RU2489717C2 - Method of analysis of crown of accounting fir-tree according to testing of needles of one-year branches - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: wood-working industry.

SUBSTANCE: accounting fir-tree and its whorl is chosen. Then the primary branch inside the chosen whorl is chosen with the measurement of the geodesic direction of its stem, the main sample is cut from the end of the stem in the form of a branch for the analysis of its water-holding capacity. After cutting each branch is placed in a container for transportation. The retrospective age of the chosen branches is determined starting from the terminal shoot, after cutting with the mark of the current time of cutting and the number of the whorl. In the laboratory conditions, the cut branches are weighed with recording in the log of time passed from cutting each branch to the moment of weighing. Each branch is divided to the petiole and the sample of needles, and the petiole and the sample of needles are also weighed with indication of the moment of measurement time, and after repeated weighting the petioles and samples of needles from the cut branches and drying them under ambient conditions until reaching the constant weight the amount of needles in each sample is counted.

EFFECT: invention provides a complexity of analysis of fir-tree crown.

10 cl, 19 dwg, 4 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to environmental taxation of forest, non-forest and single spruce trees and it can be used in environmental engineering and environmental ecology, dendroecological monitoring, protection and environmental protection by analyzing the results of measurements of distribution in the crown and testing of annual branches of spruce. The analysis of the crown of spruce accounting trees can be carried out with a single or multiple environmental assessment of urban and forest areas according to vegetative periods of development and growth of spruce branches for different whorls of the crown on the southern side of the spruce.

A known method of testing spruce needles from branches of a spruce accounting tree according to patent No. 2408184, including selecting spruce accounting trees under various anthropogenic effects, taking samples in the form of spruce branches, separating the needles from each stem, and after selecting a spruce tree, select a whorl, after of this, branches of one year of age are planned on the selected branch, then the needles are laid out in containers for drying at room conditions, and after cutting and during the drying process, samples of the needles from each branch are weighed by weight x a measurement error of 0.0005 grams.

The disadvantage is the lack of geometric binding of the annual branches and the mass of their needles to the structure and parameters of the crown of the accounting spruce.

There is also a method of testing a spruce tree to assess the water-holding ability of cut branches according to patent No. 2411717, which includes selecting a spruce accounting tree and its whorl, then select a first-order branch inside the selected whorl with measuring the geodesic direction of its stem, cut the main sample in the form of a twig from the end of the stem to analyze its water-holding ability, after cutting, each branch is placed in a container for transportation, and then all the cut branches in laboratory conditions are repeatedly weighed with drying in room conditions until constant weight is reached.

The disadvantage is the lack of geometric binding of the annual branches and the mass of their needles to the structure and parameters of the crown of the spruce. Therefore, according to the results of testing the branches for water-holding ability, it is not possible to carry out an analysis of the crown of spruce spruce according to the prototype. Moreover, the drying of all cut branches without dividing each branch into needles and petioles makes it impossible to study the moisture content and relative humidity separately in the petiole and needles.

In this case, the analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce can be carried out only in one geodesic direction, for example, for the ecological assessment of the mass of growing spruce spruce only the south side.

Measurements from the south are known. In tests, for example, according to patent No. 2194385, samples are taken from the south side of the spruce tree for environmental monitoring, and from the north side for technological monitoring for the purpose of growing high-quality technical trunk wood.

Thus, the measurement object is known in the form of branches from branches of various whorls of the spruce tree on the south side of the plant, but the prototype does not allow to compare the test results of the branches as a whole, as well as their parts in the idea of petioles and needles for individual whorls along the entire height of the growing spruce .

The technical result is to increase the complexity of the analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce according to the results of measurements and tests of each branch, cut in autumn or early winter from one geodetic direction, for example, for environmental assessment of the place of growth of spruce from its southern side, and one annual branch from each southern branch all whorls were eaten without regard to its terminal escape.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that the method of analyzing the crown of the spruce tree by testing the needles of annual branches, including the choice of the spruce tree of the spruce and its whorl, then select a first-order branch inside the selected whorl with measuring the geodesic direction of its stem, cut the main sample from the end of the stem in the form branches for analysis of its water-holding ability, after cutting, each branch is placed in a container for transportation, and then all cut branches in laboratory conditions are repeatedly weighed with drying in indoor conditions until a constant mass is reached, characterized in that after determining the reference spruce tree, the geodesic direction is selected, then the first order branches in the whorls or in all whorls are selected according to the height of the spruce counting tree in the given geodesic direction, the retrospective age of the branches selected in the whorls is determined, starting from the terminal shoot at the spruce tree, after cutting with the mark of the current cutting time and whorl number, as well as the subsequent transportation of each cut branch to of the individual capacity, in laboratory conditions, the cut branches are weighed with recording in the observation log of the time elapsed after cutting each branch before the moment of weighing, then each branch is divided into the petiole and the needles sample, and the petiole and the needles sample are also weighed indicating the time of measurement, and after repeated weighing of petioles and samples of needles from cut branches, drying them at room temperature until a constant mass is achieved, the number of needles in each sample is counted, after reaching a constant mass for the samples of the needles according to the measured values of the current mass, the dynamics of the drying of the samples of the needles is simulated, then, according to the obtained statistical models of the dynamics of the drying, the calculated values of the mass of the dry sample of the needles and the mass of moisture contained in the sample of the needles at the time of cutting the branches are written, and summing up the total estimated mass needles of a cut branch, which is compared to estimate the modeling error with the mass values of the branch needles measured on the scales, in addition, according to the measured data, the division is dry needles and twigs wet weight mass and moisture in it calculates an average value of the specific weight of one of the needle, and all measured and calculated data complete identification patterns biotechnical weight change parameters depending on the age retrospective twigs accounting spruce wood.

The branches are cut from branches from all or different whorls in the distribution group on the south side of the spruce tree, and the branch is taken for the south side, in which the longitudinal axis of the stem is in azimuth within ± 15 degrees from the south geodetic direction.

The total number of directions can be equal to 12, and in special cases of testing the spruce tree, up to 12 branches from each whorl can be taken, which makes it possible to assess the environmental impact in 12 directions or by the number of branches in each whorl, and taking into account the number of branches in whorls measured the azimuth of each branch of the first order in the direction of its stem.

The southern side of the spruce tree gives the greatest variability in the parameters of the physiological processes of development and growth of needles and annual branches, therefore, through the mass of annual branches, biotechnical patterns of the influence of the ecological state of air, water and soil at the place of growth of the accounting spruce during the growing season are best identified.

The taking of annual branches is performed at the end of the growing season with needles in October or November.

Cutting one branch at the end for one growing season does not lead to the destruction of the structure of branches on one branch, therefore, testing of branches can be continued on the same spruce tree repeatedly, which allows for simple environmental monitoring of the territory for 10-25 years.

