RU2667762C1 - Plants dosed root watering method - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of irrigation equipment. During the plants dosed root watering method implementation, placing the pipe-tank at the ground level. Pipe-tank is placed in the close proximity to plants. Filling the pipe-tank with water through the filling neck. Providing the same conditions by the liquid pressure and movement in the pipe-tank at all water discharge points. If necessary, adjusting the water flow in the flexible distribution pipes. Increases the irrigation uniformity and effectiveness.EFFECT: enabling the possibility to use water of any quality.1 cl, 1 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and is intended for drip and weakly jet root watering of plants, both in homesteads, farms, farms, and on small industrial plantings. Despite the simple design for using the proposed method, when watering, it allows you to provide exactly the same conditions for the functioning of all watering points on each bed to calculate and sum a strictly standardized, required dose of moisture for each plant.

Considering the level of development of the technique of root watering, when using it in small farms, one should dwell on those technical conditions and difficulties that must be overcome when using it on a site. Most existing root drip irrigation systems require a drip method of introducing moisture to each plant, but most of them do not provide uniform dosed irrigation for all plants located along one drip tape or along a distribution pipe, especially if they are long. The unevenness in the supply of individual plants with moisture also creates a fixed location of the emitter and slot outlets on the tape itself, which often due to inaccuracies in planting do not coincide with the location of the point of release of moisture and the root system of the plant. These systems are very sensitive to the quality of irrigation water, that is, the size of the contaminating particles should not exceed 100-120 microns, and operating experience shows that only thin filters with a purification of up to 80 microns ensure the functioning of droplet tapes and their labyrinths without clogging. Another drawback in the operation of drip tapes is the narrow range of permissible pressure in the water supply system - from 0.5 to 1.0 bar. Exceeding it can lead to rupture of the tapes and an unaccounted drop formation mode, since only in the specified narrow range will the tape performance declared by the manufacturer and uniformity of moisture at each point of irrigation be ensured.

To eliminate the strong influence of the pressure on the uniformity of operation of the exhaust devices and possible breakthroughs of tapes during the implementation of root watering, systems with a storage tank are often used. But to ensure the possibility of using the normative parameters of the flow rate during irrigation, the height of the tank at its lowest point should be at least 5 meters above the beds at the time of completion of irrigation. Although with a lower pressure, the slot and emitter release for droplet tapes will work, but their performance should be determined empirically. If the storage tanks are not used in the system, and excess pressure can lead to ruptures of tapes, especially thin ones, therefore, in case of connecting collectors of slotted and emitter tapes directly to the water supply network or to the network with pressure pumps, in addition to installing thin filters for water purification, and a pressure regulator in the supply system in a predetermined range (for example, RDL15).

In systems with an accumulation tank, it is required, in addition to having a container of significant size, to also construct a structure for its placement at a height of 100 to 200 cm, since the minimum pressure in the system of tape drip irrigation is 0.1 bar, but the amount of water supplied to the plant at this pressure will be completely indefinite and especially along the length of the tape. In addition, a change in the level in the tank at a flow rate, and consequently, the pressure in the irrigation system, can reach 30-40%, which can also affect the rate of droplet formation at various points along the length of the belt, especially when using various adjustable nozzles, plugs, and mounted in dropping tubes of droppers. And, since the amount of water passing through the dropper is determined mainly by time, the error in the norm of irrigation can be significant.

Consider the closest in the way of functioning and use of the system and device.

Patent RU 2331189 C2 proposes a system with a storage tank filled from a water supply with a cut-off by a float mechanism and with further supply of water to distribution pipelines through a siphon, launched from a hydraulic starting electric pump, which starts according to a specific program and works for a minute, then water goes into distribution pipelines of small cross-section by gravity. Because of this, the minimum distance from the bottom of the tank to the level of planted plants should not be less than 40 cm. The system is quite complex and requires the installation of an additional start-up pump to start the siphon. The pump must be submersible, so this method of watering plants is not very cheap, especially considering the presence of a program unit in the irrigation system.

RF patent No. 2177684 suggests the presence of not only containers, but also height-adjustable racks that hold the distribution pipe with droppers and additionally equipped with plates for spraying drops onto a large area of humidification.

