RU2619469C2 - Method of preplanting cultivation of plants pip - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: potato pips are treated with humates aerosol made from a mixture of fog and disinfecting solution at a temperature of humate aerosol release at least 30°C, wherein pip treatment is performed immediately after removal from storage. The treatment is performed by a generator of hot mist which formes aerosol humates on the release while handling before planting. Treatment of pips with external signs of damage and mechanical damage is carried out at the temperature from 50 to 60°C. Humate concentration in the disinfectant solution from 80 to 150 ml/l. Humates are applied as a feed additive liquid "Kormogumat AC". When processing pips, the release of aerosol humates with dispersion of pH 0.5-10 microns and from 9 to 11 is carried out at a distance of 0.1 to 1m from them. Pip treatment is carried out from 5 to 8 sec on 10 kg of pips momentary.

EFFECT: method allows to increase the protection of pips against bacterial diseases surpassing all known means for ease of use, antibacterial activity and penetrating power due to manifestations in humate surfactant properties on the surface of the tubers while maintaining disinfectant properties.

8 cl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to health-saving technology for agriculture and can find the widest use in summer cottages and farms, in farms of the agro-industrial complex (AIC) for the environmentally friendly treatment of root crops of plants, mainly potatoes, in the fight against phytopathogens.

Potato moisture loss after storage leads to superficial injury to tubers and, consequently, greater penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and rotting of tubers. In addition to numerous infectious fungal diseases, potato tubers are also susceptible to damage caused by various bacteria. Potato tubers during storage are affected by scab, rhizoctonia, Fusarium dry rot. Late blight is one of the most dangerous diseases of potato, produced in large volumes and requiring long-term storage. Up to 50% of the potato harvest dies from late blight.

To reduce the damage to potatoes by pathogens of early diseases (Rhizoctoniasolani, Fusavium solani, etc.) and increase yields, potatoes are processed before planting. Preplanting tubers is easier and cheaper than spraying plants in the field. In addition, the consumption of the drug is reduced and its undesirable impact on the environment is minimized.

It is known to dress (soak) potato tubers before planting in solutions of fungicides to protect plants during subsequent vegetation. For this purpose, for example, Tattu or TMTD fungicides are used.

The consumption of protectants is quite large: 2.5 l of Tattu or 2.5 kg of TMTD per 1 ton of tubers, that is, 5 l (kg) per hectare (based on 2 tons of tubers / ha) [Filippov A.V., Kozlovsky B.E. . and others. Short-term forecast, determination of crop losses and measures to protect potatoes from late blight and alternariosis (guidelines). - M .: Agropromizdat, 1988, 24 pp .; Kvasnyuk N.Ya. and others. Integrated system for protecting potatoes from late blight. A practical guide. - M .: Informationgrotech, 1999].

Thus, their disadvantage is the relatively high required doses (1-4 kg / ha).

Known technology for the cultivation of potatoes, which provides for the germination of tubers before planting and disinfection of their 3-5% suspension of TMTD with a flow rate of a working solution of fungicide of 70 l / t (Recommendations for the cultivation of vegetable crops and potatoes. - Volgograd, 1984, 52 S.).

The disadvantages of this technique include the use of pesticides for the treatment of tubers, which requires specially prepared areas and technical personnel for this purpose, the acquisition of expensive protective equipment, their storage, etc. In this case, it is necessary to strictly maintain the doses and the timing of their use, as well as observe safety precautions, which limits the application of the method for preplant treatment of seed potato tubers.

A known method of pre-planting treatment of ordinary potato tubers with a fungicide based on the soaking of tubers in a solution of phthalocyanine metal complexes (FCMC) as a means of protecting potatoes from late blight (RF patent No. 2164066, IPC A61N 43/713, A61N 55/02, publ. 10.07.2007) .

The introduction of fungicides in large doses is unfavorable for the environment and requires large costs for the purchase of drugs. Nevertheless, although the known disinfectants are more or less effective against other diseases, they very little protect against late blight, and not for long (no more than a month).

A known method of treating potato tubers immediately before planting, based on spraying with a 10% solution of the drug Extragran (100 g / 1 l of water) at the rate of 1 l of working solution (10%) per 100 kg of tubers, the specified preparation includes strains of microorganisms Bacillus mycoides var, Azotobacter vinelandii and humates (RF patent No. 2302114, IPC A61N 63/00, published on July 10, 2007).

This method provides protection of potatoes from late blight and, in contrast to the known ones, is effective in lower doses of the drug, which is effective after treatment throughout the growing season. The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of the drug and the limited shelf life.