To increase the level of correlative variation in the indicators of assessing the ecological regime in this territory, several accounting spruce trees are taken, each accounting spruce is estimated separately for annual branches, taking into account the individual characteristics of the development and growth of its branches and branches, while the parameters of the needles' water-holding ability for branches different accounting trees of spruce factor analysis is carried out to allow an average statistical assessment of the correlative variation of the ecological situation in the past vegetation period and the ecological regime for periods of many years of observation.

After the first series of tests of branches from one branch from each whorl, excluding the terminal shoot, for the second and subsequent years, annual twigs are cut off from the south only at the lower whorls, and the first series of experiments allows us to identify the main biotechnical patterns of changes in the parameters of water-holding ability in the needles of branches throughout the height of the tree and the entire retrospective age of the whorls, starting from the second after the terminal shoot of the whorls and ending with the surface whorls, while multi-series tests of annual points reduces the complexity of experiments in environmental monitoring refine previously identified patterns based on the new account environmental factors.

Twigs are cut from the biogroup or even the curtain of spruce trees, which are in the natural process of developing and growing populations of spruce species of woody plants, and on young accounting trees, spruce branches are cut from the southern side for all whorls, and from adult spruce trees, branches are cut only from the lower whorls , which increases the complexity of environmental assessment from one individual to the entire bio-group, family or even the entire forest spruce.

According to the measured values of the current mass, simulation of the dynamics of drying samples of needles is performed according to the formula:

, $$m=m_{\mathrm{one}}+m_2=m_{\mathrm{one}}+m_{\mathrm{at}0}\exp (-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2})$$

,

where m is the dynamic mass of a sample of needles from one branch of spruce, g;

m ₁ - mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m ₂ - dynamic mass of moisture contained in the plant mass of needles from one branch in the course of natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h;

a ₁ , a ₂ are the parameters of the formula for the dynamics of moisture retention by the plant mass of needles after cutting the branches, moreover:

a ₁ - the activity of the decline in the water-holding ability of the needles according to the law of death;

a ₂ - the intensity of the decline according to the law of death of the water-holding ability of the needles cut from one branch.

By summing, the total estimated mass of the needles of the cut branch is obtained according to the formula:

m _{t = 0} = m ₁ + m _в0 ,

where m _{t = 0} is the estimated mass of needles of one cut branch, g;

m ₁ - mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m _b0 - the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g.

The total estimated mass of the needles of the cut branch, to assess the error of statistical modeling, is compared with the actual values of the mass of the needles of the branch on the scales measured by the formula

, $$\Delta =\mathrm{one\; hundred}(m_f-m_{t=0})/m_f$$

,

where Δ is the relative modeling error,%;

m _f - actually measured at the first weighing after cutting, the mass of the sample of needles from one branch, g;

m _{t = 0} - estimated mass of needles of one cut branch, g.

Based on the measured data by dividing the dry and wet mass of the needles of the twig and the mass of moisture in it, the average values of the specific gravity of one needle are calculated by the formulas:

, мг- mass of dry needles on average $$m_{\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

; $$m_{\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{\mathrm{one}}/N$$

;

, мг- the mass of water in the raw needles on average $$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

; $$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{\mathrm{at}0}/N$$

;

, мг- mass of fresh needles on average $$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

, $$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{t=0}/N$$

,

where m ₁ is the mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

m _{t = 0} - estimated mass of needles of one cut branch, g;

N is the number of needles in one cut branch, pcs.

Based on the measured values of the current mass of dried needles after modeling by identifying the law of dynamics of drying samples of needles, the relative humidity indicators of samples of needles of a branch are calculated by the formulas:

- initial humidity W ₀ (%) needles of cut branches

W ₀ = 100m _b0 / m ₁ ;

- the dimensionless law of the water-holding ability of the cut needles of a branch

; $$W=\mathrm{one}00\frac{m_{\mathrm{at}0}}{m_{\mathrm{one}}}exp(-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2})$$

;

- the dimensionless law of dehydration of twigs of needles

, $$W_0-W=\mathrm{one}00\frac{m_{\mathrm{at}0}}{m_{\mathrm{one}}}(\mathrm{one}-exp(-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2}))$$

,

where W ₀ is the initial relative humidity of the raw needles of the twig,%;

W is the dynamic relative humidity of the needles sample from one branch at the end of the whorl of a spruce in the process of natural drying,%;

m ₁ - mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h

The water-holding ability of a sample of spruce twig needles is defined as the ratio of the water dynamically held during drying to the withdrawn mass of water according to the formulas:

K _BC = W / (W ₀ -W);

$$K_{BC}=\frac{\mathrm{one}}{exp(a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2})-\mathrm{one}},$$

where K _BC is the coefficient of water holding capacity of plants;

W is the dynamic relative humidity of the needles sample from one branch at the end of the whorl of a spruce in the process of natural drying,%;

W ₀ is the initial relative humidity of the raw needles of the twig,%;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h;

a ₁ - the activity of the decline in the water-holding ability of the needles according to the law of death;

a ₂ - the intensity of the decline according to the law of death of the water-holding ability of the needles cut from one branch.

After modeling by identifying the law of drying dynamics, the actual period of dehydration of the samples of the twigs of the twigs is calculated with the difference in relative humidity between the previous and subsequent measurements of the dynamic mass of the samples of the twigs of the twigs, provided that no more than 0.1% of the values of the relative dynamic humidity.

The essence of the technical solution lies in the fact that the branches grow in whorls not randomly, but in a very definite way. Therefore, the total number of living annual branches in each branch and in any whorl grows based on the interaction of several forces:

firstly, the organism of each branch exists separately from other branches and this determines the plasticity of the behavior of the whole spruce;

secondly, each twig feeds on minerals from the root system, that is, from the common mother tree, therefore, it depends on the general physiological state and behavior of the entire accounting spruce tree; spruce as a whole and its structural elements, including twigs and needles, live according to a genetically defined and supported by past growth and development of the crown, that is, food from photosynthesis products;

thirdly, counteraction to this pressure of life (life pressure according to V.I. Vernadsky) of a tree during its biological time from phenotypic environmental factors, primarily anthropogenic impacts, increases and gradually stops further generation of branches at the ends of whorl branches;

