RU2767995C1 - Method for obtaining liquid fertilizer - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the production of environment-friendly liquid fertilizers for agriculture based on humus-containing substrates. The method for obtaining liquid fertilizer involves mixing a humus-containing substance with water at a temperature of 30-35°C. As a humus-containing substance, a liquid biofertilizer is used, obtained by carrying out the fermentation process of a peat mixture for 5 days with a 50: 50 component ratio, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 liters per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran in an amount of 3, wt. % of the mixture, is introduced into the resulting primary biofertilizer, citric acid in an amount of 0.1 wt. %, and magnesium acetic acid in an amount of 0.1, wt. %, of the mixture. The active principle of primary biofertilizer is a community of microorganisms, including ammonifying in the amount of 2.0×10⁸-2.8×10⁸ CFU/ml, amylolytic in the amount of 1×10⁸-2×10⁸ CFU/ml, as well as plant nutrition elements, including phosphorus in the form of P₂O₅, % abs. dry matter, - 2.40-2.70, potassium in the form of K₂O, % abs. dry matter, - 1.38-1.52, physiologically active substances, including magnesium. The fermentation process of the peat mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and during fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

EFFECT: proposed method for obtaining liquid fertilizer has a simplified technology, provides a reduction in the time of obtaining fertilizer, increases the efficiency of the resulting fertilizer due to a more complete use of the nutrient potential of the humus-containing substance, and in addition, ensures the disposal of poultry waste.

1 cl, 6 tbl, 3 dwg, 12 ex

Description

The invention relates to the production of environmentally friendly liquid fertilizers for agriculture based on humus-containing substrates, which in turn can be used to obtain liquid preparations that serve as top dressing for crops during the growing season, improve the growth and development of plants, and ensure their protection from bacterial diseases.

Currently, there is an increased interest in humic substances all over the world, the technologies for their production are being improved, the raw material base is expanding, which involves all new types of biohumus, coals, peat, slates, peloids, composts, etc. Humic substances have a number of advantages over synthetic fertilizers and plant growth and development stimulants. Humic substances optimize respiration and the throughput of the transport system of plants, accelerate the movement of nutrients and energy metabolism, the intensity of photosynthesis and the synthesis of chlorophyll (Smirnova, Yu.V. Mechanism of action and functions of humic preparations / Yu.V. Smirnova, VS Vinogradova // Agrochemical Bulletin. 2004. 1. S. 22-23).

Specialists adhering to the principles of natural (organic) farming use humic fertilizers, the principle of which is based on feeding the soil at the expense of its own resources ([Electronic resource] Liquid fertilizers: what are they and how to use them? URL: https:// zen.yandex.ru/media/antonovsad/jidkie-udobreniia-kakie-byvaiut-i-kak-ispolzovat-5aa73d259d5cb3fcca244213 (Accessed 08/15/2019)).

It is well known that water-soluble salts of natural humic compounds are biostimulators of plant growth and development: humates and fulvates of Na, K or NH ₄ even in low concentrations (0.001-0.0001%). Scientific studies have shown that the lower the molecular weight of humic substances, the more effective they are on the growth and development of plants (Popov, A.I. On the mechanism of the influence of humic substances on the production process of plants. "Humus and soil formation" / A.I. Popov / / Collection of scientific works of St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, 2000, No. 2, pp. 13-14).

Humic substances are widely distributed in nature and are formed as a result of the natural degradation of organic substances. Humic substances have a wide range of physiological activity on living organisms. Currently, they are widely used as organic fertilizers and soil conditioners, plant and animal growth stimulants, and feed additives.

Brown coals, shales, peat and sapropels are richest in them. Recently, natural highly humus organic fertilizers and soil improvers such as vermicomposts (biohumus), composts and zoocomposts (biohumus) obtained by large-scale bioconversion of organic waste using earthworms (compost) worms, microorganisms and larvae have recently been used as a renewable raw material for the production of humic preparations. synanthropic flies, respectively. The resulting high-quality organic fertilizers, in addition to humic substances, contain a number of microorganisms useful for soil and plants, as well as a complex of biologically active substances: phytohormones, peptides, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, macro- and microelements, natural fungicidal and bactericidal compounds.

Obtaining humic preparations from humus-containing substrates by alkaline treatment in solution is the most widely used technology in the last 10-15 years.

Known methods for obtaining liquid humic preparations from humus-containing substrates, including their pre-treatment to obtain a suspension and subsequent alkaline treatment in combination with other additional methods: for example, exposure to electric current, nitrogen enrichment, the use of large-scale animal waste, in particular, chicken manure, etc. (RF patent No. 2007376, class C05F 11/00, 1993; RF patent No. 2015949, class C05F 3/00, 1993; RF patent No. 2477264, class C05F 11/02, 2012; RF patent No. 2248339, class C05F 11/02, 2004; RF patent No. 2253641, class C05F 3/00; RF patent No. 2231513, class C05F 11/02).

A common disadvantage of the known methods for obtaining liquid humic preparations from humus-containing substrates is the long time of the extraction process, the use of alkalis and the additional expenditure of energy and materials for their neutralization, as well as the fact that humic acids in the substrates are mainly in the form of salts of divalent cations insoluble in alkalis, first of all, calcium, which is not excluded from the further processing process and, as a result, entails a decrease in the concentration of humic substances in the final product.