In the patent of the Russian Federation 2367144, which is a variant of the previous patent of the same authors, it is proposed to use a tank located at a certain height and automatically filled as it is emptying. Further, water from the tank by gravity enters the irrigation pipeline, mixed along a number of plants. The pipeline is equipped with drip devices with possible adjustment of the cross section of the water outlet groove at each point of irrigation. The system is quite complicated to set up and, as water is produced during irrigation, the pressure at the points of placement of droppers changes quite strongly, which leads to a violation of the calculated mode of dissection of the droplets. In other drip irrigation systems, they strive to ensure a constant release of water by droppers due to more accurate adjustment of the water pressure in the distribution pipelines. So, in the patent of Kazakhstan No. 28782, a water supply system was used for pairwise looped irrigation distribution pipelines with droppers, and receivers were installed at the dead end of the pipelines to maintain constant pressure along the entire length of the pipeline.

Other systems for maintaining constant pressure in distribution systems are based on providing a more stringent pressure range at the point of connection of the main switching pipelines. However, even the pressure level set for droplet tapes from 0.8 to 1.0 bar does not often provide the necessary adjustment of equal droplet outlets along the entire length of the drip tape or distribution pipe.

All the described methods and systems of drip and low-jet supply are not reliable enough to ensure uniform pressure on all droppers and can lead to turbulent movement of water with long tapes and distribution pipelines. And turbulence leads to the agitation of polluting particles and clogging of the nozzles or exhaust labyrinths in slotted and emitter tapes with particles greater than 100 microns. Therefore, a method is proposed here that is free from most of the above disadvantages, the described systems and industrial installations used in small farms. In RF patent No. 2539854 C1 MPK7: G05B 19/04 A01G 25/16 A01G 25/02 a system with a storage tank and a water supply device using a software device in series on several distribution hoses placed on each row of plants is proposed. Distribution pipelines themselves on each row are ordinary tubes and are designed to accommodate individual droppers or tubules leading to plants on them. The device is quite complicated not only in terms of manufacturing, but also when setting up and due to inconvenience, when servicing landings.

Of course, the use of automation in this patent with the possibility of software pouring the required, given volume of water into each strait line is good and convenient, but this is only a block diagram of the process of normalized watering of plants. There are no schemes or constructive developments of the system, and it is impossible to use this device in specific conditions until all the blocks have been developed and tested. Moreover, such a device is not applicable in homesteads or peasant farms due to the possible high cost of the software unit and servo-mechanisms for moving the dispensing tip from one receiving branch pipe of a distribution tube or drip tape to another. The issue of cleaning irrigation water from particles clogging the labyrinths of droppers or spray nozzles, as well as the uniformity of pressure along the entire length of the distribution pipe, are not resolved in this patent.

As a prototype for the proposed method, RF patent No. 200222405 C1, “Method of root watering of plants” was taken, where instead of rigid pipelines that do not provide accurate adjustment of the watering holes to the roots of the plants, flexible pipelines, including from a polyethylene film to form holes directly along place in the sleeve of the pipeline itself. Of course, this method has many disadvantages. Dependence on the terrain, the fragility of the pipelines, the inability to adjust the intensity of irrigation at each individual plant location.

The aim of the development of the proposed method was to ensure a strictly metered water supply during irrigation to each plant, regardless of the pressure in the supply line and the water level in a separate tank for storing water for irrigation. The ability to adjust the supplied water depending on the type of plant. Ability to connect more than one row of plants to watering. The minimum number of pipes, manifolds, filters and other fittings on the site, creating inconvenience when carrying out technological work in the garden. An opportunity to use for watering of water of any quality up to water from a ditch. Simplicity and short installation time of a system of known elements in the implementation of the proposed method in homestead and peasant farming. The possibility of washing during the implementation of the method with all the elements used in it, if blockage does occur. The security of the elements of the irrigation system used in the implementation of the method from damage during garden work and their long service life. It is advisable not to carry out the dismantling of system elements for the winter period.

The proposed method allowed to solve almost all of these problems and was more than once applied in practice. The ease of flushing and the possibility of using manual filling of the bucket water system were tested. It is proved, and then calculated, a more efficient heating of the liquid during irrigation with the indicated system compared to irrigation from a separately installed storage tank of equal volume.