fourthly, the generation of twigs largely depends on the geodesic orientation of the stem and other elements of the branch, therefore, to analyze the crown and compare the accounting spruce trees growing in air pollution that are different in terms of pollution, one direction should be taken - the southern one.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that branches are taken for the south side of the spruce tree, the stems of which in each whorl are directed along the height of the tree relative to the southern geodetic direction in the horizontal segment with angles of 180 ± 15 degrees when the azimuth is calculated relative to the main northern direction of the light. Then the total number of directions can be equal to 12, and in special cases of testing the spruce tree, up to 12 branches from each whorl can be taken. In this case, it becomes possible to assess the influence of the external environment in 12 directions or by the number of branches in the whorl. When taking into account the number of branches in whorls, the azimuth of each branch of the first order in the direction of its stem is measured.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that the southern side of the spruce tree gives the greatest variability in the parameters of the physiological processes of development and growth of needles and annual branches, therefore, through the mass of annual (more precisely, from March to September) branches, biotechnical patterns of the influence of the ecological state of air are best identified , water and soil at the place of growth of the accounting spruce during the growing season.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that cutting one branch at the end for one growing season does not lead to the destruction of the structure of branches on one branch, therefore, testing of branches can be continued on the same spruce tree repeatedly, which allows for simple environmental monitoring territory for 10-25 years. If we take into account the possibility of taking branches from the ends of branches of different geodesic directions, then, taking into account amendments to the cardinal points, using one accounting tree of spruce, we can conduct unbiased and very accurate environmental monitoring based on the measurement results for the entire duration of its life. To increase the level of correlative variation of the ecological regime in this territory, several registered spruce trees can be adopted. But at the same time, each spruce is evaluated separately, taking into account the individual characteristics of the development and growth of branches and branches. And according to the parameters of the water-holding ability of the needles in the branches of different accounting spruce trees, a factor analysis is carried out for the possibility of an average statistical assessment of the correlative variation of the ecological situation (for the last growing season) and the ecological regime for periods of long-term observation of trees, measurement of branches and testing of branches with needles.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that after the first series of tests of branches from one branch from each whorl, excluding the terminal shoot, for the second and subsequent years it is possible to cut branches from the south side only at the lower whorls. The first series of experiments allows us to identify the main biotechnological patterns of changes in the parameters of the needles of branches along the entire height of the tree and the entire retrospective age of the whorls, starting from the second after the terminal shoot of the whorls and ending with the surface whorls. This allows not only to reduce labor costs for experiments, but also to recognize, during environmental monitoring, clarifying patterns previously identified based on the consideration of new environmental factors.

The essence of the technical solution also lies in the fact that the branches are cut from the biogroup or even the curtain of spruce trees, which are in the natural process of development and growth of the population (family) of spruce species of woody plants. Then, for example, on young accounting trees, the spruce was cut off from the southern side by a twig for all whorls, and from adult spruce trees, the twig was cut only from the lower whorls. This variant of the proposed method allows to increase the level of complexity of the environmental assessment from one individual to a biogroup. family or even to the whole fir tree.

The positive effect is that the complexity of the analysis of the crown of spruce spruce according to the results of measurements and tests of each branch from the southern branches located on different whorls (part or all) increases and the accuracy of the environmental assessment of the vegetation period that passed before cutting the branches increases. In this case, the branches can be cut from different combinations of whorls, for example, from those formed over several years and relatively physically stronger. Then not only the terminal shoot is left to grow, but also adjacent upper whorls, for example, up to 3-4 years of retrospective age. In this case, the removal of branches from the lower whorls of young spruce trees does not have a significant effect on plant health. In a spruce tree of different ages, without the use of lifts and other devices (for example, brush cutters with rods and nippers that cut the branch to a level of 8 meters), it is possible to cut branches from large spruce trees, for example, mother seed trees.

A significant novelty is the binding of the cut branch and its tested needles to the structure of the crown of spruce from different parts of the world, it becomes possible to search for fundamentally new scientific and technical solutions, after accumulating sufficient experimental data, analyzing the interaction of crowns of neighboring spruce trees, taken into account in the biogroup, curtain and even in fir tree.

A significant novelty in the proposed scientific and technical solution is also the fact that there is a practical possibility of ecological assessment of the place of growth of accounting spruce by the properties of the needles of branches at different levels of whorls from the southern branches. These properties of the needles of individual branches, depending on the retrospective age of the whorls (according to the distinguishing features protected in the first paragraph of the claims) relate to basic research in the physiology of woody plants.

From the scientific, technical and patent literature, materials discrediting the novelty of the proposed method were not found.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a branch 1 with a branch 2 cut off at the stalk; figure 2 shows a schematic design diagram of the dynamics of the mass of needles of twigs in the process of natural drying in room conditions; figure 3 - the same in figure 2, the dynamics of the relative humidity of the dried samples of needles from one branch; figure 4 is a graph of the law of the dynamics of natural drying of a sample of needles from a southern branch of spruce from the first whorl; figure 5 is the same in figure 4 from the 17th whorl; figure 6 shows a graph of the trend in the number of needles in the branches, depending on the retrospective age of the whorls of the accounting spruce; in Fig.7 - the same in Fig.6 on the trend and the three wave components of the vibrational disturbance of the number of needles in the branches; on Fig shows a graph of the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls (or branches on its southern branches) on the change in the mass of dry needles of twigs for all 17 whorls; in Fig.9 - the same in Fig.8 is the mass of water in the raw needles of a branch; in Fig.10 - the same in Fig.8 is the mass of raw needles of a branch; 11 shows a graph of the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls on the activity parameter a _{1 of the} law of mass decline in the dynamics of drying in room conditions; in Fig.12 - the same in Fig.11 for the intensity parameter a ₂ ; on Fig shows a trend graph of the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls on the humidity of the raw needles of the twigs; on Fig - the same in Fig.13 is a graph of a General model with wave components; on Fig shows a graph of a three-term trend of the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls on the coefficient of water-holding ability of the needles of a branch; in Fig.16 - the same in Fig.15 according to the general model with wave components of the oscillatory disturbance of annual branches; on Fig shows a graph of the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls on the mass of dry needles on average throughout the cut branch; in Fig.18 - the same in Fig.17 by weight of water in one raw needles; in Fig.19 - the same in Fig.17 by weight of raw needles on average a branch of all 17 whorls of learned spruce.

The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce for testing the needles of annual twigs includes the following steps.

After determining the counting spruce tree, a geodesic direction is chosen, then the first order branches in the whorls or in all whorls are selected according to the height of the spruce counting tree in the given geodesic direction. Then, the retrospective age of the branches selected in the whorls is determined, starting from the terminal shoot at the spruce tree of account. After cutting with a mark of the current cutting time and whorl number, as well as the subsequent transportation of each cut branch in a separate container, under laboratory conditions, cut branches 2 are weighed with recording in the observation log of the time elapsed after cutting each branch before weighing.