There are ways to obtain liquid fertilizers and preparations from humus-containing substances: compost, biohumus, zoocompost by soaking them in water and then separating the liquid fraction.

A known method for obtaining a liquid preparation from biohumus by soaking the latter in water, followed by separation of the liquid fraction (Gorodniy, N.M. Bioconversion of organic waste and the use of biohumus in agriculture / N.M. Gorodniy // International agro-industrial journal. 1991. No. 5. pp. 98-99). This method allows to obtain a liquid biohumus preparation containing water-soluble substances: nutrient micro- and macroelements and some physiologically active substances, as well as a community of beneficial soil microorganisms, which, when introduced into the soil, multiplies and contributes to the enrichment of the soil with substances necessary for the growth and development of plants. The resulting preparation is an effective means of increasing plant productivity.

The disadvantage of this method for obtaining a liquid biohumus preparation is that the physiologically active substances in the finished product are in low concentrations, as a result of which the operational characteristics of the liquid fertilizer during large-scale use, transportation and storage are unsatisfactory.

A method for producing complex fertilizers is known (RF patent No. 2107054, class C05F 11/00, 17/00, 1997), including mixing vermicompost with water, microbiological fermentation of the resulting aqueous suspension with stirring, and subsequent separation of the liquid fraction by filtration at 25-30 ° C and with continuous enrichment of the aqueous suspension with oxygen for 150-170 hours. At the stage of obtaining the final target product, the filtered liquid fraction is dehydrated under reduced pressure and at a temperature of 30-35°C. The final product has improved performance characteristics and contains higher concentrations of plant growth regulators and physiologically active metabolites produced by aerobic soil microorganisms.

The disadvantage of this method of obtaining a complex fertilizer is that in the solid fraction of vermicompost, a small amount of water-soluble compounds (no more than 3-5%) passes into the aqueous phase, and most of the humic substances contained in the vermicompost itself remain in the water-insoluble precipitate and are removed during settling. and filtration of the aqueous suspension.

A liquid preparation from biohumus is known (Koschaev, A.G. Biotechnology for vermicultivation of organic waste / A.G. Koschaev, O.V. Koschaeva, M.A. Eliseev // Polythematic network electronic scientific journal of KubSAU. 2014. No. 95 (01) S. 633-647), which is obtained by soaking biohumus (1 kg), containing, in addition to nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, trace elements, 3.3% humic acids, in water (10 l), with further settling and mixing within 1-2 days and subsequent filtering of the resulting liquid fraction. The use of the resulting liquid preparation from biohumus helps to increase the yield of corn and cereals - by 30-40%, potatoes - by 30-70%, vegetable crops - 35-70%. Moreover, the grown products meet sanitary and hygienic requirements and are recommended for dietary and baby food. It is possible to use such a liquid biohumus fertilizer for vegetable and berry crops by spraying at the rate of 6-8 liters of solution per 100 m ² , as well as by soaking the seeds before sowing.

A known method of obtaining liquid biologically active substances, which consists in the fact that from the sifted vermicompost and water prepare a mixture containing 25% dry matter; after dissolving for 2-3 hours, the stirred and homogeneous mixture is passed through a centrifuge, the mixture is separated into a dark cloudy liquid and a solid phase. The liquid obtained as a result of settling is divided into three parts. A sediment of the particles that have passed through the centrifuge falls into the lower part, a yellow-brown liquid is formed above this fraction, and above it is a light colloidal layer, similar to an ointment. All obtained fractions are used (Gorodniy, N.M. Bioconversion of organic waste in a biodynamic economy / N.M. Gorodniy, I.A. Melnik I.A., M.F. Povkhan et al. // Kyiv. 1990. 164 p. .).

The disadvantage of this method is the high consumption of vermicompost, the limited time of liquid settling, insufficient for natural fermentation, i.e. saturating it with regenerative microorganisms and metabolites of their vital activity, which are the basis of the stimulating properties of the substance.

Despite the disadvantages inherent in the known methods for obtaining liquid preparations from compost or biohumus, all of them are distinguished by the simplicity of the technological process for their preparation, excluding the need for the use of aggressive reagents. Their important disadvantage is often the inability to maximize the full use of the internal nutritional potential of the original humus-containing substance.

Due to the expansion of the raw material base of primary sources of biologically active substances, which involves all new types of biohumus, coals, peat, slates, peloids, composts, etc., by choosing the initial humus-containing substance, it is possible to optimize the technological process for obtaining liquid-phase biological agents for plant growing and agriculture and reduce its cost .

The closest in technical essence to the claimed method is a method for obtaining a liquid biostimulant of plant growth and development from humus-containing substances (RF patent No. fermentation to obtain compost with the release of an aqueous bacterial suspension from it, to obtain which the compost is soaked in water, the bacterial mass is extracted from it into an aqueous solution by infusion for 30 minutes, the resulting bacterial suspension is separated from the solid fraction of the compost by centrifugation, and the solid fraction of the compost is subjected to alkaline extraction, followed by mixing the liquid extract with a bacterial suspension and settling to obtain the target product.

The disadvantage of the known method for obtaining a liquid biostimulator of plant growth and development is the low efficiency of the obtained biostimulator, which depends not only on the concentration of nutrients in the target extract, but also on the initial humus-containing substance and the method of its biotechnological processing, which can optimize the technological process for obtaining liquid-phase biological agents for crop production. and agriculture and reduce its cost.

