15 by 75 mm.
- the stiffener 15 comprises:
- the lower tongue 19 has a protruding height 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm; the grooves 21 , 23 have a depth 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm.
- a third type of brick 25 is illustrated in FIGS. 7 to 9 .
- This brick 25 called a half-stiffener, has a cellular structure. It has a generally cubic shape with an equal effective length 26 , width 3 and height 4 of 300 mm. In this way, the effective length 26 of the half-stiffener 25 is equal to half the effective length 2 of the base brick 1 and the stiffener 15 .
- the half-stiffener 25 comprises a cell 16 with a square section pierced over the entire height thereof, the sides of which measure 150 mm and are spaced apart from the four side surfaces of the half-stiffener 25 by an equal distance of 75 mm.
- the half-stiffener 25 comprises:
- the tongues 27 , 31 have a protruding height 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm.
- FIGS. 10 to 12 A fourth type of brick 32 is illustrated in FIGS. 10 to 12 .
- This brick 32 called a linking brick, is hollow and has a U-shaped profile in transverse section. It has an effective length 2 of 600 mm, an effective width 3 of 300 mm, and an effective height 4 of 300 mm. These sides are identical to those of the base brick 1 and those of the stiffener 15 .
- the linking brick 32 comprises:
- the tongues 39 , 43 have a protruding height 13 of 50 mm and a width 14 of 100 mm.
- the bricks 1 , 15 , 25 , 32 may be combined with each other. They are in fact designed to fit together both horizontally and vertically.
- these fittings may be done as dry-joint connections (i.e. without jointing mortar), without harming the stability of the construction one wishes to make, owing to the size ratios between the sides (height and width) of the grooves and tongues, and the effective size ratios of the bricks.
- the ratio between the width 14 of the tongues 5 , 7 , 19 , 27 , 31 , 39 , 43 (equal to that of the grooves 9 , 10 , 21 , 23 , 44 ) and the effective width 3 of the bricks 1 , 15 , 25 , 32 is preferably comprised between 1/4 and 1/2.
- a ratio of approximately 1/3, which corresponds to the quoted values provided above, is a good compromise between good shearing strength of the tongues 5 , 7 , 19 , 27 , 31 , 39 , 43 , which guarantees good strengths of the walls with respect to forces in the orthogonal direction (in particular wind and bearing forces) on the one hand, and a sufficient bearing surface of the bricks 1 , 15 , 25 , 32 on one another, on either side of the tongues 5 , 7 , 19 , 27 , 31 , 39 , 43 , guaranteeing good stability of the walls, on the other hand.
- the ratio between the height of the tongues 5 , 7 , 19 , 27 , 31 , 39 , 43 (equal to the depth of the grooves 9 , 10 , 21 , 23 , 44 ) and the effective height (or the effective width, equal to the effective height) of the bricks 1 , 15 , 25 , 32 is preferably comprised between 1/10 and 1/4.
- a ratio of approximately 1/6, which corresponds to the quoted values provided above, is a good compromise between a certain ease of assembly on the one hand, and the need to maximize the contact surfaces between the bricks 1 , 15 , 25 , 32 (i.e. the friction therebetween), so as to stiffen the structure, on the other hand.
- FIGS. 13 to 19 show different successive steps in the construction of a structure comprising a straight wall 45 , provided with an opening 46 (in this case a window) and topped by a slab 47 .
- the wall 45 is built on a base 48 (forming a compression slab) made from water-repellent cement mortar, which is poured on a concrete foundation 49 situated below ground level as defined by a finished (i.e. tamped) outside terrain 50 .
- the base 48 is partially buried in the ground 50 , and has a protruding upper portion in which a groove 51 is followed with a width and depth respectively equal to the width and the depth of the grooves of the bricks.
- the groove 51 has a width of 100 mm and a depth of 50 mm.
- two metal frameworks 52 with a square section are vertically implanted in the base 48 for the subsequent production of reinforcing posts 53 , while being spaced apart by a predefined value corresponding to three brick lengths (i.e. 1800 mm), this measurement being done on the central axis of the frameworks 52 .
- the frameworks 52 are preferably pre-positioned during pouring of the base 48 , so as to be embedded therein, but it is also possible to consider making the base 48 first, then later drilling housings as a function of the desired positioning of the frameworks 52 , in the scenario where that positioning is not known when the base 48 is poured.
- FIG. 13 illustrates the placement of a first row of bricks, the lower tongues of which are fitted into the groove 51 of the base 48 .
- This first row alternates between base bricks 1 , fitted into the base 48 at locations with no frameworks 52 , and stiffeners 15 fitted into the base 48 at the frameworks 52 .
- the stiffeners 15 are positioned such that the frameworks 52 extend through their cells 16 . From a practical perspective, in the case where the frameworks 52 are pre-positioned in the base 48 , the stiffeners 15 are simply slipped through the top on the frameworks 52 , to then fit into the groove 51 of the base 48 .
- the base bricks 1 are all oriented in the same direction (their rear surface 12 here turned toward the back in FIG. 13 ).
- the stiffeners 15 are also oriented in the same direction, but opposite the base bricks 1 . In this way, each stiffener 15 is framed by two base bricks 1 : a first whereof the rear surface 12 is simply pressed against the rear surface 18 of the stiffener 15 , and a second whereof the front tab 7 is fitted into the front groove 21 of the stiffener 15 .
- This first row is placed dry, without mortar joints, by simple fitting of the bricks 1 , 15 into the base 48 .
- This lack of play does not, however, prevent the fitting, due to the relative elasticity of the material of the bricks 1 , 15 (unlike cement concrete, for example, which is extremely rigid).
- the second row of bricks can then be placed.
- the bricks of that second row are turned opposite the bricks of the first row, so as to arrange the bricks in staggered rows from one row to the next.
- each stiffener 15 of the second row can fit without obstacle, straddling the stiffener 15 of the first row and the adjacent base brick 1 , on the side of its rear surface 12 .
