RU2619464C2 - Method of processing tuberous roots of plant for storage - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to agriculture and can be used in timely placement of tuberous roots for storage at the enterprises of agricultural sector, farms and individual farms, on fruit and vegetable bases, trade enterprises. The tuberous root processing is carried out at least before placement in the storage with humates aerosol formed from fog mixed with a disinfectant solution using a hot mist generator. The temperature of humates aerosol release is 35°C to 60°C.

EFFECT: invention provides increased efficiency of tuberous root processing without the use of hazardous and toxic materials and eliminating the possibility of their firing, as well as reducing losses of tuberous roots from rot while storage.

6 cl

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, as well as the food industry and can be used for the operational laying of root crops for storage at enterprises of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), farmers and individual farms, at fruit and vegetable bases, and trade enterprises.

Losses of potatoes during storage represent a problem of prime importance, which has significant social, economic importance. Loss of moisture in stored potatoes leads to superficial injury to tubers and, consequently, greater penetration of pathogenic microorganisms and rotting of tubers. In addition to numerous infectious fungal diseases, potato tubers are also susceptible to damage caused by various bacteria. Potato tubers during storage are affected by scab, rhizoctonia, Fusarium dry rot. Late blight is one of the most dangerous diseases of potato, produced in large volumes and requiring long-term storage. Up to 50% of the potato harvest dies from late blight.

A known processing method for storing ordinary potato tubers with a fungicide based on soaking tubers in a solution of phthalocyanine metal complexes (FCMC) as a means of protecting potatoes from late blight (RF patent No. 2164066, IPC A61N 43/713, A61N 55/02, publ. 10.07.2007 g.).

However, the introduction of fungicides in large doses is unfavorable for the environment and requires large costs for the purchase of drugs.

A known processing method for storing tubers of seed potatoes, including the germination of tubers in a light manner for 20 to 25 days at a constant temperature of +12 to + 140 ° C, upon completion of germination on the surface of the tubers with intensive stirring, apply a finely dispersed layer of a solution of a natural mineral bischofite with a density of 1.20 to 1.35 t / m ³ , while the bischofite solution is heated to a temperature of +80 to + 950 ° C before spraying, the solution is sprayed with a pressure of 0.08 to 0.12 MPa with droplet sizes from 200 up to 600 microns (patent P Ф No. 2236104, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. September 20, 2004).

Due to the fact that a heated bischofite solution with droplet sizes from 200 to 600 microns is applied with vigorous mixing of tubers, the tuber surfaces are coated with paraffin, macro- and microelements from bischofite solution. However, bischofite is not available in large quantities and expensive, which limits its use.

A known processing method for storing potato tubers with an aqueous solution of the polymer of Catapol, furatsilin and dimethyl sulfoxide, and processing by spraying at the rate of 5-7 liters of working solution (pH 6.0-6.5) per 1 ton of tubers with a shelf life of not more than 7 months (RF patent No. 2342833, IPC A01N 43/36, publ. 10.01.2009).

In general, the composition is environmentally friendly, as it provides a gradual release of biologically active substances from the polymer preparation. The multicomponence of the drugs used complicates the method.

The listed means for processing potato tubers have a number of disadvantages: low storage efficiency, poor suppression of microorganisms that cause rotting.

A known method of spraying tubers of seed potatoes before laying them for storage using fungicide (the active substance fludioxanil) in the form of a suspension concentrate with a consumption rate of 2 l / t [Handbook of pesticides and agrochemicals approved for use in the Russian Federation. M., 2012].

The disadvantage of the drug is insufficient fungicidal efficacy.

Known fungicidal agent for processing potato tubers for storage, containing the active substance in the form of benzoic acid or its amine salts at a rate of 0.030-0.6 kg ai / t. (RF patent No. 2527291, IPC A01N 59/00, publ. 08/27/2013).

This tool is an effective and affordable tool for processing potato tubers when pickling before storage, has high adhesion to plant material. The disadvantage of using benzoic acid is its harmful effect on the human body (carcinogenic effect, allergic reactions, rashes, asthma attacks).

It is known to use a hydrogen peroxide solution containing silver, copper and zinc ions and at least one acid from the group consisting of peracetic acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid, the solution being applied to potato tubers in the form of dry fog, fumigating agent or smoke (RF patent No. 2262230, IPC A01N 25/02, publ. March 28, 2003).