A known method of pre-planting treatment of tubers of seed potatoes, including germination of tubers in a light manner for 20-25 days at a constant temperature of 12 to 14 ° C, upon completion of germination on the surface of the tubers with intensive mixing, apply a finely dispersed method a layer of a solution of natural bischofite mineral with a density of 1 , 20 to 1.35 t / m ³ , while the bischofite solution is heated to a temperature of 80 to 95 ° C before spraying, the solution is sprayed with a pressure of 0.08 to 0.12 MPa with droplet sizes from 200 to 600 μm (RF patent No. 22361 04, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. 09/20/2004).

Due to the fact that a heated bischofite solution with droplet sizes from 200 to 600 microns is applied with vigorous mixing of tubers, the tuber surfaces are coated with paraffin, macro- and microelements from bischofite solution. However, bischofite is not available in large quantities and expensive, which limits its use.

There is a method of presowing treatment of potato tubers with an aqueous solution of Katapol polymer, furatsilina and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the treatment is carried out 24-48 hours before planting by spraying at the rate of 5-7 l of working solution (pH 6.0-6.5) per 1 ton of tubers with a shelf life of the specified solution no more than 7 months (RF patent No. 2342833, IPC A01N 43/36, publ. 10.01.2009).

In general, the composition is environmentally friendly, as it provides a gradual release of biologically active substances from the polymer preparation. The multicomponence of the drugs used complicates the method.

The listed means for processing potato tubers have a number of disadvantages, namely: low storage efficiency, poor suppression of microorganisms that cause rotting.

A known composition based on aqueous solutions of chitosan having biological activity, containing chitosan, an organic acid from the range comprising succinic acid, lactic acid or a mixture of one of these acids with glutamic acid, the pH of the solution being 5.6-6.0; mass ratio of acid or mixture of acids: chitosan - 1: 1 (RF patent No. 2127056, IPC A01N 63/00, publ. 03/10/1999).

The composition is used to process potato tubers before planting. Processing is carried out in a semi-dry manner at a rate of composition consumption for chitosan of 0.1 kg / t, water - 20 l / t. However, chitosan is not an affordable raw material.

Known fungicidal agent for processing potato tubers before planting, containing the active substance in the form of benzoic acid or its amine salts at a consumption rate of 0.030-0.6 kg ai / t (RF patent No. 2527291, IPC A01N 59/00, publ. 08/27/2013).

This tool is an effective and affordable tool for processing potato tubers when pickling before planting, has high adhesion to plant material. The disadvantage of using benzoic acid is its harmful effect on the human body (carcinogenic effect, allergic reactions, rashes, asthma attacks).

A known method of biological protection of potatoes from diseases and pests, including the treatment of tubers and potato plants during the growing season with a biological product mixed with an adhesive, moreover, for the processing of potato tubers, planriz is used as a biological product at a rate of 1000 ml per 1 ton of tubers, and for processing 1 ha of plantings plants during the growing season use a mixture of biologics Planriz in the amount of 0.5 l and Bancol in the amount of 0.2 l, diluted in 300-350 l of Zamankul mineral water, while corn glue is used as an adhesive Sr in an amount of 1-1.5% by volume of the mixture (RF patent №2343667, IPC A01C 1/00, A01N 63/00, publ. 20.01.2009).

In the known method there are the following disadvantages:

- high cost of the drug;

- with a reduction in processing time, resistant forms of pathogens appear;

- the drug only affects diseases (like a fungicide) and requires additional treatment against pests, in particular the Colorado potato beetle;

- with excess moisture, the drug is not effective enough.

There is a method of presowing treatment of seeds (barley, alfalfa, sunflower) for 10 min with a hydrostatic pressure of 100 to 2500 atm of a liquid medium in the form of a solution of salts of humic acids - sodium humate 0.01-0.05% concentration (ed. St. No. 1464926, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. March 15, 1989).

The method is not suitable for processing potato tubers in connection with the possibility of occurrence in the coating layer with a lower density of cracks after pressure treatment.

A known method of presowing treatment of small seeds, for example peas, comprising treating seeds with paraaminobenzoic acid (PABA), the seeds being treated with a mixture of PABA - 25-30 g, potassium humate - 500-800 g and irlite - 20-25 kg (deposits No. 1 and No. 7 of the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania) per 100 kg of seeds (RF patent No. 2270548, IPC A01C 1/06, publ. 02.27.2006).

Zeolite-containing clays - irlites are simultaneously adhesives, holding on the seeds the beneficial substances of the mixture, moisture and heat in the early spring. The method is unsuitable for processing potato tubers in connection with the limited raw material base of irlite.