Then each branch is divided into a petiole and a sample of needles, and the petiole and a sample of needles are also weighed indicating the time of measurement. And after repeated weighing of petioles and samples of needles from cut branches, drying them at room temperature until a constant weight is reached, the number of needles in each sample is counted. After reaching a constant mass in the samples of the needles, the dynamics of the drying of the samples of the needles are simulated by the measured values of the current mass.

According to the obtained statistical models of the dynamics of drying, the calculated values of the mass of the dry sample of the needles and the mass of moisture contained in the sample of the needles at the time of cutting the branches are written out. In this case, the total estimated mass of the needles of the cut branch is obtained by summing, which is compared to estimate the modeling error with the mass values of the branch needles measured on the scales.

In addition, according to the measured data by dividing the dry and wet mass of the needles of the twig and the mass of moisture in it, the average values of the specific gravity of one needle are calculated.

For all measured and calculated data, biotechnological patterns are identified for changes in mass parameters depending on the retrospective age of the spruce tree branches.

The branches are cut from branches from all or different whorls in the distribution group on the south side of the spruce tree, and the branch is taken for the south side, in which the longitudinal axis of the stem is in azimuth within ± 15 degrees from the south geodetic direction.

The total number of directions can be equal to 12, and in special cases of testing the spruce tree, up to 12 branches from each whorl can be taken, which makes it possible to assess the environmental impact in 12 directions or by the number of branches in each whorl, and taking into account the number of branches in whorls measured the azimuth of each branch of the first order in the direction of its stem.

The southern side of the spruce tree gives the greatest variability in the parameters of the physiological processes of development and growth of needles and annual branches, therefore, through the mass of annual branches, biotechnical patterns of the influence of the ecological state of air, water and soil at the place of growth of the accounting spruce during the growing season are best identified.

The taking of annual branches is performed at the end of the growing season with needles in October or November.

Cutting one branch at the end for one growing season does not lead to the destruction of the structure of branches on one branch, therefore, testing of branches can be continued on the same spruce tree repeatedly, which allows for simple environmental monitoring of the territory for 10-25 years.

To increase the level of correlative variation in the indicators of assessing the ecological regime in this territory, several spruce accounting trees are taken, and each accounting spruce is evaluated separately for annual branches, taking into account the individual characteristics of the development and growth of its branches and branches. In this case, according to the parameters of the water-holding ability of the needles in the branches of different accounting spruce trees, a factor analysis is carried out for the possibility of an average statistical assessment of the correlative variation of the ecological situation for the last vegetation period and the ecological regime for periods of long-term observations.

After the first series of tests of branches from one branch from each whorl, excluding the terminal shoot, in the second and subsequent years, annual twigs are cut from the south only at the lower whorls. Moreover, the first series of experiments allows us to identify the main biotechnological patterns of changes in the water retention parameters of the needles of twigs along the entire height of the tree and throughout the retrospective age of the whorls, starting from the second whorl after the terminal shoot and ending with a surface whorl. At the same time, multi-series testing of annual twigs reduces the complexity of experiments; during environmental monitoring, clarify previously identified patterns based on the consideration of new environmental factors.

The branches are cut from the biogroup or even the curtain of spruce trees, which are in the natural process of development and growth of the population of spruce species of woody plants. Moreover, on young accounting trees, spruce branches are cut from the southern side for all whorls, and from adult spruce trees, branches are cut only from the bottom whorls, which increases the complexity of the environmental assessment from one individual to the entire bio-group, family or even the entire forest spruce.

Next, they perform modeling and calculation actions based on the obtained biotechnological patterns.

A method for analyzing the crown of a spruce tree for testing the needles of annual twigs is realized, for example, in an environmental assessment of the territory of an urban environment, as follows.

In the urban area, a site with one or more accounting trees of spruce stands out.

Visually, a description of the properties of the selected accounting tree and the place of its growth is made up further, marks on the southern side of the spruce are applied with a compass to the trunk, and the locations of the root neck are established. Measurements along the trunk are performed from the root neck to the top of the terminal shoot along the whorls of the crown branches, and the distances between the whorls are measured from top to bottom. In this case, the top point of the terminal shoot of spruce is taken as the origin.

After determining the counting spruce tree, a geodesic direction is chosen, then the first order branches in the whorls or in all whorls are selected according to the height of the spruce counting tree in the given geodesic direction. Then, the retrospective age of the branches selected in the whorls is determined, starting from the terminal shoot at the spruce tree of account. After cutting with a mark of the current cutting time and whorl number, as well as the subsequent transportation of each cut branch 2 in a separate container, in laboratory conditions, the cut branches are weighed and recorded in the observation log of the time elapsed after cutting each branch before weighing.

Then each branch is divided into a petiole and a sample of needles, and the petiole and a sample of needles are also weighed indicating the time of measurement. And after repeated weighing of petioles and samples of needles from cut branches, drying them at room temperature until a constant weight is reached, the number of needles in each sample is counted. After reaching a constant mass in the samples of the needles, the dynamics of the drying of the samples of the needles are simulated by the measured values of the current mass.

According to the obtained statistical models of the dynamics of drying, the calculated values of the mass of the dry sample of the needles and the mass of moisture contained in the sample of the needles at the time of cutting the branches are written out. In this case, the total estimated mass of the needles of the cut branch is obtained by summing, which is compared to estimate the modeling error with the mass values of the branch needles measured on the scales.

In addition, according to the measured data by dividing the dry and wet mass of the needles of the twig and the mass of moisture in it, the average values of the specific gravity of one needle are calculated.

For all measured and calculated data, biotechnological patterns are identified for changes in mass parameters depending on the retrospective age of the spruce tree branches.

The branches are cut from branches from all or different whorls in the distribution group on the south side of the spruce tree, and the branch is taken for the south side, in which the longitudinal axis of the stem is in azimuth within ± 15 degrees from the south geodetic direction.

The total number of directions can be equal to 12, and in special cases of testing the spruce tree, up to 12 branches from each whorl can be taken, which makes it possible to assess the environmental impact in 12 directions or by the number of branches in each whorl, and taking into account the number of branches in whorls measured the azimuth of each branch of the first order in the direction of its stem.

The southern side of the spruce tree gives the greatest variability in the parameters of the physiological processes of development and growth of needles and annual branches, therefore, through the mass of annual branches, biotechnical patterns of the influence of the ecological state of air, water and soil at the place of growth of the accounting spruce during the growing season are best identified.

The taking of annual branches is performed at the end of the growing season with needles in October or November.

Cutting one branch at the end for one growing season does not lead to the destruction of the structure of branches on one branch, therefore, testing of branches can be continued on the same spruce tree repeatedly, which allows for simple environmental monitoring of the territory for 10-25 years.