- the second row (and subsequent rows) is placed dry, without mortar joints, by simple fitting of the bricks of the second row into one another and into the bricks of the first row.
- there is no functional play in the fittings which does not hinder the placement due to the relative elasticity of the hemp concrete.
- the lack of joints has three advantages:
- the same filling in and cutting out operations are carried out in the stiffeners 15 of the second row as those done in the stiffeners 15 of the first row, so as to allow the placement of the third row.
- the third row is then placed, the base bricks 1 and the stiffeners 15 being oriented in the same direction as those of the first row (and therefore opposite those of the second). As before, the fitting is simple, with no mortar joints.
- the cells 16 of the stiffeners 15 can then be filled in using a cement concrete, thereby embedding the frameworks 52 and forming reinforced posts 53 that vertically stiffen the wall 45 and form a reveal for the window 46 .
- cutouts 55 are made in the upper surfaces 24 of each stiffener 15 .
- the bricks of the following row are then placed (the fourth, in the illustrated example).
- a half-stiffener 25 is fitted on the stiffener 15 of the third row turned opposite the opening 46 , with its front tongue 27 turned opposite the opening 46 .
- a base brick 1 is then horizontally fitted on the half-stiffener 25 . Stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 of this row and the following rows together form a reveal for the window 46 thus delimited.
- stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 are alternated in each successive row to mount the reveal for the window 46 while preserving the staggered rows. As before, cutouts are made in the upper surfaces of the stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 to allow the fitting of each higher row.
- the desired height (which in this case corresponds to four rows of bricks, or a height of 1200 mm)
- an additional row of linking bricks 32 is placed that will participate in producing a lintel for the window 46 .
- the linking bricks 32 simply fitted together vertically in the groove 9 , 27 of the bricks of the lower row, and horizontally into each other, are horizontally stiffened using a metal framework 57 lying in the central cavity 33 , which is then filled in using a cement concrete that will embed the framework 57 and thereby form a lintel beam 58 for the window 46 .
- the lintel beam 58 is nevertheless hollowed out (for example using a furring that is removed once the cement has set) by a groove 59 with the dimensions (same depth, same width) of the tongues 39 , so as to allow fitting of the upper row (see below).
- the bottom 38 of the linking bricks 32 placed overhanging the reveal for the window 46 are also cut out with an opening 60 with a square section, said opening 60 being filled in using a cement concrete to complete the vertical reinforcing post 53 of the wall 45 (and the window 46 ).
- the following row is made up of linking bricks 32 vertically fitted into the grooves 9 of the base bricks 1 of the preceding row and in the groove 59 hollowed out in the lintel beam 59 .
- the slab 47 comprises profiled girders 61 (for example with a T-shaped transverse section, as illustrated), one end 62 of which is placed directly on the bottom 38 of the linking bricks 32 , owing to the cutout made.
- the girders 61 do not, however, extend as far as the side opposite side walls 37 of the linking bricks 32 : they are in fact spaced to allow the placement, between the side walls 37 and the end 62 of the girders, of a metal framework 57 for reinforcing the border of the slab 47 , which will subsequently be embedded in a cement concrete.
- the vertical metal frameworks 52 extend as far as the slab 47 , through square openings 60 cut in the bottoms 38 of the linking bricks 32 situated overhanging the reveal for the window 46 and filled in with a cement concrete completing the vertical reinforcing posts 53 .
- jambs doors, windows
- FIGS. 20 and 21 show, as an illustrative example, the production of a corner wall 63 using base bricks 1 , stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 . Only the placement of a first and second row of bricks are illustrated, the subsequent rows being done identically alternating between the first two rows.
- the corner wall 63 rests on a base 48 provided with a groove 51 hollowed on an upper surface, and poured over a foundation (not shown) situated below the ground level of the finished terrain.
- the wall 63 is made up of two wall faces 64 , 65 (which are arbitrarily called left face 64 and right face 65 , in reference to the orientation chosen for FIG. 20 ) forming an angle (a right angle in the case at hand), and comprises at least one corner post 53 stiffened by a metal framework 52 vertically implanted in the base 48 .
- two other frameworks 52 are each implanted in a base face 48 , at predetermined equal distances ( 1800 mm) from the corner framework 52 .
- the first row of bricks comprises a first stiffener 15 fitted on the base in the corner of the wall 63 , with the metal corner framework 52 slipped into the cell 16 of the stiffener 15 .
- This first stiffener 15 may be oriented differently along either of the wall faces 64 , 65 . In the drawing of FIG. 20 , we have arbitrarily chosen to orient the stiffener 15 along the left face 64 .
- the first row of bricks also comprises several (two in the case at hand) base bricks 1 , fitted on the base 48 in each face.
- the base bricks 1 are oriented toward the corner, the front tongue 7 of the base brick 1 adjacent to the corner stiffener 15 fitting into the front groove 21 thereof.
- a half-stiffener 25 is fitted on the base 48 at the framework 52 of the left face 64 , which is slipped in its cell 16 .
- the half-stiffener 25 is oriented toward the corner, such that its front tongue 27 fits into the rear groove 11 of the adjacent base bricks 1 .
- the (two) base bricks 1 are oriented opposite the corner, the rear surface 12 of the base brick 1 adjacent to the corner stiffener 15 being pressed flat against a side surface 17 thereof.
- a stiffener 15 is fitted on the base 48 at the framework 52 of the right face 65 , which is slipped into its cell 16 .
- the stiffener 15 is oriented toward the corner, such that the front tongue 7 of the adjacent base brick 1 fits into the front groove 21 of the stiffener 15 .
- the bricks are simply fitted into the base 48 and into one another, no mortar joints being used.
- the bricks of the second row are oriented opposite those of the first row.
- the second row comprises an angularly offset corner stiffener 15 (in this case at a right angle) relative to the corner stiffener 15 of the first row, and is fitted overlapping thereon and on the adjacent base brick 1 of the right face 65 .
- the base bricks 1 of the right face 65 are oriented toward the corner of the wall 63 , and a half-stiffener 25 is placed at the framework 52 of the right face 65 , also oriented toward the corner, its front tongue 27 fitting into the rear groove 11 of the adjacent base brick 1 .