There is a method of increasing the resistance of potato plants to diseases by treating tubers before or during planting with chemicals: disinfectants (TMTD, 80% s.p. - norm 2.1-2.5 kg / t or polycarbacin, 80% s.p. . - 2.6-2.7 kg / t, etc.). The flow rate of the working fluid is 10-59 liters per 1 ton of tubers. To increase the yield and quality of potato tubers, copper sulfate (0.02-0.1%), extracts from superphosphate (2%), ammonium nitrate (2%) and trace elements (boron, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, magnesium, etc.) [Khlevnoy B.F., Zaikin D.V. and other agronomical notebook. Potato cultivation using intensive technology. - M .: Rosselkhozizdat, 1986. - 96 p.].

The disadvantage of this method of preparation of tubers is that the added complex of macro- and microelements includes a large set of components, which complicates the technology of pre-planting preparation of tubers, and the efficiency of potato production increases slightly.

A known method of disinfecting potato tubers from a surface infection (common scab and rhizoctonia) before planting, including exposure to them with a physical factor, which is used to burn the surface of the tubers at 500-850 ° C for 4-8 s (ed. St. USSR No. 1114365, IPC A01C 1/08, publ. 09/23/1984).

Tubers affected by common scab and rhizoctoniosis were selected for processing. As a result of processing, the surface layers of the peel are burned without heating the tuber. When the surface layer is burned, the entire bacterial and fungal flora located on the surface of the tuber is destroyed, as a result of which its surface is disinfected. With a decrease in temperature, the disinfection of the tuber surface does not occur. Raising the temperature above the specified limit negatively affects the germination of tubers. However, the method does not apply to energy-saving safe technologies and is difficult to use in the field, which limits its use.

A known method of processing planting material of crops in order to completely destroy the surface infection and improve sowing qualities, based on holding the planting material in a moist state for 3-15 minutes, followed by processing in the microwave field within 10-10 Hz (Aut. St. USSR No. 533938, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. 1977).

Using the microwave electric field to disinfect a surface in its structure is very difficult, requires special protection measures, high-precision equipment and automation.

A known method for treating seeds and premises with ozone, including placing a perforated pipe before treating seeds in a closed volume or room, creating an ozone-gas mixture, blowing an ozone-gas mixture through a perforated pipe, seed weight and volume of a room, selecting after blowing a secondary ozone-gas mixture for reuse, moreover, the placement of the perforated pipe is made by alternately joining the nth number of perforated pipes when they are lowered, and the size of the holes in the pipes lnyayut increasing in the direction of movement ozonogazovoy mixture (RF patent №2315460, IPC A0IC 1/00, publ. 27.01.2008).

The method is not operational, time-consuming due to the need to prepare a secondary ozone-gas mixture and the decomposition of excessive ozone-gas mixture in the destructor after the end of seed treatment.

The closest technological solution to the invention is a method of pre-planting treatment of potato tubers to increase the resistance of potato plants to diseases, including their treatment with chemicals using a knapsack sprayer when the tubers exit the conveyor into the car body, and a 0.3% aqueous solution is used for processing potassium humate at a flow rate of 8-10 liters per 1 ton of tubers (RF patent No. 2195098, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. 12/27/2002 - prototype).

The disadvantage of this method is the narrow spectrum of fungicidal action due to the low penetration of drops of an aqueous solution of humate into microcracks on the surface of the potato and poor adhesion to the surface of the potato. The method is suitable mainly when the tubers are located on the conveyor in one layer, does not exclude the uneven treatment of the tuber surfaces and the loss of material due to the dripping of drops of an aqueous humate solution onto the conveyor. The method does not apply to health-saving technologies, since during processing dust may form from the surface of the potato, from which it is advisable for the operator to have a protective mask and protective clothing.

The invention solves the problem of improving the quality of processed tubers, including protection against late blight (scab), and improving working conditions.

The technical result of the invention is to enhance the protection of potato root tubers against bacterial diseases, superior to known means in terms of ease of use, antibacterial activity and penetration (due to the manifestation of surfactant properties on humors in hot fog in humates while maintaining disinfecting properties) and provides for the use of widely available technical means and materials for its implementation with low cost. At the same time, the proposed method affects the recovery of operators implementing the method for ENT, bronchopulmonary, allergic, viral, skin diseases in the spring period of work and reduces the health requirements of operators due to the presence of these chronic diseases.