This composition effectively fights against the germination of tubers when stored in humid air, but is ineffective in controlling microorganisms that cause rotting.

It is known to use a fungicidal-bactericidal pyrotechnic composition for combating fungal and bacterial infections during storage of potatoes, including di-n-decyl-ammonium bromide as the active substance (trade name bromosept) (RF patent No. 2399206, IPC A01N 33/02, publ September 20, 2010).

The disadvantage of this composition is the difficulty of preparing a pyrotechnic checker.

A known method of reducing bacterial and other diseases in potato tubers and improve their properties, including the step of sorting potato tubers by size, feeding tubers to water for heat treatment at a temperature of from 45 to 85 ° C so that they are completely surrounded by water in sufficient time for the destruction of at least some microorganisms without significant damage to the tuber tissue, the removal of heated tubers from the water and the supply of tubers directly to the drying zone, where the tubers surround the industry with a flow of air having a temperature of at least 40 ° C for a period of time sufficient to dry the outer surfaces of the tubers without significant damage to the tuber tissue, and then they are transferred to the zone of cooling zone (patent EP No. 0239284, IPC A01C 1/00, publ. 09/30/1987).

The disadvantage of this method is the high energy consumption.

A known preparation method for storing dug up potatoes by transverse washing in a stream of clean water when moving it on a moving mechanism, and washing is carried out by spraying, during which the potatoes are turned with hot water at a temperature of about 40 ° C (see patent NL 8800516, A23N 12 / 02, published on September 18, 1989).

The economically expensive method due to the high consumption of water has not found wide application.

A known method of processing potato tubers before laying them for storage by alternating the stages of heating and cooling potatoes, and heating is carried out with air with a temperature of 25-30 ° C, and cooling with air 4-6 ° C with a duration of processing stages of 10-15 minutes and an interval between them of 20 -30 minutes (ed. St. USSR No. 1292819, A01F 25/00, publ. 02/28/1987).

The hardware complexity of the implementation of temperature differences in small periods of time limits the application of the known method. The disadvantage of this method is the narrow area of its antagonistic effect on pathogenic microorganisms.

It is known to use iodized table salt as a means for processing ware potatoes before storing it by immersing the potatoes in a container in a 5% solution of this salt for 1 minute (ed. St. USSR No. 1405734, A01F 25/00, publ. 06/30/1988 g.).

The disadvantage of this method is its low efficiency.

A known method of storing fruits and vegetables by creating a controlled gas environment (RGS) in closed rooms in the form of an ozone-air mixture with an ozone concentration of 25-35 mg / m ³ and at an exposure of 2.85-3.15 hours at a temperature of 12-1 ° C and relative humidity 40-60%, while for short-term storage (up to 1 month) potatoes are processed once for the entire storage period, for medium-term storage (up to 3 months) - 2 times a week, for long-term storage (up to 6-8 months ) - 2 times a week (application No. 99121527, A23B 7/152, publ. 10/27/2001).

The method requires the use of an ozone installation that is expensive to maintain, which limits its use in small and individual farms.

A known method of storing potatoes, including cyclic processing of potatoes with a sinusoidal electromagnetic field using a low frequency generator in places of constant storage during the entire storage period. The processing is carried out in successive continuous cycles, each of which includes two stages, in the first of which processing is carried out with a frequency range of 715 Hz for 40 minutes, and in the second stage with a frequency range of 15.1-30 Hz for 20 minutes. In addition, use the output power of the low-frequency generator less than 140 mW (RF patent No. 2364074, IPC A01F 25/00, publ. 08/20/2009).

The use of electronic equipment provides an increased level of electrical protection of the premises. The method does not apply to energy-saving technologies. The disadvantages of this method for storage are a sufficiently high energy consumption, unevenness and non-simultaneity of the processing of the upper and lower layers of the embankment.

A known method of storing potato tubers, including treating their surface with a solution of hydrochloric acid, pH 2.0-2.5 by immersion in a solution for 10-15 minutes (ed. St. USSR No. 897161, IPC A01F 25/00, publ. 15.01. 1982).

The method does not apply to safe technologies due to the use of acids aggressive to humans.