The problem solved by this invention is to develop a method for producing liquid fertilizer, which is simple and expands the range of liquid fertilizers for crop production and agriculture.

The technical result obtained from solving the problem is to obtain in a fairly short period of time an inexpensive, but effective liquid fertilizer for crop production and agriculture in a simple way. Since the feedstock for the production of liquid fertilizer is biofertilizer obtained by fermentation of a peat dung mixture from chicken manure and peat, the problem of storage and disposal of poultry waste is also solved.

The problem posed in the invention is solved by the fact that in the method of obtaining a liquid fertilizer, including mixing a humus-containing substance with water at a temperature of 30-35 ° C, infusion and centrifugation of the liquid fraction, biofertilizer obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days is used as a humus-containing substance peat litter mixture at a ratio of components 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in the amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the resulting primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, the active principle of which is a community of microorganisms, including ammonifying in the amount of 2.0 × 10 ⁸ ... 2.8 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, amylolytic in the amount of 1 × 10 ⁸ ... 2 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, and also nutrients for plants, including phosphorus in the form of P ₂ O ₅ , % per abs. dry matter - 2.40 ... 2.70; potassium in the form of K ₂ O, % per abs. dry matter - 1.38 ... 1.52; physiologically active substances, in particular, magnesium, the mixing of the humus-containing substance with water is carried out in a ratio of components 1:5, the infusion is carried out for 2 hours, after which the resulting suspension is subjected to decantation and filtration, and after centrifugation of the liquid fraction, amber is introduced into the liquid fertilizer acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %. The process of fermentation of the peat litter mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and in the process of fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

In the course of research related to the development of a new method for producing liquid fertilizer, the choice was made of the initial humus-containing substance, which makes it possible to optimize the technological process for obtaining a new liquid fertilizer, the ratio of the initial humus-containing substance and water, the infusion time of the suspension obtained by mixing them and the method for separating the liquid fraction from the sediment . To enhance the protective properties and ensure the functions of a liquid fertilizer plant growth regulator by introducing a stimulant into its composition, a choice was made between two types of stimulants - organic S _org. , represented by succinic acid, and mineral (inorganic) S _min. represented by potassium phosphate.

The original humus-containing substance - biofertilizer, is a loose mass of dark brown color with a slight specific odor, with favorable acidity - 8.5 ... 8.9; mass fraction of phosphorus content in the form of P ₂ O ₅ , % per abs. dry matter - 2.40 ... 2.70; potassium in the form of K ₂ O, % per abs. dry matter - 1.38 ... 1.52; increased content of physiologically active substances, in particular, magnesium; the presence of a sufficiently high number of agronomically useful microflora - ammonifying in the amount of 2.0 × 10 ⁸ ... 2.8 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, amylolytic in the amount of 1 × 10 ⁸ ... 2 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, trace amounts of microscopic fungi and the absence enterobacteria (RF patent No. 2646630).

The basis for obtaining biofertilizer (RF patent No. 2646630), which is the initial humus-containing substance for obtaining the claimed liquid fertilizer, is the process of alkalization with a 0.5% solution of potassium hydroxide of the initial humus-containing peat-litter mixture, as a result of which humic substances are released from peat, which improve the quality of biofertilizer and enriching it with an important component of the mineral nutrition of plants - potassium. The method of alkalization ensures the effective destruction of macromolecular compounds, contributing to the grinding of the substrate and its best availability for the fermenting microflora. Having passed the process of alkalization of the initial humus-containing peat litter mixture at the initial stage of obtaining biofertilizer with its subsequent fermentation, the final product - biofertilizer, characterized by the presence of a sufficiently high number of useful microflora and nutrients, as well as favorable acidity, does not need additional treatment with an alkali or salt solution when obtaining a liquid fertilizer in the manner claimed. Thus, by choosing the initial humus-containing substance, it is possible to optimize the technological process for obtaining the claimed liquid fertilizer, greatly simplifying it, reducing its duration, thereby reducing the cost of the resulting liquid fertilizer and expanding the range of liquid fertilizers for crop production and agriculture.

Liquid forms occupy a special place among the entire range of fertilizers, preparations and other biological agents. A clear advantage of liquid forms of fertilizers is that they can be applied both in the form of root and foliar dressings. The advantages of liquid fertilizers include ease of application; high penetrating ability into the soil, and, consequently, to the roots of the plant; a fairly fast speed of delivery of nutrients to the plant when spraying, when it is necessary to quickly fill the lack of nutrients and help the plant protect itself from negative factors: weather conditions, diseases or pests; are spent with less losses, which means they are more economical; help restore soil fertility in small areas where it is not possible to organize green manure or crop rotation; due to large dilutions of application doses - relatively low cost.

The temperature regime of mixing biofertilizer and water is low: 30-35°C, which ensures the active life of the mesophilic microflora. When biofertilizer is mixed with water, the bacterial mass is extracted from the solid phase, as well as water-soluble substances containing nutrient macro- and microelements, phytohormones and other biologically active substances that have a positive effect on the physiological processes occurring in plants.