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of pre-planting treatment of root tubers of plants, including the use of a disinfectant solution with humates, root tubers are treated with an aerosol of humates with a dispersion of 0.5-10 μm and pH from 9 to 11, formed by a mixture of fog and a disinfectant solution at the outlet of the hot generator fog, moreover, the treatment of root tubers is carried out immediately after removal from the storage at a concentration of humates in a disinfectant solution from 80 to 150 ml / l and a humate aerosol discharge temperature of from 30 to 60 ° C .

It is advisable to process root tubers during loading and unloading before planting.

The treatment of root tubers with external signs of deterioration and mechanical damage is preferably carried out at a temperature of from 50 to 60 ° C.

It is advisable to apply humates with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l, including the feed liquid additive "Feed AS".

When processing root tubers, the release of aerosol of humates is carried out at a distance of 0.1 to 1 m from them.

The treatment of root tubers with aerosol humates is carried out for 5-8 seconds per 10 kg of root tubers once.

The root tubers for processing are preferably located in storage means, including perforated plastic boxes, storage nets, with the possibility of access of humate aerosol.

It is advisable to arrange root tubers for processing in the means of their movement, including on the conveyor belt, in vans and bodies of vehicles for transportation or planting with the possibility of access to them by aerosol humates.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that a simple health-saving method of disinfecting the treatment of root crops of plants (using humates in hot fog) by the type of surface-active substance (surfactant) is created, where humate acquires the properties of a surfactant film with long-term adhesion to the curved surface of the root tubers, and at the same time it is ensured prompt exit of root tubers from suspended animation and surface top dressing of them with humates as a fertilizer and growth stimulator.

When conducting patent research, no solutions were found that are identical to the declared one, and, therefore, the proposed solution meets the criterion of "novelty." The invention does not follow explicitly from the known solutions, therefore, the invention meets the criterion of "inventive step".

According to the invention, the presowing treatment of root tubers, for example potatoes, is carried out as follows. Potato tubers immediately after being removed from the storage (without the operation of additional air-heat treatment to exit the potato from suspended animation) are placed in any known manner in space (in bulk, in perforated plastic boxes, in nets, on a conveyor belt, etc.) with the possibility of aerosol access, formed by hot fog mixed with a humate disinfectant solution from a portable or stationary hot fog generator. The specified generator can be made with manual transfer or it is stationary mounted on the holder with the possibility of aerosol (fog mixed with humates) with an outlet temperature of 30 to 60 ° C. The preferred choice is a fog generator with an adjustable feed rate of liquid humate.

A lower temperature (30-40 ° C) during processing is created for intact tubers. Tubers that have not survived winter storage, with signs of injury and spoilage, are processed at a higher temperature (50-60 ° C) and a higher feed rate of the humate disinfectant solution with a pump to a hot fog generator. Hot fog mixed with humates should have a temperature of 30 to 60 ° C, a dispersion of 0.5-10 microns, pH 9 to 11 and a humate concentration in the disinfectant solution of 80 to 150 ml / l. At a lower temperature (less than 30 ° C), reliable adhesion of humates after evaporation of water from the surface of the root tubers is not ensured. At a higher temperature (more than 60 ° C), the possibility of firing the eyes or root tubers in the layer closest to the aerosol outlet is not ruled out. Humates with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l are used, for example, humate in the form of a liquid feed additive “Kormogumat AS” with a long shelf life. When processing root tubers, the release of aerosol of humates (hot fog mixed with humates) is carried out at a distance of 0.1 to 1 m from them (from the surface of the near layer of tubers) for 5 to 8 s per 10 kg of root tubers once. It is advisable to arrange root tubers for processing with the possibility of access to them of humate aerosol in storage means, for example, in perforated plastic boxes, storage nets installed in the vegetable store or in open or closed areas. It is also possible to place root tubers during processing in their means of transportation, including on a conveyor belt, in vans and bodies of vehicles for their transportation or landing, with the possibility of access to them by aerosol humates.

An experimental verification of the proposed method was carried out in two individual cottage type farms.

Example 1. Nevsky seed germinated potatoes, laid in 3-4 perforated plastic perforated boxes, were treated with chronic bronchitis by a manual household low-power generator of hot fog without personal protective equipment (masks, gloves) indoors. The release of hot fog in a mixture with humates in accordance with the proposed technology was carried out at a distance of 10-15 cm to the surface of the upper layer of tubers for 2-5 s. The tubers were planted according to the previously applied technology: with the introduction of manure and ash into the area of the tuber immediately upon planting in the ground, on which the potato had been affected by severe scab for several years. The operator had no signs of exacerbation of chronic diseases during this spring period of planting potatoes. The grown potatoes were very different from past potatoes: there was no scab lesion, larger tubers in larger numbers prevailed. This means that even in the simplest boxes, which occupy a small volume, potatoes can be processed before planting and spoilage can be prevented.