- the base bricks 1 of the left face 64 of the second row are oriented opposite the corner, and a stiffener 15 is placed at the framework 52 of the left face 64 , such that the front tongue 7 of the adjacent base brick 1 fits into the front groove 21 of the stiffener 15 .
- No mortar joint is used between the bricks.
- the cells 16 of the stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 may be filled with cement concrete for placement of the second row. This filling may nevertheless be done at a later time, after the placement of the second row or even higher rows, to form the reinforced vertical posts 53 .
- the use of the hemp bricks described above allows an easy and rapid construction, in particular owing to the absence of jointing, which allows considerable savings in terms of time and material.
- the construction of a traditional building with a ground surface area of 150 m 2 which requires approximately 1000 bricks (in all), of the various described types, may be completed (excluding light work) in one week with one single person on the worksite, i.e. time savings of more than 50% relative to the known methods, or ordinary quarry stone-based masonry, or hemp-based masonry set on a wooden frame, or hemp concrete block-based masonry jointed and placed on a wooden frame.
- hemp concrete constructions made traditionally on a wooden frame limit the height of the structures to two floors (ground floor with one upper four).
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Abstract
The invention relates to a brick (1) made from a material comprising vegetable fibres agglomerated using a binder (such as hemp concrete), said brick being provided with a groove (9, 11) and a tongue (5, 7) allowing the dry-joint connection of bricks. The invention also relates to a method for constructing a building using such bricks.
Description
- The invention relates to the field of construction. More specifically, it relates to a method for making a building from prefabricated and interlocking elementary bricks, made from a material comprising plant fibers (hemp, straw, flax, etc.) agglomerated using a binder (in particular dirt, non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime).
- The use of plant fibers to construct buildings, and more specifically to produce walls and partitions, has been known for some time. Examples include laterite mud, made up of a matrix of clay (or more generally dirt) and agglomerated plant fibers (in particular straw).
- Hemp fibers have also been used in construction. One traditional technique consists of preparing a concrete (commonly, although wrongly, called hemp “concrete”) in situ from a plant aggregate (hemp chaff) and a binder (non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime), and filling a wooden framework wall using such a concrete.
- Hemp concrete may also be used to produce concrete slabs, insulating coats, or insulation per se, which is for example poured into the rakes of a roof before placing a cover.
- A number of recipes and applications exist for hemp concrete. The Association Construire en Chanvre specifically defined hemp concrete and formulated professional rules for building with hemp concrete. These rules were published in a volume entitled Construire en Chanvre (ISBN 978-2-915162-92-9). For an exhaustive list of works, articles and publications relative to hemp-based construction, see the bibliography published on the Association's website: http://www.construction-chanvre.asso.fr/.
- While the ordinary techniques, today offered by several companies (including the company BCB, which offers hemp concrete under the Tradical registered trademark), may be deemed satisfactory in terms of mechanical, acoustic and thermal performance (greater than or equal to that of ordinary quarry stone constructions), they are nevertheless flawed by a high degree of technicality and difficult implementation, which limit their use to building professionals.
- Techniques have been proposed to resolve these drawbacks and democratize the use of hemp in construction. One of these techniques, described in French
patent application FR 2 871 487 in the name of the company Développement Construction Ecologique (see also the American equivalent US 2008/272270), consists of making a wall from prefabricated blocks that are assembled in situ. These blocks are provided with vertical shafts in which wooden posts are inserted to form a framework. The shafts are then sealed in the blocks using a filler, such as a binder of the lime milk type. - It is true that the use of prefabricated blocks makes it possible to save on the on-site preparation of the hemp concrete. However, the savings are marginal, since the insertion, then sealing of many posts in the shafts of the blocks are lengthy and tedious operations, which also require the in situ preparation of a large quantity of binder.
- Due to the aforementioned drawbacks of the known techniques, including the most recent, the share of hemp concrete in construction is progressing little if at all, traditional quarry stone construction continuing to represent the vast majority of the market.
- The invention aims to improve the use of plant fibers (in particular hemp) in construction, by proposing an implementation that is both simple and fast, capable of equaling or even surpassing the ordinary construction techniques (in particular terra cotta bricks or cement concrete quarry stone).
- To that end, the invention first proposes a method for constructing a building using prefabricated bricks made from a material (such as hemp concrete) comprising plant fibers agglomerated using a binder, provided with grooves and tongues allowing the dry-joint connection thereof.
- According to one embodiment, this method comprises the combined placement of solid base bricks, provided with a groove and a tongue that can be joined together, and honeycomb stiffening bricks, provided with a groove and a tongue, that can be joined together as well as a cell with the passage of a reinforcing post.
- The following operations may be provided:
-
- producing a mortar base;
- placing a series of posts in the base;
- placing stiffening bricks at the posts, with insertions of said posts into the cells of the stiffening bricks;
- placing base bricks between the stiffening bricks.
- Each post for example comprises a metal framework embedded in (cement) concrete.
- It is also possible to provide an operation for placing, at a post and above the stiffening brick, a half-stiffening brick, provided with a tongue to allow it to be joint-connected on the stiffening brick and a cell for the passage of the post, and having a length equal to half the length of the stiffening brick.
- The following operations may also be provided:
-
- placing linking bricks comprising a tongue allowing them to be joint-connected in the grooves of other bricks, and a central cavity delimiting two side walls and a bottom;
- placing a metal framework in the cavity;
- filling in the cavity using concrete.
- Likewise, the following operations may be provided:
-
- placing linking bricks comprising a tongue allowing them to be joint-connected in the grooves of other bricks, and a central cavity delimiting two side walls and a bottom;
- cutting out side walls;
- placing a slab resting directly on the bottom of the linking bricks.
- The invention secondly proposes, for the implementation of the aforementioned method, a hemp concrete brick, provided with a tongue designed to be joint-connected in a groove, said tongue having a protrusion whereof the ratio to an effective height or effective width of the brick is comprised between 1/10 and 1/4, preferably approximately 1/5.
