RU2579254C1 - Method of producing biological fertiliser - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method of producing organic fertilizer includes preliminary milling of chicken excrement and peat, taken in ratio 50:50 to grain size of not more than 10 mm with subsequent stirring and alkalinity of 0.5% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of mixture at temperature 20-22°C during 24 hours, adding the obtained primary biological fertiliser wheat bran in an amount of 3 wt% mixture with subsequent stirring of components and conducting the process bioconversion in two steps at high temperature Note here that first stage bioconversion is carried out in temperature range 36-39°C during 96 hours, second-in temperature interval of 55-60°C during 24 hours, during bioconversion mixture is periodically blown air in longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every other 24 hours, simultaneously with wheat bran in primary biological fertiliser potassium tartrate is introduced in an amount of 0.1 wt% of mixture and citric acid in amount of 0.1 wt% of the mixture.

EFFECT: invention allows to produce a new biological fertiliser, enriched with potassium-sodium tartrate and citric acid, providing effective action on plants growth and development.

1 cl, 2 dwg, 5 tbl, 2 ex

Description

The invention relates to biotechnology and agricultural microbiology.

The development of obtaining new biofertilizers by processing organic raw materials with the addition of various additives to the initial mixture, further fermentation (bioconversion process) is reduced to the search for improved, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable technologies for producing biofertilizers.

A known method of bioconversion of organic waste into a feed additive and fertilizer (RF Patent No. 2151133, Cl. C05F 3/00, 1998), including grinding of organic waste and peat with their subsequent mixing, introducing a complex microelement additive into the mixture and carrying out the bioconversion process in two stages at elevated temperature.

The disadvantage of this method is the large number of microelements included in the complex microelement supplement due to the combination of a very large number of selected salts that are previously weighed separately, which generally leads to an increase in the cost of the bioconversion product.

There is also known a method for producing a feed additive by bioconversion of organic waste (RF Patent No. 2153262, Cl. A23K 1/00, 1999), which includes grinding organic waste and peat with their subsequent mixing, introducing bio-meal from the production of amylorizin into the mixture and conducting the bioconversion process in two stages at elevated temperature.

The disadvantage of this method is that its implementation is associated with the production of amylorizin, which leads to a rise in price of the final product. Bio-meal from the production of amylorizin is a solid waste from the surface cultivation of Aspergillus oryzae mold on a nutrient medium that includes components of varying composition - wheat bran, malt sprouts and sawdust, which affects the quality of the final product. In the production of Aspergillus oryzae mold, the accumulation of toxins in the nutrient medium used as bio-meal is not ruled out. In addition, as in the method of bioconversion of organic waste into a feed additive and fertilizer described above (RF Patent No. 2151133), a large temperature range, as well as time intervals for each stage of the process, can lead to a change in the conditions for the development of microorganisms, and therefore the composition of the finished product.

There are many methods for producing biologically active agents intended for the growth and development of plants. Among them, a method for producing a biologically active agent (RF Patent No. 2264460, Cl. C12P 1/00, C05F 3/00, 2003), in which potassium phosphate in the amount of 0.01 is additionally introduced into the initial mixture consisting of organic waste and peat -0.5 wt. % and carry out the bioconversion process.

There are also known methods of optimizing the growth and development of crops through the use of various stimulants not only in the production of various biological agents by bioconversion of organic raw materials, but also in their direct use during the growing season. In any case, the choice of an effective stimulant is very important for use in crop production.

A known method of using potassium sodium tartrate as a stimulator of plant growth (RF Patent No. 2399181, Cl.), Including pre-sowing treatment of plant seeds with an aqueous solution of potassium sodium tartrate at a concentration of 0.01-0.05% or the use of this compound at a concentration of 0 , 1-0.5% on vegetative plants.

Closest to the claimed is a method of producing biofertilizer (RF Patent No. 2539781, CL. C05F 3/00, C05F 11/02, C05F 15/00, C05F 17/00, C05G 3/00, 2013, prototype), including grinding chicken manure and peat, taken in a ratio of 50:50 to a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm, stirring and alkalization with a 0.5% KOH solution in a volume of 1.5 L per 1 kg of mixture at 20-22 ° C for 24 hours. Enter into the obtained primary biofertilizer wheat bran in the amount of 3 wt.% And mix. The first stage of bioconversion of the mixture is carried out at a temperature of 36-39 ° C for 96 hours. Then carry out the second stage of bioconversion at a temperature of 55-60 ° C for 24 hours. Moreover, every 24 hours, the mixture is blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes.