Studying the literature on this issue, we came to the conclusion that the optimal ratio of the initial biofertilizer with water should be no more than 1:10, and the mixture infusion time should be 2-6 hours (RF Patent No. / Titov I.N., Shishova T.I., Denisov A.A., Feoktistov I.I., 1996. RF Patent No. 2520144 Method for obtaining liquid humic fertilizer / Fomicheva N.V., Rabinovich G.Yu., 2014). As a result of numerous experiments, the optimal ratio of the initial biofertilizer and water was chosen: 1:5, and the mixture infusion time was 2 hours (Table 1).

Separation of the liquid fraction is carried out by sequential decantation, filtration, and to achieve the most "clean" liquid fertilizer - centrifugation. The sediment remaining after separation of the liquid fraction can be used in any acceptable way as top dressing for various crops.

To enhance the protective properties and ensure the functions of a plant growth regulator, two types of stimulants were introduced into liquid fertilizers - organic S _org. and mineral (inorganic) S _min. The organic stimulant is represented by succinic acid, the mineral stimulant is potassium phosphate.

The presence of plant growth regulators in fertilizers improves the quality of the latter. Succinic acid is widely distributed as an additive in liquid forms of fertilizers. It is used to protect plants as not only a growth regulator, but also a stress adaptogen, and also takes part in the cellular respiration of aerobic organisms, increases the content of chlorophyll. Succinic acid can be used to improve seed germination, accelerate the rooting of cuttings, stimulate the root system, relieve plant stress, push for growth and flowering.

Succinic acid is an affordable and safe drug that stimulates plant growth. It is a versatile intracellular metabolite. The scientific name for this substance is butanedioic acid or ethane 1,2-dicarboxylic acid. Succinic acid in its pure form is a white powder of transparent small crystals, it tastes slightly sour, non-toxic, non-toxic to the environment, so it can be used at home and in the garden without protective equipment. It is known that succinic acid is needed for plants in small doses, highly concentrated products should not be used, although an excess of succinic acid will not bring much harm to plants, since this substance is quickly neutralized. ([Electronic resource] Succinic acid - application for indoor, garden and garden plants. URL: https:// zen.yandex.ru/media/klumba/iantamaia-kislota-primenenie-dlia-komnatnyh-sadovyh-i -ogorodnyh-rastenii-5be52d171989d400a9b17ce9 (accessed 02/19/2020)).

Succinic acid as a growth activator is included in many liquid industrial fertilizers. For example, fertilizer "Bona Forte", "Fertik", "Uniflor", "Beauty", "Good Power" and others. A known method for the production of liquid nitrogen fertilizer UAN, in which succinic acid is present at the rate of 3-5 g of acid per 1 liter. (RF patent No. 2638956).

Potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water, chemical formula K ₂ HPO ₄ × 3H ₂ O - these are white crystals, used in the production of ferroelectric and piezoelectrics, is a high-quality component of many fertilizers. Its use affects the frost resistance of some food plants, increases the winter hardiness of winter crops.

The advantage of using potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water as a stimulant in the production of liquid fertilizer is that it contains two important physiological elements.

The potassium cation stimulates the normal course of the photosynthesis process, increasing the outflow of carbohydrates from the leaf blade to other organs of the plant. Not being part of the enzymes, it activates the work of many of them: riboflavin, thiamine, pyruvic acid kinase, enzymes, with the participation of which some peptide bonds are synthesized, which increases the biosynthesis of proteins from amino acids, and other processes. In all these reactions, potassium serves as an electron carrier. It increases the hydrophilicity (hydration) of protoplasm colloids, which keeps the body in a young, active state. With a sufficient supply of potassium, plants retain water better and tolerate short-term droughts more easily. A more intensive accumulation of carbohydrates in plants with good potassium nutrition improves the quality of the crop, and also increases the sugar content in fruits and vegetables, starch in cereals and vegetables. The strength, length and fineness of the fibers in spinning plants are improved. Simultaneously with the improvement of the quality of the crop, the resistance of crops to light frosts is enhanced. This is due to an increase in the osmotic pressure of the cell sap, which predetermines a decrease in its freezing temperature. (Petersburg, A.V. Agrochemistry and physiology of plant nutrition / A.V. Petersburg // M.: Rosselkhozizdat, 1981. 98 p.).

Phosphorus, which is part of potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water, forms phosphate esters of sugars and other compounds that play a very important role in the processes of respiration and photosynthesis (oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, synthesis of proteins and complex carbohydrates, etc.). Phosphorus is a part of nucleoproteins, adenosine phosphates and other phosphates, all of which have pyrophosphate bonds that have a large supply of free energy of hydrolysis (Grodzinsky. AM Brief reference book on plant physiology /AM Grodzinsky, D.M. Grodzinsky // Kyiv: "Naukova Dumka". 1973. 491 p.).

When choosing a stimulant, we used succinic acid in 5 concentrations with a step of 0.05%. In contrast, potassium phosphate had a constant concentration of 1%. Given the large amount of data on the evaluation of liquid fertilizers (LF) obtained using stimulants with different concentrations, the results of biochemical and microbiological indicators were averaged in each series of liquid fertilizer types (described in the examples below). This is due to the fact that according to the key parameters of comparison (in terms of humic acids and microflora), the differences between the individual options in the series were insignificant, in addition, the choice, due to economic considerations, was stopped on options with a minimum concentration if it was not significantly inferior to the rest of the options in the series under study. .