A known method of preparing potatoes for storage, including processing the tops of potatoes with an aqueous solution of bis-acid 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid salt of hydrazinium in a dose of 64 to 136 g / ha 10-15 days before harvesting (USSR author's certificate No. 129679, IPC A01F 25/00 published on 02/28/1987).

However, this method does not allow simultaneously with the protection of plants to provide the possibility of restoring the microbiocenosis of the soil on which the plants are grown. The method involves the processing of large areas, which requires mobile technology for moving around the fields. Its economic feasibility in comparison with the known is not confirmed.

The closest analogue to the claimed method is a method of processing potato tubers for storage with the preparation "Extragran", including strains of microorganisms Bacillus mycoides var and Azotobacter vinelandii, humates with trace elements in the following composition, wt. %:

microorganism strains of Bacillus mycoides var. V.A. and Azotobacter vinelandii var. NP 25-30 humates 8-12 trace elements 0.05-0.08 water rest

(RF patent No. 2302114, IPC A01N 63/00, publ. July 10, 2007).

Potato tubers treated with the preparation were stored longer and were not susceptible to disease. The disadvantage of this method is the high cost of the drug used and the limited shelf life. The added complex of macro- and microelements includes a large set of components, which increases the cost of the Extragrand preparation, and the potato storage efficiency increases slightly.

The closest analogue to the claimed method is a method of fungicidal treatment of potatoes to prevent its germination and reduce the spread on the surface of fungi and bacteria during storage, including the formation of fog in a mixture with a disinfectant solution by a hot fog generator and the release of aerosol to the root crops of plants at least before laying in the store and a mixture of eugenol (clove oil), surfactant and surfactants and agents is used as a disinfecting solution, evaporation of eugenol, and the temperature of the aerosol release is not less than 100 ° C (patent FR No. 2786664, IPC A23B 7/154, publ. 06/09/2000, option B).

The known method has not found wide application due to significant disadvantages of the active substance (eugenol) and surfactant. Eugenol (clove oil with a strong odor) is a liquid insoluble in water, which does not allow a protective coating of satisfactory quality and requires the presence of surfactants that enhance the penetration of the active substance into the skin of fruits or vegetables. Eugenol is poorly absorbed and rapidly evaporates, which leads to the need to use its increased concentration and dose in order to take into account this significant loss. However, this dose increase has six main disadvantages:

- the need to use high temperatures (100-300 ° C) for the rapid application of eugenol and surfactants in a mixture with fog due to poor adhesion of eugenol;

- a high temperature of 100-300 ° C can cause tuber burns and damage to the surface layers, which ultimately can reduce the safety of tubers;

- a high level of surfactant residues, which inevitably increases in food products;

- the unpleasant smell of eugenol (cloves), due to these residues, worsens the taste and smell of the products and may be harmful and unsafe for people, including the operator when applying it (eugenol odor is harmful to people suffering from allergies, hypertension and high blood pressure, heart vascular diseases, diseases of the nervous system, as well as overwork and overstrain, pregnant women and children under 12 years old);

- the multicomponentness of the disinfectant solution necessitates the technological operation of mixing them, as well as the presence of costs for surfactants and eugenol due to its rapid evaporation and poor adhesion, based on a truly effective amount for fruits or vegetables.

The objective of the invention is to reduce the loss of root crops during storage, improving working conditions by creating a universal affordable disinfection technology without the use of harmful, toxic materials for effective environmentally friendly disinfection of root crops using simple serial portable equipment for producing heated humate aerosol by one operator.

The technical result of the invention of the processing method consists in improving the quality and efficiency of processing root crops, reducing their losses from rot during storage by increasing the antibacterial activity and penetrating ability of the heated aerosol of humates and the manifestation of surfactant properties on the surface of root crops after condensation while maintaining disinfecting and moisturizing properties. At the same time, the universality and accessibility of the method for processing low-cost root crops of various plants, as well as the possibility of improving the health of operators implementing the method, provided they have ENT, bronchopulmonary, allergic, viral, and skin diseases in the spring period of work, thereby reducing the requirements for the health of operators with chronic diseases indicated.

When conducting patent research, no solutions were found that are identical to the claimed, and therefore, the proposed solution meets the criterion of "novelty." The invention does not follow explicitly from the known solutions, therefore, the proposed invention meets the criterion of "inventive step".