To implement the method, a pipe of significant diameter (over 110 mm in diameter), hereinafter referred to as the tank pipe, was used. This pipe is both a storage tank and at the same time a long distribution manifold, from which flexible tubes distributed over individual plants are fed, with individual, as on medical systems, regulators of the rate of droplet formation or the rate of outflow of the formed stream. These distribution flexible tubes can have different diameters and lengths, they can be transparent or colored to distinguish between irrigation of plants of different types. The inner diameter of these tubules is usually 2-4 mm for garden crops, and for bushes and garden trees it can be large.

On the bed, the pipe is set horizontally in level, at a height of 20 mm or more above the soil, as desired. Due to the large difference in the cross section of the tank pipe and the total cross section of all distribution watering thin pipes, the flows inside the pipe will be local and extremely slow, that is, almost gradual outflow from the pipe through them will occur from a long tank with almost standing water and a constant level over its entire length, which is the basis for uniform moistening of all plants along the length of the irrigated area. Due to the sufficiently high stiffness of pipes with a diameter of more than 110 mm, the size of the support span can be up to three to five meters and is carried out using lagers, for example bricks or stones. However, the distance between the camps can be adjusted during operation, and it significantly depends on the material used in the manufacture of a particular irrigation system.

The drawing in assembled form shows the entire irrigation system, allowing to implement the proposed method in practice. Here 3 is a pipe-tank of large diameter guaranteeing the capacity in it of the volume of water necessary for the normative watering of all plants located along the entire pipe. The tank pipe at one end has a filler neck 1 connected to the pipe 3 itself with a 90 ° elbow. On the other side of the pipe-tank 3 there is a plug 6. In the lower part of the pipe 3, inside it, flexible distribution tubes of small diameter 4 are introduced, which have regulators for supplying 5 water to the plant in the form of a clamp that reduces the passage section of the flexible tube. The pipe-tank 3 itself is installed on the bed, where it is necessary to water the plants in its entire length. The pipe 3 on the bed is installed using lagers 8 strictly horizontally in level. Elevation above the ground can be either minimal, so that the distribution flexible tubes are not pinched, or, if desired, the installation height of the tank pipe can be adopted by anyone for any reason or for any other reasons.

After filling the reservoir tank 3 with water from the water supply using a hose or from a separately installed container, or by pouring buckets through the nozzle, distribute all distribution flexible tubes 4 to the roots of their closest plants 7. At the same time, the required flow is regulated using the feed regulator 5 directly to each to the plant. This setup is done once at the first start of irrigation. In the future, only the adjustment of the intensity of droplet formation or the magnitude and intensity of the stream of watering the plant is possible. Due to the fact that the flow rate through the flexible distribution pipes will be very small, the water movement in the tank pipe itself will be practically zero with weak drains at the pipe connection points. That is why all particles that can clog the tubes will either settle to the bottom or float to the surface. In the event that any tube is clogged, then opening it for full expiration, it will be possible to eliminate the blockage, in extreme cases, using a 10-20 ml medical syringe, you can clean the tube with water then return to pipe 3. If blockages often occur, then, having opened the plug 6 from the filling hose, the entire pipe-tank is flushed and the plug is put in again.

Distributive flexible tubes themselves can be inserted inside the tank pipe and from above, but at the same time, lowering it into the pipe to the stop (bottom) and pulling it out about 5 mm backwards, it will be necessary to start each tube with a special (possibly medical) syringe so that the outflow of water began from it. In this case, depending on the penetration of the dispensing tubes into the pipe-tank, it is possible to regulate the portion of the total water flowing through the specific distribution tube. This may be another way to ration water supply to plants.

How to choose the diameter of the tank pipe. Practice shows that for the planting scheme of tomatoes, five plants per linear meter. This is a two-row planting according to the scheme 40 × 30 cm. 40 is the distance between plants in a row and 30 cm between rows. With the norm usually adopted for watering tomatoes at 1.5-1.7 liters per day per plant, it is enough to have water to irrigate one meter of such linear plantings of 7.5-8.5 liters. One linear meter pipe with an inner diameter of 105 mm has a volume of 8.6 liters. This is the typical internal diameter dimension for plastic pressureless pipes with an outer diameter of 110 mm. (Sewer pipes of external pressure free wiring). The length of the pipe can be different and depends only on the length of the beds. Short pipes can be joined using couplings. Long pipes can be divided if necessary to ensure technological passages on the site. At the same time, it is advisable to make the neck on both sides of the pipe-reservoir for feeding both halves with water separately using a filling hose with any pressure, or filling with buckets in the case of a garden with no water supply.