As a result of numerous experiments, to enhance the protective properties and ensure the functions of a plant growth regulator, succinic acid was chosen as a stimulant in an amount of 0.05 wt. % liquid fertilizer.

Thus, as a result of research related to the development of a new method, a new liquid fertilizer has been obtained, expanding the range of liquid fertilizers for crop production. The feedstock for the production of liquid fertilizer is a biofertilizer, the method of obtaining which allows you to optimize and greatly simplify the method of obtaining a new liquid fertilizer.

The method for obtaining liquid fertilizer is illustrated in the drawings and explained in tables.

In FIG. 1 shows the content of humic acids in liquid fertilizer: options for liquid fertilizer (FV) No. 1-3 (2-hour infusion, ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:5): No. 1 - FG; No. 2 - _ZhU + S org; No. 3 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 4-6 (2-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:10): No. 4 - ZhU; No. 5 - _ZhU + S org; No. 6 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 7-9 (4-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1: 5): No. 7 - ZhU; No. 8 - _ZhU + S org; No. 9 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 10-12 (4-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:10): No. 10 - ZhU; No. 11 - _ZhU + S org; No. 12 - _ZhU + S org + S _min. ; in fig. 2 - microbiological characteristics of the variants of ZU: options for liquid fertilizer (ZU) No. 1-3 (2-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:5): No. 1 - ZhU; No. 2 - _ZhU + S org; No. 3 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 4-6 (2-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:10): No. 4 - ZhU; No. 5 - _ZhU + S org; No. 6 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 7-9 (4-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:5): No. 7 - ZhU; No. 8 - _ZhU + S org; No. 9 - _ZhU + S org + S _min ; No. 10-12 (4-hour infusion, the ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:10): No. 10 - ZhU; No. 11 - _ZhU + S org; No. 12 - _ZhU + S org + S _min .; in fig. 3 shows the yield and quality of potatoes of the Skarb variety. Experience options: Without fertilizers - control 1; NPK (background) - control 2; NPK (background) + ZhU-1; NPK (background) + ZhU-1+S _org ; NPK (background) + ZhU-1 + S _{org +} S _min ; NPK (background) + ZhU-2; NPK (background) + ZhU-2+S _org ; NPK (background) + ZhU-2+S _org + S _min ; NPK (background) + ZhU-3; NPK (background) + ZhU-3+S _org ; NPK (background) + ZhU-3+S _org + S _min. Table 1 shows the choice of infusion time and the ratio of the initial components when receiving liquid fertilizer; in table 2 - agrochemical characteristics of the best options for liquid fertilizer; Table 3 shows the scheme of the microfield experiment; in table 4 - some biometric indicators of potato plants and the quality of tubers; table 5 shows the yield of potato varieties "Skarb"; in table 6 - characteristics of the best options for microfield experience. The claimed method for obtaining liquid fertilizer includes: - mixing a humus-containing substance, which is used as a biofertilizer obtained by fermenting a peat litter mixture for 5 days at a ratio of components of 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, with water at a temperature of 30-35°C in the ratio of components 1:5;

- insisting the suspension for 2 hours;

- suspension decantation [in chemical laboratory practice and chemical technology, mechanical separation of the solid phase of a dispersed system (suspension) from the liquid by draining the solution from the sediment];

- filtration of the liquid phase through filter paper;

- centrifugation of the liquid phase to obtain liquid fertilizer;

- introduction to the obtained liquid fertilizer of succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %.

The choice of the best variant of the method for obtaining a new liquid fertilizer in the course of the conducted research, its confirmation in a microfield experiment on potatoes of the Skarb variety, and the technical result obtained are given in specific examples.

To conduct research in order to select the best option for the method of obtaining liquid fertilizer, 12 variants of liquid fertilizer were obtained and investigated.

Example 1. Biofertilizer is mixed, obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture at a ratio of components of 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20 -22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, with water at a water temperature of 30-35°C in a ratio of 1:5, infusion of the suspension for 2 hours, decantation of the suspension, filtering the liquid phase through filter paper and centrifuging the liquid phase to obtain liquid fertilizer.

The process of fermentation of the peat litter mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and in the process of fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

Example 2. In a liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 1, an organic stimulant S _{org is introduced.} , which is used as succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %.

Example 3. In the liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 2, an additional mineral stimulator S _min. , which is used as potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water, chemical formula K ₂ HPO ₄ × 3H ₂ O, in the amount of 1 wt. %.

Example 4. Biofertilizer is mixed, obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture at a ratio of components 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20 -22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, with water at a water temperature of 30-35°C in a ratio of 1:10, infusion of the suspension for 2 hours, decantation of the suspension, filtering the liquid phase through filter paper and centrifuging the liquid phase to obtain liquid fertilizer.

The process of fermentation of the peat litter mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and in the process of fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

Example 5. In a liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 4, an organic stimulant S _{org is introduced.} , which is used as succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %.

Example 6. In the liquid fertilizer obtained by _the method described in example ₅ , _the mineral stimulator S _MHH . 1 wt. %.

Example 7. Biofertilizer is mixed, obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture at a ratio of components 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20 -22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, with water at a water temperature of 30-35°C in a ratio of 1:5, infusion of the suspension for 4 hours, decantation of the suspension, filtering the liquid phase through filter paper and centrifuging the liquid phase to obtain a liquid fertilizer.