The disadvantage of the obtained biofertilizer is that it was not used additives, for example microelements, which could lead to improved properties of the final product - biofertilizer, and when used, have a more effective effect on plant growth and development. In addition, the use of organic carriers capable of additionally affecting the intensity of biochemical transformations is considered an important element in regulating the bioconversion process. The wheat bran used in this process does not fully satisfy this requirement.

The problem solved by this invention is to obtain during the bioconversion process a new more effective biofertilizer by introducing stimulants to improve plant growth and development.

The technical result of the invention is to obtain a new biofertilizer enriched with potassium-sodium tartaric acid and citric acid, which has an effective effect on the growth and development of plants.

The problem is solved in that in the method of producing biofertilizer, including preliminary grinding of chicken droppings and peat, taken in a ratio of components of 50:50 to a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm, followed by their mixing and alkalization with a 0.5% aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide in 1.5 liters per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours, introducing into the obtained primary biofertilizer wheat bran in the amount of 3 wt.% the mixture, followed by mixing of the components and carrying out the bioconversion process in two e stages at elevated temperature, while the first stage of bioconversion is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39 ° C for 96 hours, the second in the temperature range of 55-60 ° C for 24 hours, and, in the process of bioconversion, the mixture is periodically purged with air in in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours, simultaneously with wheat bran, potassium sodium tartrate in the amount of 0.1 wt.% of the mixture is introduced into the primary bio-fertilizer and citric acid also in the amount of 0.1 wt.% of the mixture.

Potassium sodium tartrate, chemical formula: KNa [C ₄ H ₄ O ₆ ] 4H ₂ O are colorless white crystals. It is used as a component for galvanic baths, for silvering mirrors, in radio engineering, in medicine, in analytical chemistry.

The advantage of using potassium sodium tartrate as a stimulant in obtaining biofertilizer is that it contains two important physiological elements. The role of the potassium cation is very diverse. It stimulates the normal course of the photosynthesis process, enhancing the outflow of carbohydrates from the leaf plate to other organs. Without being part of the enzymes, it activates the work of many of them (riboflavin, thiamine, pyruvic acid kinase, enzymes, with the participation of which some peptide bonds are synthesized, which increases the biosynthesis of proteins from amino acids, and other processes). In all these reactions, potassium serves as an electron carrier. It increases the hydrophilicity (hydration) of protoplasmic colloids, which supports the body in a young, active state. With sufficient potassium, plants retain water better, and tolerate short-term droughts. A more intensive accumulation of carbohydrates in plants with good potassium nutrition improves the quality of the crop (increases the sugar content in fruits and vegetables, starch in potatoes, provides the tonin and fiber strength of flax and other spinning plants). Along with improving the quality of the crop, the resistance of crops to light frosts increases. This occurs due to an increase in the osmotic pressure of cell juice, which determines a decrease in its freezing temperature ("Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition Physiology", A.V. Petersburg, M., Rosselkhozizdat, 1981).

Sodium, which is part of potassium-sodium tartrate, has a great effect on the transport of substances through membranes, is included in the so-called sodium-potassium pump (Na + / K +). Sodium regulates the transport of carbohydrates in the plant. A good supply of plants with sodium, as in the case of potassium, increases their winter hardiness. With its deficiency, the formation of chlorophyll slows down (General Biology, Bolgova IV, Shaposhnikova I.Α., Fando R.Α., No. 5, 2008).

Citric acid (C ₆ H ₈ O ₇ ) is a crystalline substance that has a dull white color. Citric acid is very useful for the food industry as an indispensable acidifier, it has good solubility, low toxicity, is environmentally friendly, and combines well with many chemicals. It is the most important link in the process of cellular respiration, as it has antioxidant and bactericidal properties, and also takes part in the Krebs cycle. Due to this, citric acid in metabolic reactions acts as an integral part in a series of components that take part in the oxidation of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, processing them into carbon dioxide and water, that is, in almost all metabolic reactions of the body, playing the role of “the first violins ”(VG Granik, Fundamentals of Medical Chemistry, Moscow:“ University Science ”, 2001. - 384 p.). The soft acidifying properties of citric acid are also of particular importance. Both selected stimulants are reasonably affordable, cheap, non-toxic.

During the development of a new method for producing biofertilizer after the alkalization process, stimulants are added simultaneously with the introduction of wheat bran - potassium sodium tartrate and citric acid in concentrations of 0.02; 0.1 and 0.5% per 1 kg of the initial mixture each. The claimed concentration range of these stimulants was considered physiological, sufficient for the implementation of a stimulating effect. Further study of the process allowed us to choose the optimal concentration of the claimed stimulants.