- According to one embodiment, the tongue also has a width whereof the ratio to an effective width of the brick is comprised between 1/4 and 1/2, preferably approximately equal to 1/3.
- Other aims of advantages of the invention will appear in light of the following description, done in reference to the appended drawings, in which:
-
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first type of hemp concrete brick; -
FIG. 2 is a side view of the brick ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 3 is a top view of the brick ofFIG. 1 ; -
FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a second type of hemp concrete brick; -
FIG. 5 is a side view of the brick ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 6 is a top view of the brick ofFIG. 4 ; -
FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a third type of hemp concrete brick; -
FIG. 8 is a side view of the brick ofFIG. 7 ; -
FIG. 9 is a top view of the brick ofFIG. 7 ; -
FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a fourth type of hemp concrete brick; -
FIG. 11 is a side view of the brick ofFIG. 10 ; -
FIG. 12 is a top view of the brick ofFIG. 10 ; -
FIGS. 13 to 19 are perspective views showing different successive steps for producing a building from the bricks ofFIGS. 1 to 12 ; -
FIGS. 20 and 21 are perspective views showing two successive steps for producing a corner wall from the bricks ofFIGS. 1 to 9 . -
FIGS. 1 to 12 show four different types of prefabricated hemp concrete elementary bricks. The concrete is prepared from hemp or hemp chaff aggregate, which is the fragmented inner part of the hemp stalk. The hemp chaff used meets the recommendations of hemp producers for use in construction, cf. the aforementioned volume Construire en Chanvre. The density of the dry hemp chaff used is approximately 100 kg/m3 bulked (i.e. not tamped). The binder used may comprise non-hydraulic or hydraulic lime (standard NF EN 459-1 to 3), potentially with added pozzolana (standard NF P 18-308), but in the case at hand is preferable to use pure non-hydraulic lime. The composition also comprises quick-setting cement and mixing water (meeting the stipulations of standard NF EN 1008). - The proportions by volume of the preferred composition are as follows: hemp chaff 73%;
non-hydraulic lime 8%; quick-settingcement 4%;water 15%, i.e., for 100 l (10 kg) of hemp chaff, approximately 11 l of non-hydraulic lime, 5.5 l of quick setting cement and 20 l of water. - After mixing and stirring of the composition, each type of brick is made by pressurized molding (the pressure is done by compaction of the still-wet composition). Once folded, each brick is stripped, then undergoes air drying for several weeks, or may be placed in a drying oven for accelerated drying.
- A first type of
brick 1 is illustrated inFIGS. 1 to 3 . Thisbrick 1, called a base brick, is solid. It has aneffective length 2 of 600 mm, aneffective width 3 of 300 mm, and aneffective height 4 of 300 mm. - The
base brick 1 comprises: -
- a
lower tongue 5 protruding on alower surface 6; - a
front tongue 7 protruding on afront surface 8, - an upper
central groove 9 hollowed in anupper surface 10 of thebrick 1 and that runs over the entire length thereof, including on thefront tongue 7; - a
rear groove 11 hollowed in arear surface 12 of thebrick 1 and that runs over the entire height thereof, including over thelower tongue 5.
- a
- The
tongues height 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm. Thegrooves depth 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm. - A second type of
brick 15 is illustrated inFIGS. 4 to 6 . Thisbrick 15, called a stiffener, has a cellular structure. Like thebase brick 1, it has aneffective length 2 of 600 mm, aneffective width 3 of 300 mm, and aneffective height 4 of 300 mm. - The
stiffener 15 comprises acell 16 with a square section pierced over the entire height thereof, the sides of which measure 150 mm and are spaced apart from theside 17 and rear 18 surfaces of thestiffener 15 by 75 mm. - The
stiffener 15 comprises: -
- A
lower tongue 19 protruding on alower surface 20, which is interrupted at the boundary of the cell 16 (cf.FIG. 5 ); - A
front groove 21 hollowed in afront surface 22, which runs over the entire height of thebrick 15, including over thelower tongue 19; - An upper
central groove 23 hollowed in anupper surface 24 of thebrick 15 and which extends forward as far as thefront groove 21 and is interrupted toward the back at a distance of 75 mm from thecell 16.
- A
- The
lower tongue 19 has a protrudingheight 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm; thegrooves depth 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm. - A third type of
brick 25 is illustrated inFIGS. 7 to 9 . Thisbrick 25, called a half-stiffener, has a cellular structure. It has a generally cubic shape with an equaleffective length 26,width 3 andheight 4 of 300 mm. In this way, theeffective length 26 of the half-stiffener 25 is equal to half theeffective length 2 of thebase brick 1 and thestiffener 15. The half-stiffener 25 comprises acell 16 with a square section pierced over the entire height thereof, the sides of which measure 150 mm and are spaced apart from the four side surfaces of the half-stiffener 25 by an equal distance of 75 mm. The half-stiffener 25 comprises: -
- a
front tongue 27 protruding on afront surface 28, which is interrupted toward the top at a distance of 50 mm from anupper surface 29 of thebrick 25, and is extended downward beyond alower surface 30 of thebrick 25 over a distance of 50 mm; - a central
lower tongue 31, which protrudes over thelower surface 30 of thebrick 25, is interrupted toward the rear at the boundary of thecell 16, and extends forward beyond thefront surface 28 to form a block with an L-shaped profile with thefront tongue 27.
