RU2194385C1 - Method for testing wood of standing trees - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: forestry. SUBSTANCE: method involves taking core over the whole diameter of trunk section along geodetic north-south axis; performing economic evaluation of commercial use of wood on the basis of recounted values of wood properties at north side of core parts, with corrected angle of inclination of core to sectional diameter of tree being taken into account; testing south side of core parts and performing ecological evaluation of place of growing tree under test; performing ecological and economic evaluation of tree and tree growing site. For performing tests, trees are visually evaluated and low-quality and high- quality trees are chosen for tests. EFFECT: simplified method, increased efficiency and provision for obtaining precise data. 4 cl

Description

 The invention relates to forestry and can be used for certification of standing timber during forest management, for example, in young growths of natural origin, as well as in the environmental assessment of forests and forest areas.

 A known method of testing the wood of growing trees using cores (see Stolyarov D.P. et al. The use of wood cores in forestry research. Methodical recommendations. - L .: LenNIIILKH, 1988. - 43 p.), Including taking cores, studying the properties wood in office conditions.

 The disadvantage of this method is the difficulty of studying the properties of wood on the core sections due to the inclination of the fibers to the axis of the core.

 There is also a method of testing wood of growing trees using cores according to patent 2144185, MKI G 01 N 33/46, A 01 G 23/00, including taking a core of cores, measuring the geometric parameters of each core, determining corrections to the values of the studied properties of wood at angles of inclination core to the radius of the cross section of the tree in the longitudinal radial and radial tangential planes of anisotropy of wood, a quantitative measurement of the properties of wood, their recount taking into account the amendments.

 The disadvantage is that this method is mainly applicable to middle-aged, ripe and mature trees, in which ripe wood has formed and it is clearly divided along the trunk section radius into sapwood, working and near-core zones. At the same time, an ecological assessment of territories is most appropriate for young trees that have no economic value, but with all their stem wood have responded to environmental changes. It should be noted that in many territories of Russia, active pollution of nature, as a rule, began only from the beginning of the 20th century, and the most sensitive various types of pollution began in the 30s of this century in territories with industrial potential. Of particular interest are young trees of 20-30 years of age, when, due to the economic crisis, dynamic changes in the quality of the environment have occurred over the past 20-30 years. Thus, the main disadvantage of the prototype is that the method does not provide a comprehensive environmental and technical assessment of the wood of growing young trees.

 EFFECT: increased complexity of ecological and economic (technical) testing of wood of growing trees, mainly young trees (up to 30-50 years).

 This technical result is achieved in that the core is taken along the geodetic axis north-south. According to the recalculated, taking into account the adjustments for the angle of inclination of the core to the diameter of the tree cross section, the values of the properties of wood on the north side of the core sections carry out an economic assessment of the technical use of wood, on the south side of the core sections carry out an environmental assessment of the location of the tree under study, ecological and economic are carried out throughout the core assessment of the tree and its territory of the place of growth, and for testing wood accept low-quality and high-quality visual inspection trees.

 When taking a core, a drill is drilled in the tree trunk in the direction from the north to the south side of the tree, and places on the accounting tree for core extraction are selected near the root neck and at a height of 1.3 m.

 With a full analysis of the trunk, the model tree is cut down below the root neck of the trunk and the core is removed from the root neck every one meter along the trunk to its apex. To exclude the influence of knots, cores are extracted between the knots on an even area of the model tree trunk with measurements of the distances from the root neck to the axis of the holes remaining after core extraction.

 The essence of the invention lies in the fact that the property of growing trees is used to form a cellular structure more evenly on the north side and more variable on the south side. Therefore, as a rule, for technical purposes, when trees for future assortments are certified, cores are taken from the north side. And on the south side, as a rule, due to the high variation in the values of macrostructural indices, cores are practically not extracted for technical certification. However, the high variability of indicators on the south side of a growing tree is very effective when compared with environmental parameters, especially the environment (soil, air, sun exposure, etc.). Therefore, the core from the south side is effective for environmental assessment of not the tree itself, but the place (that is, the surrounding space) of its growth.

 Thus, a through core over the entire diameter of the trunk allows an ecological and economic assessment of the territory and wood for industrial needs. Therefore, the north side of the core in its properties will be useful for technical wood science, and the south side - for ecological wood science. Together, the entire core makes it possible to obtain an averaged ecological and economic assessment of both the wood resource and the resource of the ecological conditions for the growth of the tree and the forest as a whole.

 The essence also lies in the fact that the environmental and economic assessment is covered on cores taken from the worst and very best (in this area) trees. This allows you to take into account the entire interval of the dispersion of the properties of wood on cores, dividing them into northern and southern parts.