The technical result is achieved by the fact that in the method of processing root crops of plants for storage, including the formation of fog in a mixture with a disinfectant solution by a hot fog generator and the release of aerosol onto the root crops of plants at least before putting them into storage, humates are used as a disinfecting solution, and the aerosol discharge temperature from 35 ° C to 60 ° C.

Preferably, the concentration of humates in the disinfecting solution is between 150 and 200 ml / l.

It is advisable to have an aerosol of humates with a dispersion of 0.1-5 microns and a pH from 9 to 11.

It is advisable to process root crops with external signs of mechanical damage at a humate aerosol discharge temperature from 40 ° C to 60 ° C.

It is preferable to use humates with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l, including the feed liquid additive "Feed AS".

It is advisable to carry out the treatment of root crops with an aerosol of humates before laying them in the store for 5-8 seconds per 10 kg of root crops.

It is advisable to additionally process root crops during storage of humates with an aerosol at a flow rate of 750 ml of humates disinfectant solution per ton of root crops repeatedly with an interval of 3 months.

During the storage period, the treatment of root crops with a humate aerosol is preferably carried out with a flow rate of a humate disinfectant solution of 750 ml per ton of root crops repeatedly with an interval of 3 months.

When processing root crops before laying in the store and during storage, it is advisable to release the humate aerosol at a distance of 0.1 to 1 meter from them.

The essence of the invention lies in the fact that simple health is created that saves the disinfectant treatment of root crops of plants using a humate aerosol as a surfactant, where humate aerosol after condensation acquires the properties of a surfactant film with long-term adhesion to the curved surface of root crops, and at the same time provides short-term moistening of root crops and surface dressing with humates for a longer preservation of firmness and elasticity and x the surface layer during storage and reduce injury during loading and unloading operations for laying in storage.

When conducting patent research, no solutions were found that are identical to the claimed, and therefore, the proposed solution meets the criterion of "novelty." The invention does not follow explicitly from the known solutions, therefore, the proposed invention meets the criterion of "inventive step".

According to the invention, the processing of root crops, for example potatoes, is carried out for laying for storage as follows. Potatoes are placed in any known manner in space (in bulk, in perforated plastic crates, in nets, on a conveyor belt, etc.) with the possibility of access of aerosol formed by hot fog mixed with a humate disinfectant solution from a portable or stationary generator of hot fog. The specified generator can be made with manual transfer, or it is stationary mounted on the holder with the possibility of aerosol (fog mixed with humates) with an outlet temperature of 35 to 60 ° C. The preferred choice is a fog generator with an adjustable feed rate of liquid humate.

A lower temperature (35-40 ° C) during processing is created for intact tubers. Tubers with signs of injury are treated at a higher temperature (50-60 ° C) and a higher feed rate of the humate disinfectant solution with a pump to a hot fog generator. Hot fog mixed with humates should have a temperature of 35 to 60 ° C, a dispersion of 0.5-10 microns, a pH of 9 to 11 and a humate concentration in the disinfectant solution of 150 to 200 ml / l. At a lower temperature (less than 35 ° C) reliable disinfection and adhesion of humates after evaporation of water from the surface of root crops are not ensured. At a higher temperature (more than 60 ° C), the possibility of roasting root crops in the layer closest to the aerosol outlet is not ruled out. Humates are used with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l, for example, humate in the form of a liquid feed additive “Kormogumat AS” with a long shelf life. Additionally, root crops are treated during storage.

During the storage period, the treatment of root crops with a humate aerosol is carried out with a flow rate of a humate disinfectant solution of 750 ml per ton of root crops, repeatedly with an interval of 3 months.

When processing root crops before laying in the store and during storage, the release of the aerosol of humates is carried out at a distance of 0.1 to 1 meter from them.

It is advisable to arrange root crops for processing with the possibility of access to them of aerosol of humates in storage facilities, for example, in perforated plastic boxes, storage nets installed in the vegetable store or in open or closed areas. It is also possible to place root crops during processing in the means of moving them to the storage, including on the conveyor belt, in vans and bodies of vehicles for their transportation with the possibility of access to them by aerosol humates.

Experimental verification of the proposed method was carried out experimentally. To obtain reliable experimental results, 100% of the tubers were specially damaged, then part of the tubers was treated with a humate aerosol using a hot fog generator, all tubers were packed in airtight bags that were stored for 7 days at a temperature of +40 degrees. As a result, in the package where the potatoes were processed, the tubers did not rot, where the processing was not carried out, the tubers began to deteriorate intensively.