- a
- The
tongues height 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm. - A fourth type of
brick 32 is illustrated inFIGS. 10 to 12 . Thisbrick 32, called a linking brick, is hollow and has a U-shaped profile in transverse section. It has aneffective length 2 of 600 mm, aneffective width 3 of 300 mm, and aneffective height 4 of 300 mm. These sides are identical to those of thebase brick 1 and those of thestiffener 15. - The linking
brick 32 comprises: -
- a
central cavity 33, hollowed out over the entire length of thebrick 32, over aheight 34 of 200 mm from anupper surface 35, and over a width 36 of 150 mm, thecentral cavity 33 thus delimiting twosidewalls 37 with a same thickness (75 mm) spaced apart from the width 36 of thecavity 33, and a bottom 38 with a thickness of 100 mm; - a central
lower tongue 39, which protrudes over alower surface 40 of the brick, is interrupted toward the back at a distance of 50 mm from arear surface 41 of thebrick 32, and extends toward the front beyond afront surface 42 of thebrick 32, over a distance of 50 mm; - a
front tongue 43 that protrudes from thefront surface 42 of thebrick 32 in the extension of thelower tongue 39 and is interrupted toward the top at thecentral cavity 33; - a
rear groove 44 hollowed in the bottom 38, and which extends over the height of thelower tongue 39.
- a
- The
tongues height 13 of 50 mm and awidth 14 of 100 mm. - The four types of prefabricated elementary bricks that have just been described make it possible to produce any masonry construction, and in particular to build walls and partitions.
- To that end, the
bricks -
- the
lower tongue 5 of eachbase brick 1 may fit into theupper groove 9 of anotherbase brick 1, in theupper groove 23 of astiffener 15, or in thecavity 33 of the linking brick 32 (the difference in width being able to be filled in with concrete); - the
front tongue 7 of eachbase brick 1 can fit into therear groove 11 of anotherbase brick 1, in thefront groove 21 of astiffener 15, or in therear groove 44 of a linkingbrick 32; - the
lower tongue 19 of thestiffener 15 can fit into theupper groove 9 of thebase brick 1, in theupper groove 23 of anotherstiffener 15, or in thecavity 33 of a linking brick 32 (the difference in width being able to be filled in with concrete); - the
lower tongue 31 of a half-stiffener 25 can fit into theupper groove 9 of thebase brick 1, in theupper groove 23 of anotherstiffener 15, or in thecavity 33 of a linking brick 32 (the difference in width being able to be filled in with concrete; - the
front tongue 27 of a half-stiffener 25 can fit into therear groove 11 of thebase brick 1, in thefront groove 21 of thestiffener 15, or in therear groove 44 of a linkingbrick 32; - the
lower tongue 39 of a linkingbrick 32 can fit into theupper groove 9 of thebase brick 1, in theupper groove 23 of astiffener 15, or in thecavity 33 of another linking brick 32 (the difference in width being able to be filled in with concrete, as will be illustrated hereafter); - the
front tongue 43 of a linkingbrick 32 may fit into therear groove 44 of another linkingbrick 32, in therear groove 11 of thebase brick 1, or in thefront groove 21 of thestiffener 15.
- the
- As will be seen below, these fittings may be done as dry-joint connections (i.e. without jointing mortar), without harming the stability of the construction one wishes to make, owing to the size ratios between the sides (height and width) of the grooves and tongues, and the effective size ratios of the bricks.
- In this way, the ratio between the
width 14 of thetongues grooves effective width 3 of thebricks tongues bricks tongues - Furthermore, the ratio between the height of the
tongues grooves bricks bricks -
FIGS. 13 to 19 show different successive steps in the construction of a structure comprising astraight wall 45, provided with an opening 46 (in this case a window) and topped by aslab 47. - The
wall 45 is built on a base 48 (forming a compression slab) made from water-repellent cement mortar, which is poured on aconcrete foundation 49 situated below ground level as defined by a finished (i.e. tamped) outsideterrain 50. As shown inFIG. 13 , thebase 48 is partially buried in theground 50, and has a protruding upper portion in which agroove 51 is followed with a width and depth respectively equal to the width and the depth of the grooves of the bricks. Thus, in this case, thegroove 51 has a width of 100 mm and a depth of 50 mm. - In anticipation of the production of the
opening 46 on the one hand, and to consolidate thewall 45 on the other hand, twometal frameworks 52 with a square section are vertically implanted in thebase 48 for the subsequent production of reinforcingposts 53, while being spaced apart by a predefined value corresponding to three brick lengths (i.e. 1800 mm), this measurement being done on the central axis of theframeworks 52. Theframeworks 52 are preferably pre-positioned during pouring of thebase 48, so as to be embedded therein, but it is also possible to consider making the base 48 first, then later drilling housings as a function of the desired positioning of theframeworks 52, in the scenario where that positioning is not known when thebase 48 is poured. - The
wall 45 is then erected through the successive stacking of rows of bricks fitted into each other both horizontally and vertically.FIG. 13 illustrates the placement of a first row of bricks, the lower tongues of which are fitted into thegroove 51 of thebase 48. This first row alternates betweenbase bricks 1, fitted into the base 48 at locations with noframeworks 52, andstiffeners 15 fitted into the base 48 at theframeworks 52. More specifically, as shown inFIG. 13 , thestiffeners 15 are positioned such that theframeworks 52 extend through theircells 16. From a practical perspective, in the case where theframeworks 52 are pre-positioned in thebase 48, thestiffeners 15 are simply slipped through the top on theframeworks 52, to then fit into thegroove 51 of thebase 48. - The
base bricks 1 are all oriented in the same direction (theirrear surface 12 here turned toward the back inFIG. 13 ). Thestiffeners 15 are also oriented in the same direction, but opposite thebase bricks 1. In this way, eachstiffener 15 is framed by two base bricks 1: a first whereof therear surface 12 is simply pressed against therear surface 18 of thestiffener 15, and a second whereof thefront tab 7 is fitted into thefront groove 21 of thestiffener 15. - This first row is placed dry, without mortar joints, by simple fitting of the
bricks base 48. Given the identical quoted values (for the height and width) of thegroove 51 of thebase 48 and thetongues bricks groove 51 and thetongues bricks 1, 15 (unlike cement concrete, for example, which is extremely rigid). - Before placing the second row of bricks, the following two operations are carried out:
-
- filling in, preferably using hemp concrete, a
gap 54 existing between therear surface 18 of eachstiffener 15 and therear groove 11 of theadjacent base bricks 1; - producing a
cutout 55 in thefront surface 24 of eachstiffener 15, on the side of itsrear surface 18, to extend theupper groove 9 of theadjacent base bricks 1 as far as thecells 16 and thereby allow the unencumbered placement of the higher row of bricks.