To increase the level of correlative variation in the indicators of assessing the ecological regime in this territory, several spruce accounting trees are taken, and each accounting spruce is evaluated separately for annual branches, taking into account the individual characteristics of the development and growth of its branches and branches. In this case, according to the parameters of the water-holding ability of the needles in the branches of different accounting spruce trees, a factor analysis is carried out for the possibility of an average statistical assessment of the correlative variation of the ecological situation for the last vegetation period and the ecological regime for periods of long-term observations.

After the first series of tests of branches from one branch from each whorl, excluding the terminal shoot, in the second and subsequent years, annual twigs are cut from the south only at the lower whorls. Moreover, the first series of experiments allows us to identify the main biotechnological patterns of changes in the water retention parameters of the needles of twigs along the entire height of the tree and throughout the retrospective age of the whorls, starting from the second whorl after the terminal shoot and ending with a surface whorl. At the same time, multi-series testing of annual twigs reduces the complexity of experiments; during environmental monitoring, clarify previously identified patterns based on the consideration of new environmental factors.

The branches are cut from the biogroup or even the curtain of spruce trees, which are in the natural process of development and growth of the population of spruce species of woody plants. Moreover, on young accounting trees, spruce branches are cut from the southern side for all whorls, and from adult spruce trees, branches are cut only from the bottom whorls, which increases the complexity of the environmental assessment from one individual to the entire bio-group, family or even the entire forest spruce.

Next, they perform modeling and calculation actions based on the obtained biotechnological patterns.

Example. Measurements were carried out in the fall, at the end of the growing season of annual spruce branches.

For the experiment, one accounting tree of European spruce, growing in urban areas, was selected. The ecological state of spruce during the measurement period (October 2010) is normal, it has an abundant cover of needles with whorled branching, needles of dark green color, needle-shaped and prickly. From all visual observation, we can conclude that the accounting spruce is in good physiological condition, despite being located in an urban environment.

The accounting spruce has a biological age of 18 years and 17 whorls from the terminal shoot (zero rank and one year old). Twig 2 (Fig. 1) was cut from the end of the stem of the southern branch 1. Then, from each twig, all needles were separately cut, and the samples were weighed taking into account the time from the moment of cutting the twig.

The results of the experiment on the dynamics of drying needles in 17 branches, fragmentarily shown for two southern branches of whorls No. 1 and No. 17, are shown in table 1.

Table 1 The effect of drying time on the dynamic mass of sprig needles Whorl number Age A _p , years Experiment Results Whorl number Age A _p , years Experiment Results drying time t, h mass of needles m _f , g drying time t, h mass of needles m _f , g one 2 0 0.578 17 eighteen 0 1.032 one 2 one 0.529 17 eighteen one 0.949 one 2 2 0.512 17 eighteen 2 0.937 one 2 6 0.488 17 eighteen 6 0.925 one 2 16 0.375 17 eighteen 16 0.823 one 2 twenty 0.367 17 eighteen twenty 0.812 one 2 35 0.345 17 eighteen 35 0.765 one 2 39 0.342 17 eighteen 39 0.754 one 2 43 0.336 17 eighteen 43 0.738 one 2 61 0.276 17 eighteen 61 0.687 one 2 65 0.258 17 eighteen 65 0.570 one 2 86 0.252 17 eighteen 86 0.517 one 2 118 0.251 17 eighteen 118 0.499 one 2 217 0.253 17 eighteen 217 0.483 one 2 409 0.250 17 eighteen 409 0.481 one 2 602 0.249 17 eighteen 602 0.478 one 2 795 0.237 17 eighteen 795 0.480 one 2 987 0.236 17 eighteen 987 0.476

Table 1 shows the following conventions:

r is the rank of the whorl, r = 0 for the terminal shoot;

A _p is the retrospective age of the whorl of spruce (according to the number of whorls, starting from the terminal shoot), years;

t is the time of natural drying from the moment of cutting the sample in the form of an extreme branch on the southern branch (petiole and needles), h;

m _f - actually measured by weighing the mass of samples of needles,

The general graph (figure 2) of the dynamics of water holding capacity in the drying process is characterized by the law in the form of a two-term equation

$$m=m_{\mathrm{one}}+m_2=m_{\mathrm{one}}+m_{\mathrm{at}0}\exp (-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2}),\text{(one)}$$

where m is the dynamic mass of a sample of needles from one branch of spruce, g;

m ₁ - mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m ₂ - dynamic mass of moisture contained in the plant mass of needles from one branch in the course of natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h;

a ₁ , a ₂ are the parameters of the formula for the dynamics of water retention by the plant mass of needles after cutting the branches, moreover:

a ₁ - the activity of the decline in the water-holding ability of the needles according to the law of death;

a ₂ - the intensity of the decline according to the law of death of the water-holding ability of the needles cut from one branch.

Based on the measured values of the current mass of dried needles after modeling by identifying the law of dynamics of drying samples of needles, we calculated the relative humidity of samples of needles of a branch using the following formulas:

- initial humidity W ₀ (%) needles of cut branches

$${\text{W}}_{\text{0}}={\text{100m}}_{\text{b0}}{\text{/ m}}_{\text{one}}\text{; (2)}$$

- dimensionless law of moisture retention of cut needles of a branch

$$W=\mathrm{one}00\frac{m_{\mathrm{at}0}}{m_{\mathrm{one}}}exp(-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2});\text{(3)}$$

- the dimensionless law of dehydration of twigs of needles

$$W_0-W=\mathrm{one}00\frac{m_{\mathrm{at}0}}{m_{\mathrm{one}}}(\mathrm{one}-exp(-a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2})),\text{(four)}$$

where W ₀ is the initial relative humidity of the raw needles of the twig,%;

W is the dynamic relative humidity of the needles sample from one branch at the end of the whorl of a spruce in the process of natural drying,%;

m ₁ - mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h

The graph of the specific dynamics (figure 4) of the sample of needles from the whorl No. 1 received an equation with four model parameters

$$m=0.24153+0.32850\exp (-\mathrm{0,10010}{t}^{0.72653}).\text{(5)}$$

The dynamics graph (Fig. 5) of a sample of needles from a whorl No. 17 received the equation of a statistical model

$$m=0.47426+0.49648\exp (-0.0096850t^{\mathrm{1,16290}}).\text{(6)}$$

Under the condition t = 0, that is, at the time of cutting the twig and needles from it, we obtain from equation (1) the formula

$$m_{t=0}=m_{\mathrm{one}}+m_{\mathrm{at}0}.\text{(7)}$$

where m _{t = 0} is the estimated mass of raw needles after cutting a branch from the southern branch of the whorl, g;

m ₁ - estimated mass of dry needles after drying the sample from one branch after a total drying time of 987 hours, g;

m _b0 - estimated mass of water in raw needles in one branch, g.