Process management options were evaluated by comparing the initial peat mixtures and final products according to several indicators: the presence of agronomically useful ammonifying microorganisms, the content of sanitary-indicative microflora - enterobacteria, and also indicators that reflect the general orientation of the decomposition and synthesis of various compounds - according to oxidation reduction factor (HVAC), which is the ratio of the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase enzymes; by the presence of agrochemical indicators, by the content of fulvic acids and humic acids, carbon. The processes were compared with the introduction of three types of concentrations and the prototype (RF Patent No. 2539781) - the so-called basic process.

The catalase activity, which decomposes hydrogen peroxide, in all cases increased towards the end of the process, and the dehydrogenase activity decreased (the exception is the basic process) (Table 1). The HVA responsible for the balance of redox reactions increases everywhere, and for the variant with a stimulant concentration of 0.1% it is the highest (close to unity), which indicates the stabilization of the process. In the same process, the final product acquired the lowest pH value.

In the initial samples of all batches of biofertilizer, a rather high number of ammonifying microflora was observed (Table 2), which reflects the presence of destruction processes of high molecular nitrogen-containing compounds. By the end of the process, their amount slightly decreased in all types of fertilizer (including basic), except for the variant with a stimulant concentration of 0.1% - there was a slight increase in the microorganisms of this group. In all batches of fertilizer, there was a tendency to a decrease in the number of microorganisms that destroy mineral forms of nitrogen - amylolytic. The number of radiant fungi - actinomycetes in the final product of all variants was observed in a small amount, and the number of microscopic fungi, which, like actinomycetes, decompose complex organic compounds, in some cases increased slightly by the end of the experiment (basic process), but in variants with the addition of stimulants - decreased, and in some cases 2 times.

A very important feature of biofertilizer is a minimal amount or even complete absence of conditionally pathogenic microflora. In the final versions of all batches of biofertilizer, the sanitary-indicative microflora (enterobacteria) were completely absent in comparison with the initial variants. This is achieved due to the high temperature regime during the bioconversion process, despite the rather favorable pH for microorganisms of this kind.

As for the content of nutrients in the initial samples and in the products of all batches of the new biofertilizer, we can note their increase in the final products (Table 3). Of particular note is the accumulation of the mass fraction of total potassium in the final product with a concentration of stimulants of 0.1%.

Table 4 shows the results characterizing the obtained biofertilizer in terms of carbon content and in the fractional composition of humic acids. It should be noted here that when stimulants are introduced into the mixture, a slight decrease in the carbon content is observed in the final product (compared to the base process). The maximum amount of brown humic acids soluble in alkali was found in the variant with an average concentration of stimulants of 0.1%. In the same final product, the lowest fulvic acid content was observed. The high content of humic acids is evidence of more active biosynthesis in this process and evidence of early stabilization of the final product.

Of all the varieties of the new biofertilizer, the one that was obtained using potassium-sodium tartrate and citric acid, added to the initial mixture in concentrations of 0.1%, was recognized as the best. The choice was stopped for this batch, since the most favorable properties were formed in it: pH at the level of 8.3; high HVAC = 0.76; quite large values of agronomically beneficial microflora, the complete absence of sanitary indicative microorganisms, a high NPK content, and a high content of humic acids.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

In FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a method for producing biofertilizer; in FIG. 2 - bioreactor for implementing the claimed method for producing new biofertilizer. Table 1 presents the enzymatic activity of the starting mixtures and the final fertilizer products; table 2 - the microflora of the initial mixtures and final fertilizer products; table 3 - the content of nutrients, carbon and humic acids (%) in the initial mixtures and in fertilizers; table 4 - comparative characteristics of biofertilizers obtained by the basic process and when using new stimulants in a concentration of 0.1%; table 5 shows the result of the practical application of the new biofertilizer - potato productivity under the influence of biofertilizers.

The claimed method of producing biofertilizer is carried out in a bioreactor, which consists of a housing 1, inside of which there is a bubbling net 2, closed on top by a cover 3. Through the cover 3 passes a device 4 for pulling the bubbling grate 4. The bioreactor is installed on the stand 5 in a thermostat, and temperature control carried out by thermometer 6. To purge the mixture with air, bubble tubes 7 — longitudinal aeration, 8 — transverse aeration were installed.