- filling in, preferably using hemp concrete, a
- The second row of bricks can then be placed. As shown in
FIG. 14 , the bricks of that second row are turned opposite the bricks of the first row, so as to arrange the bricks in staggered rows from one row to the next. Owing to thecutout 55 made in theupper surface 24 of thestiffeners 15 of the first row, eachstiffener 15 of the second row can fit without obstacle, straddling thestiffener 15 of the first row and theadjacent base brick 1, on the side of itsrear surface 12. As for the first row, the second row (and subsequent rows) is placed dry, without mortar joints, by simple fitting of the bricks of the second row into one another and into the bricks of the first row. In light of the identical quoted values (in terms of projection and width) of the grooves and the tongues, there is no functional play in the fittings, which does not hinder the placement due to the relative elasticity of the hemp concrete. The lack of joints has three advantages: -
- the placement time is considerably reduced as a result;
- a large quantity of material (water, cement, aggregate) is saved, benefiting the costs of the construction and its environmental qualities;
- the wall thus erected has few or no thermal bridges, its thermal and acoustic insulation capacities thus being increased.
- Once the second row of bricks is placed, the same filling in and cutting out operations are carried out in the
stiffeners 15 of the second row as those done in thestiffeners 15 of the first row, so as to allow the placement of the third row. The third row is then placed, thebase bricks 1 and thestiffeners 15 being oriented in the same direction as those of the first row (and therefore opposite those of the second). As before, the fitting is simple, with no mortar joints. - The
cells 16 of thestiffeners 15 can then be filled in using a cement concrete, thereby embedding theframeworks 52 and forming reinforcedposts 53 that vertically stiffen thewall 45 and form a reveal for thewindow 46. - The third row delimiting a support for the
window 46, no fourth row bricks are placed between theframeworks 52. However, to horizontally stiffen the frame of the window, the following operations are carried out: -
- a
cutout 55 is made in theupper surface 24 of eachstiffener 15, to extend theupper groove frameworks 52 on either side as far as the cells 16 (FIG. 15 ); - a
horizontal metal framework 56 is placed in saidgroove vertical framework 52 to the other (FIG. 15 ); - the
groove horizontal framework 56 and thereby produce a reinforcing beam to support the window (FIG. 16 ).
- a
- In order to allow the
stiffeners 15 of the subsequent row to be fitted, as before, cutouts 55 are made in theupper surfaces 24 of eachstiffener 15. The bricks of the following row are then placed (the fourth, in the illustrated example). As shown inFIG. 16 , in order to continue erecting thewall 45 with a distribution of the bricks in staggered rows, a half-stiffener 25 is fitted on thestiffener 15 of the third row turned opposite theopening 46, with itsfront tongue 27 turned opposite theopening 46. Abase brick 1 is then horizontally fitted on the half-stiffener 25. Stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 of this row and the following rows together form a reveal for thewindow 46 thus delimited. - As shown on the right in
FIG. 17 , and on the left in an exploded view inFIG. 18 ,stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 are alternated in each successive row to mount the reveal for thewindow 46 while preserving the staggered rows. As before, cutouts are made in the upper surfaces of thestiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 to allow the fitting of each higher row. - Once the reveal for the
window 46 has reached the desired height (which in this case corresponds to four rows of bricks, or a height of 1200 mm), an additional row of linkingbricks 32 is placed that will participate in producing a lintel for thewindow 46. - As shown in
FIG. 18 , the linkingbricks 32, simply fitted together vertically in thegroove metal framework 57 lying in thecentral cavity 33, which is then filled in using a cement concrete that will embed theframework 57 and thereby form alintel beam 58 for thewindow 46. As shown inFIG. 19 , thelintel beam 58 is nevertheless hollowed out (for example using a furring that is removed once the cement has set) by agroove 59 with the dimensions (same depth, same width) of thetongues 39, so as to allow fitting of the upper row (see below). - In order to allow the passage of the
vertical frameworks 52, the bottom 38 of the linkingbricks 32 placed overhanging the reveal for thewindow 46 are also cut out with anopening 60 with a square section, saidopening 60 being filled in using a cement concrete to complete the vertical reinforcingpost 53 of the wall 45 (and the window 46). - As illustrated in
FIG. 19 , the following row is made up of linkingbricks 32 vertically fitted into thegrooves 9 of thebase bricks 1 of the preceding row and in thegroove 59 hollowed out in thelintel beam 59. - Furthermore, in order to allow the placement of the
slab 47 resting on that last row ofbricks 32,side walls 37 are cut out (in this case by complete leveling) on an inner side of the linkingbricks 32. As shown inFIG. 19 , theslab 47 comprises profiled girders 61 (for example with a T-shaped transverse section, as illustrated), oneend 62 of which is placed directly on the bottom 38 of the linkingbricks 32, owing to the cutout made. Thegirders 61 do not, however, extend as far as the side oppositeside walls 37 of the linking bricks 32: they are in fact spaced to allow the placement, between theside walls 37 and theend 62 of the girders, of ametal framework 57 for reinforcing the border of theslab 47, which will subsequently be embedded in a cement concrete. - As also shown in
FIG. 19 , thevertical metal frameworks 52 extend as far as theslab 47, throughsquare openings 60 cut in thebottoms 38 of the linkingbricks 32 situated overhanging the reveal for thewindow 46 and filled in with a cement concrete completing the vertical reinforcing posts 53. - The subsequent fastening of jambs (doors, windows) is done directly in the posts, supports, reveals and lintels of the openings. To access them, one need only form mortises in the bricks to allow the passage of fastening tongues of the jambs.