The process of fermentation of the peat litter mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and in the process of fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

Example 8. In a liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 7, an organic stimulant S _{org is introduced.} , which is used as succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %.

Example 9. In liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 8, an additional mineral stimulator S _min. , which is used as potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water, chemical formula K ₂ HPO ₄ × 3H ₂ O, in the amount of 1 wt. %.

Example 10. Biofertilizer is mixed, obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture at a ratio of components 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20 -22°C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, with water at a water temperature of 30-35°C in a ratio of 1:10, infusing the suspension for 4 hours, decanting the suspension, filtering the liquid phase through filter paper and centrifuging the liquid phase to obtain liquid fertilizer.

The process of fermentation of the peat litter mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39°C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55-60°C for 24 hours, and in the process of fermentation the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

Example 11. In a liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 10, an organic stimulant S _{org is introduced.} , which is used as succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %.

Example 12. In a liquid fertilizer obtained by the method described in example 11, additionally enter the mineral stimulator S _min. , which is used as potassium phosphate 2-substituted 3-water, chemical formula K ₂ HPO ₄ × 3H ₂ O, in the amount of 1 wt. %.

All variants of the method for obtaining liquid fertilizer for the convenience of their analysis are grouped into series: No. 1-3, No. 4-6, No. 7-9 and No. 10-12.

In all variants of liquid fertilizer, the content of humic acids was determined (Fig. 1), the amount of useful (N-transforming microorganisms) and conditionally pathogenic microflora (enterobacteria) (Fig. 2), as well as the pH of the solution, which is reflected in Table 1, analysis which (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Table 1) showed the following:

- in variants with a 4-hour infusion of the mixture, a high content of both humic acids and nitrogen-transforming microorganisms was determined;

- in variants with 2-hour infusion, the lowest amount of conditionally pathogenic microflora (enterobacteria) was noted, which is an important factor in assessing the microbiological characteristics of fertilizer quality;

- variants of the experiment with 6-hour infusion were characterized by acceptable performance, however, given that the reduction in the cost of the process of obtaining liquid fertilizer is an important factor, this factor is the reason for the rejection of these options;

- the maximum amount of humic acids among all variants of liquid fertilizers was determined in a series of variants with a 4-hour infusion (Fig. 1, options Nos. 7-12), especially at a ratio of 1:5;

- the lowest content of humic acids was noted at 2-hour infusion at a ratio of biofertilizer components: water 1:10; this time was not enough for the complete transition of humic acids from the original biofertilizer to the resulting suspension (Fig. 1, options Nos. 4-6);

- pH value of all variants of liquid fertilizer with stimulants organic S _org.. and mineral S _min. shifted to the acidic side, this was especially clearly noted in a series of liquid fertilizer options with the addition of only an organic stimulant with a 2-hour infusion at a biofertilizer: water ratio of 1:5 (up to 4.2) and 1:10 at (up to 4, 1), as well as 4-hour infusion at a ratio of biofertilizer components: water 1:10 (up to 4.3);

- a series of variants with a ratio of biofertilizer: water 1:5 with a 2-hour infusion, although they did not have high microbiological indicators, it was in them that the smallest number of conditionally pathogenic microorganisms was detected, which is an important characteristic for organic fertilizer;

- preference was given to options with 4 and 2 hours of infusion with a ratio of bio-fertilizer and water 1:5 and with a 4-hour infusion with a ratio of bio-fertilizer and water 1:10;

- due to the lowest values of all the indicators discussed above (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, options No. 4-6), a series of options with a ratio of biofertilizer components: water 1:10 with a 2-hour infusion were excluded from further research.

In each remaining version of the liquid fertilizer, its agrochemical characteristics were determined, including the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and carbon in the dry matter, which is reflected in Table 2. All these variants of liquid fertilizers were tested in a microfield experiment on potatoes of the variety "Skarb", the scheme of which is presented in table 3.

For convenience of presentation, the variants of liquid fertilizers obtained by the claimed method and used in the microfield experiment were grouped and designated as ZhU-1 (biofertilizer: water 1:5, infusion for 2 hours), ZhU-2 (biofertilizer: water 1: 5, infusion for 4 hours) and ZhU-3 (biofertilizer: water 1:10, infusion for 4 hours). The control variants of the experiment were the variant without the use of fertilizers (option No. 1) and the variant with the introduction of only mineral fertilizers into the soil (option No. 2).

Based on the results of past years of research, the optimal total dose of applying organic biofertilizer with mineral fertilizers for potatoes was determined (RF patent No. 2710319). Adhering to the identified dosage of fertilizers, mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, potassium chloride and double superphosphate) were applied to the soil, calculated according to the NPK content in 3 tons of biofertilizer, and the organic part of fertilizers in the experiment was represented by the best variants of liquid fertilizers (Table 3) obtained based on biofertilizer (RF patent No. 2646630).

Variants of experiments Nos. 3-11 (Table 3) in each series are represented by three variants of LC: without stimulants, with the addition of only an organic stimulant, and with simultaneous introduction of organic and mineral stimulants into the LC. Spraying of potato plants was carried out at a dose of 300 l/ha (dilution 1:100) in the phases of germination, budding and flowering.