For the branch from the whorl №1 we get m _{t = 0} = m ₁ + m _в0 = m _{t = 987} + _mВ0 or 0.2415 + 0.3285 = 0.5700, and for the extreme branch from the southern branch in the whorl №170.4743 + 0.4965 = 0.9708 (Table 2).

The data in table 2 compares the actually measured values of the initial mass of needles and the estimated total mass of needles at the time of cutting the branches from each southern branch of all 17 whorls of accounting spruce.

For all 17 whorls, the maximum relative error of the law according to formula (1) is not more than 7.10%.

Given the number N of needles in each cut branch, the results of tests and calculations are shown in table 3.

Table 3 Dynamics of the behavior of branches at the end of branches on the southern side of spruce and moisture loss by the needles of each branch after natural drying Age of the whorl and the southern branch of _Ar , years Results of natural drying of samples of needles from southern branches The number of needles in a twig N, pcs. Parameters of the model (2.1) of water retention of needles Humidity of raw needles W ₀ ,% dry needles mass m _{t = 987} , g mass of water in raw needles m _b0 , g the mass of raw needles m _{t = 0} , g Parameter α ₁ model Parameter α ₂ models 2 56 0.2415 0.3285 0.5700 0.10010 0.72653 136.02 3 60 0.1946 0.2213 0.4159 0.012243 1.08745 113.72 four 93 0.2695 0.3078 0.5773 0.076741 0.73526 114.21 5 70 0.2058 0.2343 0.4401 0.093016 0.76266 113.85 6 83 0.2185 0.2570 0.4755 0.061465 0.72924 117.62 7 80 0.2389 0.2951 0.5340 0.058998 0.77104 123.52 8 108 0.2455 0.3099 0.5554 0.053669 0.81059 126.23 9 76 0.1811 0.2092 0.3903 0.040311 0.83206 115.52 10 273 0.3979 0.4508 0.8487 0.015137 1.02199 113.29 eleven 171 0.3257 0.3828 0.7085 0.0029207 1.36188 117.53 12 233 0.4848 0.5548 1.0396 0.012106 1.04386 114.44 13 169 0.3103 0.3293 0.6396 0.012079 1.08606 106.12 fourteen 239 0.3763 0.4541 0.8304 0.039235 0.83207 120.67 fifteen 182 0.2807 0.3213 0.6020 0.020347 0.97916 114.46 16 299 0.6887 0.7182 1.4069 0.025448 0.92271 104.28 17 278 0.4540 0.4960 0.9500 0.072978 0.73097 109.25 eighteen 289 0.4743 0.4965 0.9708 0.0096850 1.16290 104.68

Using the measured data by dividing the dry and wet mass of the needles of the twig and the mass of moisture in it, calculate the average values (Table 4) of the specific gravity of one needle according to the formulas:

, мг- mass of dry needles on average $$m_{\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

$$m_{\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{\mathrm{one}}/N;\left(8\right)$$

, мг- the mass of water in the raw needles on average $$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

$$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{\mathrm{at}0}/N;\left(9\right)$$

, мг- mass of fresh needles on average $$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

mg

$$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=m_{t=0}/N,\left(\mathrm{one}0\right)$$

where m ₁ is the mass of dry needles after natural drying, g;

m _b0 is the mass of moisture in the needles when cutting the branches, g;

m _{t = 0} - estimated mass of needles of one cut branch, g;

N is the number of needles in one cut branch, pcs .;

- масса свежей (срезанной от веточки, в среднем) хвоинки, мг; $$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

- mass of fresh (cut from a twig, on average) needles, mg;

- масса сухой хвоинки (в среднем по веточке), мг; $$m_{t\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

- mass of dry needles (on average per branch), mg;

- масса воды одной сырой хвоинке после срезки (в среднем по веточке), мг. $$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}$$

- the mass of water of one raw needles after cutting (on average per branch), mg.

The water-holding ability of a sample of spruce twig needles is defined as the ratio of the dynamically retained water during drying to the withdrawn mass of water (Table 4) by the formula

, $$K_{BC}=\frac{\mathrm{one}}{exp(a_{\mathrm{one}}{t}^{a_2})-\mathrm{one}}$$

,

where K _BC - coefficient of water retention of plants;

t is the current time of natural drying of the needles from one sprig of spruce from the moment of its cutting, h;

a ₁ - the activity of the decline in the water-holding ability of the needles according to the law of death (table 3);

a ₂ - the intensity of the decline according to the law of death of the water-holding ability of the needles cut from one branch (Table 3).

Table 4 The coefficient of water-holding ability of the needles of the twigs and the mass of the needles on average for the twigs Age of the southern branch A _r , years

через 1 ч после срезкиNeedle water holding coefficient $${\text{K}}_{\text{BC}}^{\text{t}=\text{one}}$$

1 h after cutting Average values of one needle mass of dry needles $${\text{m}}_{\text{one}}^{\text{''}}$$

mg mass of water in raw needles $${\text{m}}_{\text{b0}}^{\text{''}}$$

mg mass of fresh needles $${\text{m}}_{\text{t}=\text{0}}^{\text{''}}$$

mg 2 9.5 4.31 5.87 10.18 3 81.2 3.24 3.69 6.93 four 12.5 2.90 3.31 6.21 5 10.3 2.94 3.35 6.29 6 15.8 2.63 3.10 5.73 7 16.5 2.99 3.69 6.68 8 18.1 2.27 2.87 5.14 9 24.3 2.38 2.75 5.14 10 65.6 1.46 1.65 3.11 eleven 341.9 1.90 2.24 4.14 12 82.1 2.08 2.38 4.46 13 82.3 1.84 1.95 3.78 fourteen 25.0 1.57 1.90 3.47 fifteen 48.6 1.54 1.77 3.31 16 38.8 2.30 2.40 4.71 17 13.2 1.63 1.78 3.42 eighteen 102.8 1.64 1.72 3.36

Next, we consider the effect of retrospective age on each of the indicators shown in Table 3 and Table 4. Changes in the most sensitive indicators will be shown by biotechnical patterns that have highly adequate wave components.

The number of needles in a twig. This indicator is easily measured even without cutting a branch, so the number of needles in one branch can be an excellent bio-indicator. This scientific decision will be further supported by patentable technical solutions in subsequent applications for the alleged inventions.

Thus, based on the application of our methodology of scientific and technical creativity, the practical possibility of searching for scientific and technical solutions on the basis of fundamental scientific research on the behavior of vegetative elements of ordinary spruce is proved.