-
FIGS. 20 and 21 show, as an illustrative example, the production of acorner wall 63 usingbase bricks 1,stiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25. Only the placement of a first and second row of bricks are illustrated, the subsequent rows being done identically alternating between the first two rows. - As previously described, the
corner wall 63 rests on a base 48 provided with agroove 51 hollowed on an upper surface, and poured over a foundation (not shown) situated below the ground level of the finished terrain. Thewall 63 is made up of two wall faces 64, 65 (which are arbitrarily calledleft face 64 andright face 65, in reference to the orientation chosen forFIG. 20 ) forming an angle (a right angle in the case at hand), and comprises at least onecorner post 53 stiffened by ametal framework 52 vertically implanted in thebase 48. In the illustrated example, twoother frameworks 52 are each implanted in abase face 48, at predetermined equal distances (1800 mm) from thecorner framework 52. - The first row of bricks comprises a
first stiffener 15 fitted on the base in the corner of thewall 63, with themetal corner framework 52 slipped into thecell 16 of thestiffener 15. Thisfirst stiffener 15 may be oriented differently along either of the wall faces 64, 65. In the drawing ofFIG. 20 , we have arbitrarily chosen to orient thestiffener 15 along theleft face 64. - The first row of bricks also comprises several (two in the case at hand)
base bricks 1, fitted on the base 48 in each face. In theleft face 64, where thecorner stiffener 15 extends, thebase bricks 1 are oriented toward the corner, thefront tongue 7 of thebase brick 1 adjacent to thecorner stiffener 15 fitting into thefront groove 21 thereof. As illustrated, a half-stiffener 25 is fitted on the base 48 at theframework 52 of theleft face 64, which is slipped in itscell 16. The half-stiffener 25 is oriented toward the corner, such that itsfront tongue 27 fits into therear groove 11 of theadjacent base bricks 1. - In the
right face 65, the (two)base bricks 1 are oriented opposite the corner, therear surface 12 of thebase brick 1 adjacent to thecorner stiffener 15 being pressed flat against aside surface 17 thereof. As also illustrated, astiffener 15 is fitted on the base 48 at theframework 52 of theright face 65, which is slipped into itscell 16. Thestiffener 15 is oriented toward the corner, such that thefront tongue 7 of theadjacent base brick 1 fits into thefront groove 21 of thestiffener 15. - As in the example described in reference to
FIGS. 13 to 19 , the bricks are simply fitted into thebase 48 and into one another, no mortar joints being used. - Once the first row is placed, the following two preparatory operations are carried out in anticipation of the placement of the second row:
-
- the
gap 54 between theside surface 17 of thecorner stiffener 15 and therear groove 11 of thebase brick 1 adjacent to theright face 65 is preferably filled in, preferably using hemp concrete; - a
cutout 55 is made in theupper surface 24 of thecorner stiffener 15, on the side of thebase brick 1 adjacent to theright face 65, to extend theupper groove 9 of thebase brick 1 as far as thecell 16 and thereby allow the unencumbered placement of the second row of bricks; - a
cutout 55 is made in theupper surface 29 of the half-stiffener 25 of theleft face 64, on the side of theadjacent base brick 1, to extend theupper groove 9 of thebase brick 1 as far as thecell 16 and thereby allow the unencumbered placement of the second row of bricks; - a
cutout 55 is made in theupper surface 24 of thestiffener 15 of theright face 65, on the side of theadjacent base brick 1, to extend theupper groove 23 ofstiffener 15 as far as thecell 16 and thereby allow the unencumbered placement of the second row of bricks.
- the
- It is then possible to place the bricks of the second row, as illustrated in
FIG. 21 . As shown in the figure, in that second row, the bricks are oriented opposite those of the first row. In this way, the second row comprises an angularly offset corner stiffener 15 (in this case at a right angle) relative to thecorner stiffener 15 of the first row, and is fitted overlapping thereon and on theadjacent base brick 1 of theright face 65. Thebase bricks 1 of theright face 65 are oriented toward the corner of thewall 63, and a half-stiffener 25 is placed at theframework 52 of theright face 65, also oriented toward the corner, itsfront tongue 27 fitting into therear groove 11 of theadjacent base brick 1. - Likewise, the
base bricks 1 of theleft face 64 of the second row are oriented opposite the corner, and astiffener 15 is placed at theframework 52 of theleft face 64, such that thefront tongue 7 of theadjacent base brick 1 fits into thefront groove 21 of thestiffener 15. No mortar joint is used between the bricks. As shown inFIG. 21 , thecells 16 of thestiffeners 15 and half-stiffeners 25 may be filled with cement concrete for placement of the second row. This filling may nevertheless be done at a later time, after the placement of the second row or even higher rows, to form the reinforcedvertical posts 53. - One can see that, irrespective of the configuration of the construction to be built, the use of the hemp bricks described above allows an easy and rapid construction, in particular owing to the absence of jointing, which allows considerable savings in terms of time and material. As an example, the construction of a traditional building with a ground surface area of 150 m2, which requires approximately 1000 bricks (in all), of the various described types, may be completed (excluding light work) in one week with one single person on the worksite, i.e. time savings of more than 50% relative to the known methods, or ordinary quarry stone-based masonry, or hemp-based masonry set on a wooden frame, or hemp concrete block-based masonry jointed and placed on a wooden frame.
- By using a reinforced concrete frame to produce the posts (which may also serve as a rigid frame for the openings) and slabs, the erection, from the hemp bricks described above, of a multi-floor construction does not suffer any restrictions, whereas the professional rules regarding hemp concrete constructions made traditionally on a wooden frame limit the height of the structures to two floors (ground floor with one upper four).
- The combination of solid base bricks and cellular stiffener bricks for the erection of the walls limits the number of reinforcing posts and avoids the use of a frame requiring the intervention of a specialized carpenter, while the quantity of cement concrete is nevertheless limited and the environmental qualities of the construction are preserved. However, it is fully possible to consider replacing the reinforced concrete posts with wooden pillars or non-reinforced lime concrete, just as it is possible to consider replacing the support and lintel reinforcements of the openings made from reinforced concrete with wooden beams or non-reinforced lime concrete.