A mixture of chicken droppings and peat is prepared, taken in a ratio of 50:50. The feedstock is crushed to a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm and mixed thoroughly until an almost monodisperse system is obtained. Peat mixture is subjected to alkalization with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in the amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours. A primary biofertilizer is obtained in which wheat bran is added in an amount of 3 wt.%, Potassium sodium tartrate in an amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture and citric acid in an amount of 0.1 wt.% of the mixture (primary biofertilizer). Mix the components of the mixture and load into the housing 1 of the bioreactor on a bubble screen 2 and close the lid 3. The bioreactor is mounted on a stand 5 in a thermostat and thermostated to a temperature of 36-39 ° C (control is carried out with a thermometer 6), blow through air through bubble tubes 7, 8. After this, the two-stage bioconversion process begins: the first stage of bioconversion is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39 ° C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60 ° C for 24 hours, while every 24 hours the mixture is purged spirit in the longitudinal and transverse directions in 30 minutes.

The product obtained by the claimed method is a new biofertilizer with a high content of physiologically active substances, expanding the range of fertilizers obtained by bioconversion of organic waste.

An example of a specific implementation of the method of obtaining a new biofertilizer.

Obtaining biofertilizer begins with the preparation of the initial mixture of organic raw materials, consisting of chicken droppings and peat, taken in a ratio of 50:50, with a total weight of 1 kg. The resulting mixture is placed in a glass container with a volume of 2 dm ³ , mix thoroughly and grind to particles with a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm.

Processing (alkalization) of the peat mixture is carried out with 0.5% alkali KOH with a volume of 1.5 l for 24 hours at a temperature of 20-22 ° in order to deeply destroy high molecular weight organic compounds. Thanks to the alkalization technique, the enzymatic activity (Table 1) of both oxidoreductase enzymes (catalase and dehydrogenase) and hydrolase (protease and cellulase) is activated.

Then, in order to reduce humidity and establish a favorable pH level, which positively affect the development of microflora, wheat bran (waste from flour milling) is added to the obtained primary biofertilizer in an amount of 3% by weight of the initial peat mixture (30 g). At the same time, potassium sodium tartrate and citric acid are added to the primary fertilizer in an amount of 0.1% of each of the mass of the initial peat mixture (1 g), the components of the mixture are mixed, then placed in a 1.75 dm ³ bioreactor and a two-stage bioconversion is carried out.

The first stage of bioconversion is carried out at a temperature of 36-39 ° C for 96 h, at which the microflora actively developed, including the one that passed into a spore state during alkaline hydrolysis. In the second stage of bioconversion, which takes place at a temperature of 55-60 ° C for 24 hours, the necessary environmental friendliness of biofertilizer (lack of enterobacteria and low content of fungi, among which pathogens are found) is achieved, which was impossible to achieve in the first stage, due to the favorable sanitary-indicative microflora and microorganisms spoiling temperatures 36-39 ° C. Thanks to the bioconversion process, a product is formed in stages with the characteristic quality indicators inherent in bio-fertilizers:

- the presence of a sufficiently high number of agronomically useful microflora;

- the presence of nutrients in a form accessible to plants and microflora;

- the presence of substances with a phytohormonal effect, humic acids;

- favorable acidity (table. 2).

An example of the practical application of the new biofertilizer.

Obtained by the claimed method, a new biofertilizer was tested in 2014 as the main fertilizer on planting potatoes by local application. The year 2014 was characterized by severe drought during the growing season, so the yield level was very low. However, table 5 shows a higher potato yield when using a new biofertilizer relative to the control: without the use of fertilizers (used) and using the prototype fertilizer obtained by the basic process (RF Patent No. 2539781). Doses of biofertilizers were identical - 4 t / ha, which is important for screening studies.

The use of the new bio-fertilizer obtained by the claimed method helped to improve the quality of potato tubers in terms of starchiness: relative to the used version - by 15%, the variant with basic bio-fertilizer - by 6%.

The claimed method allows to obtain a new effective biofertilizer enriched with plant growth stimulants. In addition, the developed method is technologically advanced, which allows scaling of the process and its implementation in an industrial environment.

Claims (1)

A method of producing biofertilizer, including preliminary grinding of chicken droppings and peat, taken in a ratio of 50:50 components to a particle size distribution of not more than 10 mm, followed by their mixing and alkalization with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours, introducing into the obtained primary biofertilizer of wheat bran in the amount of 3 wt.% of the mixture, followed by mixing of the components and carrying out the bioconversion process in two stages at elevated temperature, p and the first stage of bioconversion is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39 ° C for 96 hours, the second in the temperature range of 55-60 ° C for 24 hours, and during the bioconversion the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 every 24 hours, characterized in that at the same time as wheat bran, potassium sodium tartrate is introduced into the primary biofertilizer in an amount of 0.1 wt.% of the mixture and citric acid also in an amount of 0.1 wt.% of the mixture.

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