The trend (Fig.6) receives the formula of the law of exponential growth

$$N=\mathrm{5,03339}\exp (1.76398A_p{}^{0.29005}).\text{(eleven)}$$

In addition, three more wave components were obtained (Fig. 7) and this led to the construction of a biotechnical regularity of the form

$$N=N_{\mathrm{one}}+N_2+N_3+N_{\mathrm{four}},\text{(12)}$$

N ₁ = 49.79428exp (0.073051A _p ^1.12172 ),

N ₂ = A ₁ cos (πA _p / p ₁ -0.37419), A ₁ = 9.06088 · 10 ^-5 A _p ^20.04372 exp (-3.77947A _p ),

p ₁ = 2,94965-0,21401A _p ,

N ₃ = A ₂ cos (πA _p / p ₂ +2.38181), A ₂ = -5.63511 · 10 ^-83 A _p ^143.49827 exp (-13.55545A _p ),

p ₂ = 16.07270-1.009266A _p ,

N ₄ = A ₃ cos (πA _p / p ₃ -5.92223), A ₃ = 3.37330 · 10 ^-5 A _p ^58.16878 exp (-7.35631A _p ^0.81711 ),

p ₃ = 0.14028 + 0.0051433A _p ^1.28637 .

The residues after formula (12) are very small. Therefore, the relative error is also small with high adequacy of model (12) with a correlation coefficient of 0.9999.

The high adequacy of the biotechnological regularity proves the possibility of using indicator N as a bioindicator.

The mass indicators of the needles of a branch require weighing on an accurate analytical balance with a measurement error of ± 0.0005 g.

The mass of dry needles of a branch (Fig. 8) varies according to the formula

$$\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\mathrm{one}}=0.19350\exp (-0.0038045A_p{}^{3.30382})+\\ +0.014070A_p{}^{\mathrm{1,62390}}\exp (-\mathrm{0,082117}{A}_p{}^{0.90436}).\text{(13)}\end{array}$$

The mass of water in the raw needles of a twig (Fig. 9) also changes according to the two-membered formula of a similar design

$$\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\mathrm{at}0}=0.78169\exp (-0.62591A_p{}^{0.59226})+\\ +\mathrm{0,0034465}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{2,76233}}\exp (-0.33431A_p{}^{0.75868}).\text{(fourteen)}\end{array}$$

The mass of raw needles of a branch (Fig. 10) has a similar biotechnical regularity in structure

$$\begin{array}{l}{m}_{t=0}=0.52766\exp (-\mathrm{0,021915}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{2,37359}})+\\ +\mathrm{0,028609}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{2,39120}}\exp (-0.61501A_p{}^{0.58476}).\text{(fifteen)}\end{array}$$

Moreover, all three formulas (13), (14) and (15) have a correlation coefficient above 0.7. Therefore, these equations relate to strong bonds.

Nevertheless, they are inferior in terms of adequacy to the trend (11) with a correlation coefficient of 0.8822.

Parameters of the law of drying needle samples. From the formula (1) it is of scientific interest to change the parameters a ₁ and a ₂ depending on the retrospective age of the whorls of the accounting spruce.

The activity parameter a _{1 of the} law of mass decline in the dynamics of drying at room conditions (Fig. 11) according to model (1) received the formula

$$a\mathrm{one}=0.12233\exp (-0.26225A_p{}^{0.65744}).\text{(16)}$$

The intensity parameter a ₂ decline (Fig) according to model (1) has the form:

$$a2=0.65449\exp (0.13911A_p{}^{0.39445}).\text{(17)}$$

The spread of points on the graphs is high. In terms of adequacy, model (16) with a correlation coefficient of 0.568 refers to the average level in the range of 0.5-0.7. And equation (17) with a correlation coefficient of 0.376 in the range of 0.3-0.5 refers to weak factor relationships.

It is interesting to note that with an increase in the retrospective age of the whorl, the annual branches on the dynamics of drying of their needles receive multidirectional exponential laws. In this case, the activity of the decline in the mass of needles during the drying process decreases according to the law of exponential death, and the intensity of the decline according to the law of exponential growth.

In general, the use of these parameters for environmental indication is difficult for two main reasons:

1) the complexity and high complexity of the process, including cutting the annual branches, drying them with multiple weighing, then modeling the dynamics of drying in the CurveExpert software environment, then re-identifying the exponential law from previously found values of the parameters of the drying law;

2) the relatively low adequacy of models of type (16) and (17).

Humidity raw needles twigs. The use of portable electronic moisture meters opens up prospects for obtaining fundamentally new ways of indicating the territory by the relative humidity of the needles. Moreover, the complexity will decrease sharply due to the fact that the needles do not need to be cut off.

Other types of instruments have appeared abroad that make it possible to evaluate the physiological processes taking place at a given time in the leaves of plants.

The trend (Fig.13) is characterized by the equation of the law of exponential death

$$W_0=\mathrm{122,2328}\exp (-\mathrm{0,00085636}{A}_p{}^{1.75496}),\text{(eighteen)}$$

With the addition of vibrational disturbances of the raw needles of the annual branches (Fig. 14), the three-membered biotechnical function with a very high correlation coefficient of 0.9761 species was obtained from the whorls, depending on their retrospective age.

$$W_0=W_{01}+W_{02}+W_{03},\text{(19)}$$

W ₀₁ = 123.13035exp (-0.00075050A _p ^1.84010 ),

W ₀₂ = A ₁ cos (πA _p / p ₁ -0.93833), A ₁ = 40.46962exp (-0.29099A _p ),

p ₁ = -10.93550 + 14.20556A _p ^0.0025425 ,

W ₀₃ = A ₂ cos (πA _p / p ₂ -1.35126), A ₂ = 0.44021A _p ^1.61040 exp (-0.11824A _p ),

p ₂ = 1.77506-0.00010080A _p ^2.45055 .

The maximum relative error of model (19) is formed at A _p = 14 years and it is 100 × 3.96959 / 120.67 = 3.29%. Such a small error in the modeling of experimental data allows us to recommend an indicator of the relative humidity of spruce needles for the development of new methods.

Coefficient of water-holding ability of twigs needles. The most complex statistical model was obtained for this indicator.

At the same time, one hour was taken from the moment of cutting the branch. Therefore, the main requirement for experiments in the future is to accurately determine the time of the first weighing of needles from each branch separately, and from the time of cutting each branch from the branch on the south side of the accounting spruce.

The trend (Fig. 15) consists of three members according to the equation

$$\begin{array}{l}{K}_{BC}=\mathrm{9,71084}\exp (\mathrm{0,00045238}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{2,92290}})+\\ +8.53513\cdot {10}^{-6}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{75,77825}}\exp (-20.03883A_p{}^{\mathrm{1,10290}})+\\ +\mathrm{1,25522}\cdot {10}^{-151}{A}_p{}^{237.77008}\exp (-\mathrm{15,67915}{A}_p{}^{\mathrm{1,09576}}).\text{(twenty)}\end{array}$$

The correlation coefficient of 0.9466 is very high and therefore model (20) can be applied without further complications of its design.

