RU2603902C1 - Method for reducing hardness of seeds of legume grasses - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to meadow cultivation and can be used in planting grasses on degraded, erosion-hazard lands. Proposed method consists in that an aqueous solution of para-aminobenzoic acid in concentration of 0.1 % is subjected to single low-intensity x-ray radiation for 10-15 seconds at constant power of exposure dose 100-120 R/s, then seeds of legume grasses are soaked in irradiated water for 1-1.5 hours.

EFFECT: method reduces seed hardness, increases seeds germination and growth energy.

1 cl, 1 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to ecology, in particular to meadow cultivation and may find application in sowing grass on degraded, erosion-hazardous lands.

A known method in which the seeds are treated with a laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nanometers (patent No. 2286037, published 10.27.2007, IPC A01C 1/00). However, exposure to seeds (especially leguminous grasses characterized by a hard shell) with a laser with such a wavelength is not effective enough, since the radiation of devices operating in the visible light range penetrates into biological tissues to a lesser depth and loses its coherence and polarization in the first millimeters.

There is also a method in which the seeds are subjected to a single multifactorial irradiation with a RIKTA magneto-infrared laser apparatus with a pulse repetition rate of 1000 Hz and an exposure time of 18-20 minutes at a distance of 1-1.5 cm from the object (patent 2377752, published 01.10.2010 , bull. 1, IPC A01C 1/00).

However, in the known method, the hardness of seeds is not sufficiently reduced, especially of wild-growing species collected in natural phytocenoses for propagation and breeding of meadow pasture varieties.

The closest technical solution is a method where, before seed treatment, the water is irradiated with ultraviolet radiation for 24-38 minutes, after which the seeds are soaked in irradiated water for 48-50 minutes (patent 2084100, published July 20, 1997, IPC A01C 1/00).

However, the prototype method is not sufficiently effective in the processing of hard seeds. In addition, for the implementation of the method, lamps of a high-power emitter are required, which can disrupt the endosperm, cause a mutational effect and change the genotype of the treated seeds.

The technical result is an increase in the efficiency of the method and a decrease in the hardness of the seeds of legumes.

The technical solution of the claimed object is that, in contrast to the prototype method, an aqueous solution of para-aminobenzoic acid at a concentration of 0.1% is subjected to a single low-intensity x-ray irradiation for 10-15 seconds at a constant exposure dose rate of 100-120 R / s, after whereby the seeds of legumes are soaked in irradiated water for 1-1.5 hours.

The method is as follows. Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) is dissolved in hot water at a temperature of 70-80 ° C at a concentration of 0.1%. An aqueous solution of PABA is subjected to x-ray irradiation for 10-15 seconds at a constant exposure dose rate of 100-120 R / s.

PABA is an antimutagen and, as a phenotypic activator, has a wide effect on various taxonomic units: plants, animals, insects, microorganisms. PABA is a growth factor for many biological objects, including legume seeds. Undergoing irradiation, an aqueous solution of PABA increases the energy of enzymatic catalysis at certain stages of ontogenesis, thereby informing the genotype of additional resistance, plasticity and productivity, providing the process of awakening seeds and contributing to the realization of genetic potential.

Doses of radiation are established experimentally. The criterion of plant radiosensitivity in our experiments was: germination energy, germination, seed hardness. It is known that the effectiveness of x-ray irradiation as a method of presowing treatment of seeds depends on many factors. However, the specificity of the genotype, which determines the biological characteristics of the plant and affects the depth of rest of the seeds, is of particular importance. In this regard, it is necessary to search for optimal dose regimes of irradiation, especially for wild-growing species of natural phytocenoses that have a high percentage of hard seeds that can be in the soil for a long time and not germinate. This indicator is important for degraded pastures, where valuable high-protein leguminous herbs fall from the stand: clover, alfalfa, sainfoin. Direct irradiation of seeds (without an aqueous solution of PABA) can cause genetic disorders, disrupt the structure of the embryo, thereby reducing growth energy and germination. In addition, direct x-ray irradiation of seeds does not allow to prepare seeds in sufficient volume for sowing. Using an aqueous solution of PABA at the proposed dosage, a larger amount of seed can be treated by adding, if necessary, stimulators of nitrogen fixation of nodule bacteria.

When the seeds are kept in the irradiated solution for 1-1.5 hours, a positive effect is observed. When seeds are in solution above this limit, the structure of the embryo is disturbed and thereby the germination energy and germination are reduced. The effect of low-dose x-ray irradiation - radiation hermesis - is a consequence of the processes of cytogenetic adaptation that occur in the seeds in response to stressful effects. Small doses effect the properties of membranes and cytosol without affecting the genetic apparatus. The effect of radio stimulation using a water source (PABA solution) is accompanied by a change in the intensity of various processes: photosynthesis, assimilant transport, the accumulation of many substances in the cells, including essential amino acids, an increase in the permeability of cell membranes, a change in the phytohormonal balance, and an increase in carbohydrate, nitrogen, and phosphorus metabolism. Active absorption of irradiated water by seeds during swelling helps to accelerate germination, which is especially important in conditions of insufficient soil moisture. Legume seeds with low germination energy and low initial growth rate are less resistant to pathogenic fungal microflora in the soil. In addition, seeds with a high germination energy in the field give 58% seedlings, and with a low - 12%. The treatment of seeds with an aqueous solution of PABA, subjected to x-ray irradiation in optimal doses, reveals the genetic and physiological potential of plants and provides the maximum stimulating effect. It is important that seeds treated in this way are not carriers of ionizing or other types of radiation, and the plants grown from them and the fodder obtained from hayfields and pastures do not pose a risk when working with them during field work and when used for fodder purposes.

Example 1. PABA - a white powder in an amount of 10 g was dissolved in hot distilled water at a temperature of 70-80 ° C in 10 l of water. The cooled water was subjected to x-ray irradiation on a stationary CuK-α unit for 10-15 seconds at a constant exposure dose rate of 100-120 R / s. Clover seeds were soaked in irradiated water for 1 hour, followed by germination in Petri dishes on filter paper, at constant temperature and light conditions. In the variants of experiments, the germination energy, germination rate were determined, and the amount of hard seeds was calculated.

Example 2. In the experiment used seeds of alfalfa and sainfoin. An aqueous solution of PABA was irradiated (5 kg of PABA was added in a 50 L container). Distilled water and PABA dissolved in it were placed in a container 5–7 cm high for a sufficient and uniform irradiation of the aqueous solution. In the irradiated PABA solution, seeds of each species were soaked for 1.5 hours: alfalfa 18 kg / ha, sainfoin - 25 kg / ha.

The experimental results are summarized in a table (on average for three crops: clover, alfalfa and sainfoin).

Claims (1)

A method of reducing the hardness of leguminous grass seeds, including soaking the seeds in water irradiated with a physical factor, characterized in that the aqueous solution of para-aminobenzoic acid at a concentration of 0.1% is subjected to a single low-intensity x-ray irradiation for 10-15 seconds at a constant exposure dose of 100- 120 R / s, after which the seeds of legumes are soaked in irradiated water for 1-1.5 hours.