Example 2. The poorly overwintered Zhukovsky potato to be ejected and laid in bulk with severe surface damage (cracks), pulp tears, lethargy and lack of signs of germination was treated in an open area with humate aerosol (hot fog mixed with humate disinfectant solution) using GreenFog BF-130 manual hot fog generator in accordance with the proposed technology at a maximum fog exit temperature (60 ° C) for 1-3 s at a distance of 50 cm from the surface of the top layer to ubney. The processing was carried out by the operator without prior long training, without the use of personal protective equipment.

Planting and care of potatoes is made in accordance with well-known standard techniques. After processing, the potato showed signs of life by rapid germination, after which it was planted. The yield is comparable to the planting of intact potatoes.

Large-scale pilot pre-planting seed potato treatments are planned at agricultural enterprises of the Ryazan region and individual farms, since the proposed method provides protection of planting potatoes against late blight and, in contrast to known preparations, is effective for shorter processing times with various convenient options for the location of potatoes during processing.

The simplicity of the method allows you to quickly, environmentally safe, non-toxic and without side effects to process a large number of root tubers without jeopardizing the health of specialists who carry out the practical implementation of this method or delivery of root tubers treated with it. The method of the invention is effective from the point of view of its cost and safety.

The beneficial effect of hot fog is explained by the fact that the smallest particles behave to a large extent like gas and have a very high ability to penetrate into small gaps and gaps. As a result, even when the potatoes are placed in layers, or in bulk, or in mesh bags, or perforated plastic boxes, hot fog penetrates well to all points of the bulk, or bag, or box.

The wide availability of portable serial hot fog generators for implementing the method, for example, Minifog (China), Airofog AR35 (China), IGEBA TF 35 (Germany), SF-160 (Germany), BD 400 Korea, SendFog BW-25 (China) and low cost of humates contribute to the possibility of widespread use of the method in farms of various levels (from individual farms to large agricultural complexes). Humates are environmentally friendly and in the Russian Federation are available in large volumes at a relatively low financial cost. The principle of operation of hot fog generators is based on the characteristics of the hot gas, into the stream of which a sprayed disinfectant solution is injected. The specified solution as a result of abrupt heating turns into hot steam, after which, during mixing with atmospheric air, it condenses into fog. In this case, the size of the droplets can vary from 0.5 to 10 microns.

The method of pre-planting treatment of potato tubers promotes the rapid exit of root tubers from suspended animation (without previously applied air-heat treatment), is simple, safe, does not create harmful residues and / or side effects, is environmentally compatible with human life, does not leave any undesirable chemicals in materials or water, soil or equipment, rooms and surfaces and does not endanger the health of specialists who carry out the practical implementation of this method and delivery or korneklubney treated them. Moreover, the method is effective in various conditions for the location of tubers for access of humates in a hot fog and provides increased antibacterial activity, penetration and adhesion to the surface of the tubers over a long period of time (at least 10 hours).

The proposed method is universal and can also find application for pre-planting processing of planting material in the form of bulbs or tubers and even the roots of other plants (Jerusalem artichoke, onions, tuberous and bulbous flowers, tree roots, shrubs).

Claims (8)

1. The method of pre-planting treatment of potato root tubers, including the use of a humate disinfectant solution, characterized in that the root tubers are treated with a humate aerosol with a dispersion of 0.5-10 microns and a pH of 9 to 11 formed by a mixture of fog and a disinfectant solution at the outlet of the hot fog generator moreover, the treatment of root tubers is carried out immediately after removal from the storage at a concentration of humates in a disinfecting solution from 80 to 150 ml / l and at a temperature for the release of humates aerosol from 30 to 60 ° C. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the processing of the root tubers is carried out during loading and unloading before planting. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the treatment of root tubers with external signs of damage and mechanical damage is carried out at a temperature of from 50 to 60 ° C. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that humates are used with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l, including the feed additive "Feed AS" . 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that when processing the root tubers the release of the aerosol of humates is carried out at a distance from 0.1 to 1 m from them. 6. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the treatment of root tubers with aerosol humates is carried out for 5 to 8 seconds per 10 kg of root tubers once. 7. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the root tubers for processing are located in their storage means, including perforated plastic boxes, storage nets, with the possibility of access of the humate aerosol. 8. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the root tubers for processing are located in the means of their movement, including on the conveyor belt, in vans and bodies of vehicles for transportation or planting with the possibility of access to them by a humate aerosol.