Large-scale pilot processing of seed potatoes is planned before laying it for storage at the agricultural enterprises of the Ryazan region and individual farms, since the proposed method provides reliable protection of planting potatoes from rot and spoilage and, unlike the known preparations, is effective for shorter processing times with various convenient options for the location of potatoes at processing.

The simplicity of the method allows you to quickly, environmentally safe, non-toxic and without side effects to process a large number of root crops, without endangering the health of specialists who carry out the practical implementation of this method or the delivery of root crops treated with it. The method of the present invention is effective from the point of view of its cost and safety.

The beneficial effect of hot fog is explained by the fact that very small particles behave to a large extent like gas and have a very high ability to penetrate small gaps and gaps. As a result, even when placing potatoes in layers, or in bulk, or in mesh bags, or perforated plastic crates, hot fog penetrates well to all points of the embankment, or bag, or box.

The wide availability of portable serial hot fog generators for implementing the method, for example, Minifog (China), Airofog AR35 (China), IGEBA TF 35 (Germany), SF-160 (Germany), BD 400 Korea, SendFog BW-25 (China) and low cost of humates contribute to the possibility of widespread use of the method in farms of various levels (from individual farms to large agricultural complexes). Humates are environmentally friendly and in the Russian Federation are available in large volumes at a relatively low financial cost.

The principle of operation of hot fog generators is based on the characteristics of the hot gas, into the stream of which a sprayed disinfectant solution is injected. The specified solution as a result of abrupt heating turns into hot steam, after which, during mixing with atmospheric air, it condenses into fog. In this case, the size of the droplets can vary from 0.5 to 10 microns. Due to the temperature difference between the aerosol and the root crop, there is a phase transition and condensation of the disinfecting solution, which helps to improve the adhesion of this solution to the root crop. Due to the adhesion of the disinfecting solution to the surface of the root crops, a layer of disinfectant is created, which, in turn, will prevent the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms. The action of a heated disinfecting aerosol allows for the processing of tubers with a prolonged action. Thus, the "treatment" of root crops of plants for infections can be carried out in a relatively simple, economically feasible and safe manner.

In addition, the processing method with the proposed modes of implementation does not create harmful residues and / or side effects, is environmentally compatible with human life, does not leave any unwanted chemicals in materials or water, soil or equipment, premises and surfaces and does not endanger the health of specialists who carry out the practical implementation of this method or the delivery of root crops treated by it. Also, the method is effective in various conditions for the location of tubers for access of humates in a hot fog and provides enhanced antibacterial activity, penetration and adhesion to the surface of tubers over a long period of time (at least 10 hours).

The proposed processing method is efficient, effective, universal and can be used for storing root crops of various plants, including potatoes, carrots, beets, root celery, zucchini, pumpkin, apples, pears, bulbs or tubers and even roots of other plants (Jerusalem artichoke, onion , tuberous and bulbous flowers, tree roots, shrubs), allowing to obtain a clean state and antibacterial protection of the surfaces of these root tubers to improve storage properties. In this case, in comparison with the well-known, better working conditions and safety measures are provided. Processing of root crops for storage can be carried out in production and field conditions by at least one operator with minimal labor.

Claims (6)

1. A method of processing root crops of plants for storage, including the formation of fog in a mixture with a disinfectant solution by a hot fog generator and the release of aerosol onto the root crops of plants at least before laying in the store, characterized in that humates are used as a disinfecting solution, and the aerosol discharge temperature is from 35 ° C to 60 ° C. 2. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the concentration of humates in the disinfectant solution is from 150 to 200 ml / l. 3. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the humate aerosol has a dispersion of 0.1-5 microns and pH from 9 to 11. 4. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the processing of root crops with external signs of mechanical damage is carried out at a humate aerosol discharge temperature of from 40 ° C to 60 ° C. 5. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that humates are used with a content of humic acids of at least 19.0 g / l and a total of humic and fulvic acids of at least 28.0 g / l, including the feed additive "Feed AS" . 6. The method according to p. 1, characterized in that the treatment of root crops with aerosol humates before laying in the storage is carried out for 5-8 seconds per 10 kg of root crops once.