The development of tops and tubers is influenced, first of all, by growing conditions, and secondly, by the development and spread of pests and diseases (Anisimov B.V. Protection of potatoes from diseases, pests and weeds / B.V. Anisimov, G.L. Belov , Yu.A. Varitsev and others // M.: Publishing house of Kartofelevod, 2009. - 272 p.).

Plant damage by late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is the cause of a decrease in potato productivity. It is estimated that the cost of annual yield losses of this crop from late blight plus the cost of its control in the world is about 4 billion euros (Schepers et al., 2009). Our country loses about 4 million tons of potatoes annually from late blight. In the years of epiphytoties, in the absence of protection, the productivity of varieties susceptible to disease can decrease by 1.5-2 times (Filippov A.V. Potato late blight / A.V. Filippov. - Supplement to the journal Plant Protection and Quarantine, No. 5, 2012 . - 87 p.).

In agricultural practice, there are no potato varieties with absolute resistance to late blight, but there are varieties affected by this disease to a lesser extent. Used in the experiment potato variety "Skarb" does not apply to those.

Such an agricultural crop as potatoes responds positively to the use of humic preparations, which increase its resistance to various diseases. In all variants with spraying of VU, the least damage to potato plantings by late blight during the next growing season was revealed (Table 4).

Normal growth and full development of crops are provided with nutrients that enter the plants not only through the root system, but also by getting on their above-ground surface (leaves, stems, petioles, generative organs). In connection with the necessity and possibility of a quantitative description of individual dependencies as components of a more complex system of relationships, the interest of researchers in mathematical methods for calculating the values of various indicators, in particular, the size of the assimilating system of plants (leaf surface area), has increased.

The area of an individual leaf and the total leaf surface of a plant make it possible to assess the photosynthetic potential and the intensity of its work. Phytophthora damage naturally affects the photosynthetic activity of sown areas, including those occupied by potatoes. However, the currently used methods for determining the leaf surface area are rather cumbersome and are associated with the duration of this study, which requires speed and accuracy of analyzes.

In our study, we used the method for determining the area of leaves, developed at the Irkutsk State Agrarian University, based on the use of the APFillInkTonerCoverageMeter 5.8 software tool. (Dmitriev, N.N. Method for accelerated determination of the leaf surface area of agricultural crops using computer technology / N.N. Dmitriev, Sh.K. Khusnidinov // Bulletin of the Krasnoyarsk State Agrarian University. 2016. No. 7. P. 88-93).

A feature of the modern technique is that the program allows you to find out the page filling with ink and the average color on the sheet before printing on the printer with an accuracy of 1%, which makes it more informative than other methods (cut-outs, measurements, etc.).

It should be noted the positive effect of spraying potato plants with all the liquid fertilizers we used, which was reflected in an increase in leaf area, and, consequently, in photosynthetic activity, which is closely related to the size of the leaf surface (Table 4).

The yield of potatoes depends on many factors, including fertilizers applied to the soil. When calculating the total yield in all variants of the experiment, an increase was revealed relative to the variant without the use of fertilizer. Good yield indicators were noted in the control variant No. 2 (22.85 t/ha), in which the total yield was higher by 8% compared to the variants of the ZhU-2 series and by 19% - of the ZhU-3 series.

The best in terms of overall yield among the options with spraying leaves with different variants of ZU can be considered the variants of the experiment of the ZhU-1 series, in which an increase was noted (6% on average) compared to control variant No. 2, where only mineral fertilizers were used. Among the ZHU-1 series, two variants stand out especially - Nos. 4 and 5, in which the maximum both total and marketable yields are noted: 24.89 and 24.65; 20.88 and 20.44 t/ha, respectively.

It should be noted that in the variants with the use of three variants of VU in each series, the best in terms of overall yield was the variant where the plants were sprayed with VU with the addition of only an organic stimulant: 24.89, 21.85 and 18.99, respectively, in VU - 1,2 or 3 series.

It should be noted that in our experiment, the formation of yield was largely influenced by plant infection with phytophthora, which is confirmed by a reliable regression equation y = 32.7525-0.228064x with a correlation coefficient R = - 0.65, indicating a moderately strong feedback between the variables . The power of development of the photosynthetic apparatus of the plant (leaf surface area) was directly proportional to the potato yield, but the correlation coefficient between them did not exceed R = 0.37.

The biological value of potatoes depends on the content and ratio of useful and harmful substances in the tubers. Among the first, the most important are carbohydrates (mainly starch), vitamins, protein, macro-microelements and others. Harmful substances include glycoalkaloids (solanine), pesticide residues and certain minerals (nitrates, nitrites, etc.).

The content of starch in potato tubers varied in the variants of the experiment (Table 4, Fig. 3). In the control (without the use of fertilizers), this indicator was even higher than some variants with spraying of LF. At the same time, control 2 (option No. 2) showed a decrease in the starch content of tubers, which is confirmed by the literature data (Filin, V.I. Influence of fertilizers on the quality of potato tubers when programming crops under irrigation / V.I. Filin, Yu.A. Gulyanov // Proceedings of the Orenburg State Agrarian University, 2004, No. 2(2), pp. 95-96.