Moreover, the correlative variation of this indicator is so high that several wave components were additionally obtained.

After structural-parametric identification (Fig. 16), a general statistical model of the form was obtained

$$K_{BC}=K_{BC\mathrm{one}}+K_{BC2}+K_{BC3}+K_{BC\mathrm{four}}+K_{BC5}+K_{BC6},\text{(21)}$$

^{_{K BC1 = 10,37971exp (0,00045594A p 2,92290}} ),

K _BC2 = 6.54165 · 10 ^-9 A _p ^80.67180 exp (-18.43922A _p ^1.15342 ),

K _BC3 = 7.2325610 ^-152 A _p ^237.77008 exp (-15.64039A _p ^1.09576 ),

K _BC4 = A ₁ cos (πA _p / p ₁ -4.44500), A ₁ = -0.46924A _p ^0.45909 exp (-0.00096068A _p ^3.34932 ),

p ₁ = 0.97657 + 0.0050919A _p ^1.77221 ,

K _BC5 = A ₂ cos (πA _p / p ₂ +0.20553), A ₂ = 2.48583exp (0.14862A _p ),

p ₂ = 3.65121-0,00026807A _p ^2,42426 ,

K _BC6 = A ₃ cos (πA _p / p ₃ + 6.15014), A ₃ = 0.00090014A _p ^23.32809 exp (-15.50231A _p ^0.44592 ),

p ₃ = 1.97969-0.24374A _p ^0.38033 .

The maximum relative error of formula (21) will be equal to 100 × 0.134372 / 12.5 = 1.07% for the third whorl from the terminal shoot of the accounting spruce at a retrospective age And _p = 4 years. Such high accuracy allows a thorough analysis of model (21) to search for new scientific and technical solutions.

Specific mass of needles. On average, three indicators are calculated, which can be recommended for bioindication of the ecological conditions for the growth of spruce even by individual needles.

The mass of dry needles (Fig) is determined by the equation of the form

$$\begin{array}{l}{m}_{\mathrm{one}}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=\mathrm{5,81055}\exp (-0.20343A_p)+\\ +614111.2A_p{}^{\mathrm{5,12365}}\exp (-\mathrm{16,22636}{A}_p{}^{0.18528}).\text{(22)}\end{array}$$

The mass of water in the raw needles (Fig. 18) is calculated by the formula

$$m_{\mathrm{at}0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=6.58254\exp (-\mathrm{0,15031}{A}_p)+0.083428A_p.\text{(23)}$$

The mass of raw needles on an average branch is identified by a biotechnical regularity (Fig. 19) of the form

$$m_{t=0}^{\text{'}\text{'}}=\mathrm{11,61433}\exp (-0.14405A_p)+0.15725A_p.\text{(24)}$$

The correlation coefficient is 0.9209, 0.9049, and 0.9142, respectively; therefore, formulas (22), (23), and (24) show the strongest factor relations in terms of adequacy when studying the effect of the retrospective age of the whorls on the mass indices of one needle. Therefore, the indication can be carried out even on individual needles of spruce.

The effectiveness of the new method is manifested in the fact that it allows you to analyze the crown of the accounting spruce in one or more geodesic directions of taking branches from the ends of the stems of all or part of the whorls. This increases the complexity of the analysis of the crown of a growing tree.

The greatest effect will be achieved by repeated measurements of whorls on the accounting young spruce trees growing under various conditions of annual pollution of the habitat of the accounting spruce.

Claims (9)

1. The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting fir tree for testing the needles of annual branches, including the choice of the accounting tree of the spruce and its whorl, then a first-order branch is selected inside the selected whorl with measuring the geodesic direction of its stem, the main sample is cut from the end of the stem in the form of a twig for analysis of its water-holding ability, after cutting, each twig is placed in a container for transportation, and then all cut branches in laboratory conditions are repeatedly weighed with drying in room conditions until a constant sys, characterized in that after determining the spruce tree, the geodesic direction is selected, then the first order branches are selected according to the height of the spruce tree in the given geodesic direction, the retrospective age of the selected branches is determined, starting from the terminal shoot, after cutting with the mark of the current cutting time and number whorls, as well as the subsequent transportation of each cut branch in a separate container, under laboratory conditions, cut branches are weighed with recording in the log of the time elapsed after cuts of each twig before weighing, then divide each twig into a stalk and a sample of needles, and the stalk and a sample of needles are also weighed with the time of measurement, and after multiple weighing of stalks and samples of needles from cut branches with drying them at room temperature until constant masses count the number of needles in each sample. 2. A method for analyzing the crown of a spruce tree according to tests of the needles of annual branches according to claim 1, characterized in that the branches are cut from the branches on the south side of the spruce tree, and the branch whose longitudinal axis of the stem is in azimuth within ± 15 ° from the southern geodetic direction. 3. The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce for testing the needles of annual branches according to claim 2, characterized in that when taking into account the number of branches in the whorls, the azimuth of each branch of the first order in the direction of its stem is measured. 4. The method for analyzing the crown of a spruce tree according to tests of annual branch needles according to claim 2, characterized in that the southern side of the spruce tree gives the greatest variability in the parameters of the physiological processes of development and growth of needles and annual branches during the growing season. 5. The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting fir tree for testing the needles of annual branches according to claim 1, characterized in that the annual branches are taken at the end of the growing season from the needles in October or November. 6. The method for analyzing the crown of a spruce tree according to the test of the needles of annual twigs according to claim 1, characterized in that the cutting of one branch at the end for one growing season does not lead to the destruction of the structure of branches on one branch, therefore, the testing of branches can be continued on the same the spruce tree was repeatedly eaten, which allows for simple environmental monitoring of the territory for 10-25 years. 7. The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce for testing the needles of annual branches according to claim 1, characterized in that to increase the accuracy of the indicators of assessing the ecological regime in this territory, several accounting trees of spruce are taken, and each accounting spruce is evaluated separately for the annual branches, according to the parameters of the water-holding ability of the needles in the branches of different accounting trees of spruce, a factor analysis is carried out. 8. The method for analyzing the crown of a spruce tree for testing the needles of annual branches according to claim 1, characterized in that after the first series of tests of branches from one branch from each whorl, excluding the terminal shoot, for the second and subsequent years, annual branches are cut from the south only lower whorls. 9. The method of analysis of the crown of the accounting spruce for testing the needles of the annual branches according to claim 1, characterized in that the branches are cut from the spruce trees that are in the natural process of development and growth, and on the young registration trees, the spruce branches are cut from the south side for all whorls, and from adult spruce trees, the cutting of branches is performed only from the lower whorls.

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