The main pipe-tank on one side has a plug on the other, a regular elbow 90 ° with a bell, where water is poured for irrigation. Filling the pipe to the top and determines the set volume for watering all plants. Naturally, when taking a pipe of a larger diameter, the water supply for irrigation will increase, for multi-row root watering systems, ordinary sewer pipes with a diameter of 160, 200, 250 mm, etc., with a volume of one linear meter of tube at 18.13, 28.34, 45.2 can be used liters respectively. That, with the above norms of daily watering, it will allow for each linear meter of the mentioned pipes to fix watering of 10.16 and 26 plants, respectively. There are also PVC casing pipes with diameters of 125, 140, etc. Now about the guarantee of ensuring an equal share of watering for each plant. Due to the fact that the level in the entire tank pipe at all points of its discharge into the distribution tubes is the same, the irrigation conditions of all plants will be equal. Naturally, the initial irrigation rate will be greater, and at the last stage, the irrigation intensity will significantly decrease. But at all points of the tank pipe, completely identical processes of water outflow across all flexible distribution tubes will take place. If the irrigation rate needs to be increased, then counting by the number of plants and the new norm, you can always determine how much water needs to be added to the tank pipe. Accounting for added water can be determined by conventional water meters, if the filling of the tank pipe is from the water supply, or by measuring buckets. But a more correct decision is to have a measuring probe in the neck, only to fill in an additional amount of water in this case is necessary, only after the complete consumption of water of the previous volume. A similar procedure should be performed if the type of plants changes, and therefore the irrigation norms for each plant change.

At the same time, irrigation of multi-row plantings can be carried out with the same 110 mm pipe-tank, only the number of fillings in this case can be easily counted, considering that one filling allows you to water up to five plants (for example, tomatoes) per 1 meter, with the number of such plants per one linear meter 10 pipe-tank will have to be filled twice, etc.

That is, the proposed method of organizing irrigation allows you to determine the amount of irrigation of each plant not by time, as is now recommended for tape and other types of irrigation, but by the number of fillings in the tank pipe with the division of the total irrigation volume by the number of plants whose irrigation is associated with a particular pipe the reservoir.

Such a method of irrigation using rigid pipes of large diameter for root irrigation, of course, has a significantly greater resource of its use than all existing systems for this purpose. Moreover, significantly more all the elements used in the application of this method are also protected from damage by household equipment during work in the garden. This method of irrigation frees the tracks and the surrounding area from communications, filters, separately installed tanks, which makes working in the garden or in the country much more convenient and without the risk of injury, especially in the dark. The placement of tank pipes on the ground can not only have a straightforward configuration, but with the use of elbows at various angles and tees, the irrigation system can be constructed in the most convenient way for a particular farm and provide the entire branched network by filling with irrigation water.

When installing pipe tanks for implementing this method of watering in areas of decorative planting, it is possible to fit into the color scheme of the designer by coloring them, eliminating all communication hoses and pipes from the eyes, especially since elements of 13-15 cm on decorative planting will very quickly become invisible behind the carpet of plants. The use of different colors for flexible distribution tubes allows individual types of plants to fix their color for their quick identification. The use of the method using a large diameter pipe-tank is also beneficial due to the greater speed of heating water for irrigation. So, in a pipe of 110 mm in diameter, heating will go five times faster than in a container of the type 250 liter barrel, since the heating surface of a pipe, for example, with a diameter of 110 mm, will be five times higher than a barrel with the same tank more.

From an operational point of view, such an irrigation method using a tank pipe is convenient as it does not require winter dismantling of the system. Only you should remove the plug on one side and slightly raise the filling unit.

Claims (1)

The method of root dosed watering of plants by creating exactly the same conditions for pressure and fluid movement in the tank at all points of moisture supply to the roots of a given group of plants, by placing a large diameter pipe-tank at the ground level in close proximity to plants, filling it quickly through a gas station neck, with further slow release of water to the roots of plants through all distribution flexible tubes fixed to the pipe with equal flow rates and the possibility of reg lirovki their expense, if necessary.

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