Among the variants of the experiment with the use of ZhU, the highest indicators for the content of starch in tubers (on average 12.08%) were noted in the series of variants ZhU-1; slightly less were the indicators in the variants of the ZhU-3 series (11.56%), and the lowest figures for the starch content were obtained in the series of variants ZhU-2 (10.07%), which is almost 5% lower than in the variant- control No. 2 (10.56%). It should be noted that the best variants in terms of starch content should include all variants of the experiment with the introduction of only an organic stimulant into the FA.

Potato varieties with a high protein content are the most viable, as they are more resistant to pathogens. In our experiment, between late blight-infected plants and the protein content in the tubers of these variants, there was a relationship with a correlation coefficient R = 0.39. In addition, the amount of protein in potato tubers depends on the content of mineral nitrogen in the soil, which is confirmed in our case by a reliable regression equation y = 10.5799 + 0.222655x with a correlation coefficient R = 0.54.

Thus, the study carried out on potatoes of the Skarb variety made it possible to identify a positive effect on the background of applied mineral fertilizers by spraying the leaves with new liquid fertilizers both on the yield and on the quality of the products obtained. Table 6 shows the characteristics of the best experience options, primarily in terms of yield and quality of potatoes, and a choice is made in the direction of the most optimal experience option.

The introduction of an additional mineral stimulant into the biofertilizer did not provide a fundamental difference between the variants of experiment No. 4 and No. 5 (Table 6). Therefore, we can stop at option No. 4 with an organic stimulant, since the introduction of a mineral stimulant into the LC, other things being equal, increases the cost of its production process.

Based on the analysis of the content of humic acids (Fig. 1), microbiological characteristics (Fig. 2), agrochemical characteristics of liquid fertilizers (Table 3), as well as the results of field experiments (Tables 4-6, Fig. 3):

1) the choice of the optimal variant of liquid fertilizer was made (Table 6), obtained by mixing biofertilizer with water at a temperature of 30-35°C in the ratio of biofertilizer components: water 1:5, infusing the resulting suspension for 2 hours, followed by decantation, filtration and centrifugation of the liquid fraction, as well as the introduction of succinic acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %. At the same time, the initial biofertilizer was obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture at a ratio of components of 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in an amount of 1.5 liters per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the obtained primary biofertilizer in the amount of 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % mixture;

2) due to the expansion of the raw material base of primary sources of biologically active components, which involves all new types of humus-containing substances, the technological process for obtaining a new liquid fertilizer is optimized: the claimed method is short and simple in the technological process for obtaining liquid fertilizer of low cost, excluding the use of aggressive reagents;

3) the resulting liquid fertilizer is quite effective (Tables 4-6, Fig. 3); this form of fertilizer helps plants absorb nutrients better, which allows them to be used both by root treatment, and by soaking seeds or spraying vegetative crops, while expanding the range of liquid fertilizers for crop production and agriculture;

4) the use of liquid fertilizer obtained by the claimed method has a positive effect on the resistance of potato plants to phytophthora (Table 4);

5) as a result of the application of the liquid fertilizer obtained by the claimed method in the technology of growing potatoes, an increase in yield (Table 5, Fig. 3) and the quality of potato tubers (Table 4, Fig. 3) was noted;

6) the production of liquid fertilizer in order to use it in the technology of growing agricultural plants, in particular potatoes, contributes to solving the problem of storing and utilizing chicken manure and reducing environmental pollution.

7) the sediment remaining after separation of the liquid fraction can be used in any acceptable way as a top dressing for various crops.

The claimed method for producing liquid fertilizer is technologically advanced, which allows the process to be scaled up and carried out under industrial conditions.

Claims (2)

1. A method for producing liquid fertilizer, including mixing a humus-containing substance with water at a temperature of 30-35 ° C, infusion and centrifugation of the liquid fraction, characterized in that liquid bio-fertilizer obtained by carrying out the fermentation process for 5 days of a peat litter mixture is used as a humus-containing substance at a ratio of components of 50:50, which is alkalized with a 0.5% aqueous solution of caustic potassium in the amount of 1.5 l per 1 kg of the mixture at a temperature of 20-22 ° C for 24 hours, wheat bran is introduced into the resulting primary biofertilizer in the amount 3 wt. % of the mixture, citric acid in the amount of 0.1 wt. % and magnesium acetate in the amount of 0.1 wt. % of the mixture, the active principle of which is a community of microorganisms, including ammonifying in the amount of 2.0 × 10 ⁸ ... 2.8 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, amylolytic in the amount of 1 × 10 ⁸ ... 2 × 10 ⁸ CFU / ml, and also nutrients for plants, including phosphorus in the form of P ₂ O ₅ , % per abs. dry matter, - 2.40 ... 2.70; potassium in the form of K ₂ O, % per abs. dry matter, - 1.38 ... 1.52; physiologically active substances, including magnesium, the mixing of the humus-containing substance with water is carried out in a ratio of 1:5, the infusion is carried out for 2 hours, after which the resulting suspension is subjected to decantation and filtration, and after centrifugation of the liquid fraction, amber is added to the liquid fertilizer acid in the amount of 0.05 wt. %. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the process of fermentation of the peat dung mixture is carried out in two stages at an elevated temperature, while the first stage of fermentation is carried out in the temperature range of 36-39 ° C for 96 hours, the second - in the temperature range of 55- 60°C for 24 hours, and during the fermentation process, the mixture is periodically blown with air in the longitudinal and transverse directions for 30 minutes every 24 hours.

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