Claims (10)
1. A method for constructing a building using prefabricated bricks made from a material comprising plant fibers agglomerated using a binder, provided with grooves and tongues allowing them to be fitted together, wherein the bricks are conned through dry-joint connection.
2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the combined placement of solid base bricks, provided with a groove and a tongue wherein that can be joined together, and honeycomb stiffening bricks, provided with a groove wherein and a tongue, that can be joined together as well as a cell with the passage of a reinforcing post.
3. The method according to claim 2 , further comprising:
producing a mortar base;
placing a series of posts wherein in the base;
placing stiffening bricks at the posts wherein, with insertions of said posts into the cells of the stiffening bricks; and
placing base bricks between the stiffening bricks.
4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein each post comprises a metal framework embedded in concrete.
5. The method according to claim 3 , comprising an operation for placing, at a post and above a stiffening brick, a half-stiffening brick, provided with a tongue to allow it to be joint-connected on the stiffening brick and a cell for the passage of the post, and having a length equal to half the length of the stiffening brick.
6. The method according to claim 3 , further comprising:
placing linking bricks comprising a tongue allowing them to be joint-connected in the grooves of other bricks, and a central cavity delimiting two side walls and a bottom;
placing a metal framework in the cavity;
filling in the cavity using concrete.
7. The method according to claim 3 , further comprising:
placing linking bricks comprising a tongue allowing them to be joint-connected in the grooves of other bricks, and a central cavity delimiting two side walls and a bottom;
cutting out side walls;
placing a slab resting directly on the bottom of the linking bricks.
8. A brick made from a material comprising plant fibers agglomerated using a binder to implement the method according to claim 1 , provided with a tongue designed to be joint-connected in a groove, wherein the tab has a height whereof the ratio to an effective height or an effective width of the brick is comprised between 1/10 and 1/4.
9. The brick according to claim 8 , wherein the ratio between the height of the tongue and the effective height or the effective width of the brick is approximately 1/6.
10. The brick according to claim 8 , wherein the material is hemp concrete.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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FR1002585 | 2010-06-18 | ||
FR1002585A FR2961538B1 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2010-06-18 | METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING AN EDIFICE FROM BOILING BRICKS WITH DRY JOINTS |
PCT/FR2011/051415 WO2011157972A1 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2011-06-20 | Method for constructing a building using bricks connected using dry joints |
Publications (1)
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US20130205703A1 true US20130205703A1 (en) | 2013-08-15 |
Family
ID=43607395
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US13/805,057 Abandoned US20130205703A1 (en) | 2010-06-18 | 2011-06-20 | Method for constructing a building using bricks connected using dry joints |
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US (1) | US20130205703A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2582893B1 (en) |
CA (1) | CA2802823A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2643495T3 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2961538B1 (en) |
PL (1) | PL2582893T3 (en) |
PT (1) | PT2582893T (en) |
WO (1) | WO2011157972A1 (en) |
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WO2023159286A1 (en) * | 2022-02-23 | 2023-08-31 | Vital Andre Luiz Francisco Da Silva | Building construction system with prefabricated blocks and guides and a cast-in-situ structure |
US11982087B2 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2024-05-14 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
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FR2991699B1 (en) * | 2012-06-12 | 2015-01-30 | Jean Francois Brabant | BUILDING BLOCK IN PLANT MATERIAL FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN ECOLOGICAL BUILDING |
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US20140123583A1 (en) * | 2011-06-16 | 2014-05-08 | Ana ARRIOLA SERRANO | Block for construction and method of construction with said block |
US10988931B1 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2021-04-27 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
US10934714B1 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2021-03-02 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
US20190316357A1 (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2019-10-17 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and Support Structure |
US10711460B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2020-07-14 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
US11199007B2 (en) * | 2013-10-25 | 2021-12-14 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
US11371245B2 (en) | 2013-10-25 | 2022-06-28 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
US10113305B2 (en) | 2014-08-01 | 2018-10-30 | Just Biofiber Structural Solutions Corp. | Load bearing interlocking structural blocks and tensioning system |
US20160130810A1 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2016-05-12 | Just Biofiber Corp. | Load bearing interlocking structural blocks and modular building system |
US9580906B1 (en) * | 2015-10-19 | 2017-02-28 | blokaloks, LLC | Modular insulated building panels |
US10661473B2 (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2020-05-26 | Centroplexus Innovations Inc. | Integral composite shuttering panel and monolithic wall building system |
US20170268232A1 (en) * | 2016-03-18 | 2017-09-21 | Peter Renke | Integral Composite Shuttering Panel and Monolithic Wall Building System |
US11426895B2 (en) | 2016-03-18 | 2022-08-30 | Centroplexus Innovations Inc. | Integral composite shuttering panel and monolithic wall building system |
US10753091B2 (en) * | 2018-03-29 | 2020-08-25 | Zachary Josiah Popp | Hempcrete wall block panel |
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US11982087B2 (en) | 2019-05-17 | 2024-05-14 | Mbrico, Llc | Tile and support structure |
GB2591262B (en) * | 2020-01-23 | 2022-07-27 | Adaptavate Ltd | Building product |
GB2591262A (en) * | 2020-01-23 | 2021-07-28 | Adaptavate Ltd | Building product |
CN113789894A (en) * | 2021-10-14 | 2021-12-14 | 浙江开达装饰工程有限公司 | Assembly type hollow ceramic brick curtain wall and construction method thereof |
WO2023159286A1 (en) * | 2022-02-23 | 2023-08-31 | Vital Andre Luiz Francisco Da Silva | Building construction system with prefabricated blocks and guides and a cast-in-situ structure |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2582893B1 (en) | 2017-07-12 |
WO2011157972A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
FR2961538B1 (en) | 2012-08-17 |
PT2582893T (en) | 2017-10-20 |
PL2582893T3 (en) | 2017-12-29 |
CA2802823A1 (en) | 2011-12-22 |
FR2961538A1 (en) | 2011-12-23 |
ES2643495T3 (en) | 2017-11-23 |
EP2582893A1 (en) | 2013-04-24 |
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