 The essence also lies in the fact that to increase the information reliability, two cores are taken on accounting trees - near the root neck (the most important point for the entire growing young tree) and at a height of 1.3 m (as is customary in forest taxation, so that comparability with known methods of accounting and economic and technical assessment of trees). In forest management, where it is customary to work with model trees after felling and cutting into 1 m long sections (young trees), it is necessary to take cores starting from the root neck. Taxis are usually neglected by the data on the root neck, which does not allow comprehensive consideration of ecological forestry and economic and technical approaches. In this case, two process options are possible: 1) to extract cores according to the proposed method, taking into account the location of branches and other trunk anomalies (burls, etc.), starting from the root neck, without cutting the trunk into 1 m sections; 2) first extract the cores, and then divide the trunk of the model tree into pieces for a complete analysis of the trunk by sections.

 The positive effect is that the technical assessment of the wood according to the prototype is supplemented by an environmental assessment from the south. At the same time, drilling through and then removing the core from the hole is much easier and simpler than this when drilling to the core. It is easier to take into account corrections for tilt angles. This method can also be used on large trees with ripe wood, but already using long drills (up to 1 m long or more), for example, manufactured abroad.

 The positive environmental and economic effect is that not only the best (from the standpoint of technical goals, which are usually environmentally better), but also the worst (which are technically and environmentally worse) low-quality trees are certified. Therefore, the forest area receives a comprehensive assessment, and not just one-sided from the perspective of an industrialist. In this case, the properties of not only tree trunks, but also the conditions of their growth and development, are taken into account. Thus, the proposed method really implements an environmental-economic approach, and not just utilitarian-consumer for wood products.

 In this regard, the technical solution has significant signs of novelty, a positive effect and the prospect of expanding its practical application in environmental engineering, that is, in the environmental assessment of forest areas, as well as territories with growing woody plants. The proposed method allows to expand research in the field of general wood science.

 From the analysis of scientific, technical and patent literature review, materials discrediting the novelty of the proposed method were not found.

 A method of testing wood of growing trees includes the following steps.

 In most practical cases, the ecological assessment of the territory is carried out on the worst trees of different ages, and the economic assessment of the wood resource is carried out on the best trees of middle-aged, ripe and overripe stands. To combine both approaches and perform a comprehensive test, young trees under the age of 30-50 years (depending on the breed) should be taken.

 First, the worst and best-looking trees (accounting or model) are selected on the site.

 Core sampling is carried out along the north-south geodetic axis in the direction of drilling the diameter of the tree from the north side to the south side, therefore this action is not applicable enough for trees located in plantations and artificial crops. In this regard, such oriented core sampling is feasible in coniferous-deciduous natural young growths, of which the overwhelming majority in Russia.

 Subsequent actions are carried out according to the prototype: measuring the geometric parameters of each core, determining corrections to the values of the studied properties of wood at the angles of inclination of the core, quantifying the properties of wood, recalculating them taking into account the amendments.

 The recalculated values of the properties of core wood (core and its segments) are divided into three parts: the north side, the central part, and the south side of the core. Each of these parts is analyzed separately. And also an average assessment of properties is performed over the entire diameter of the trunk section, that is, the entire total core length (excluding the bark). Thus, four groups of experimental data are formed.

 For wood, from the north side of the tree, an economic (initially technical, and then price-sensitive and cost-based) assessment of the use of wood as a raw material for subsequent woodworking is performed.

 For wood from the south side of the tree, an environmental assessment is performed by comparing the properties of the wood with the properties of the environment.

 According to wood, cores characterize the growth conditions of a tree depending on the density and oppression of neighboring trees. However, research results are still not enough to make clear distinguishing features. For example, the core also characterizes the process of decay of wood, as well as the influence of pests, etc. Therefore, this know-how has not yet been submitted to the claims.

 For the whole core wood, a comprehensive environmental and economic assessment of the wood stock and forest conditions is carried out. This is an average estimate for all sections and parts of the core.

 A lot of low-quality worst trees are accepted for environmental assessment, and a lot of the best trees are used for economic assessment, on the basis that these best trees will be left for further reforestation after thinning.

 Core drilling is carried out from north to south, because at first the drill crushes the first annual layers. They are excluded for the evaluation of industrial wood, since sapwood spice wood is not recommended for economic purposes. When the auger leaves the trunk of the tree, there is almost no damage if the fibers are supported on the opposite side by the auger body. Sapwood is more suitable for environmental assessment (near the bark, it characterizes the ecological state at the time of testing).

 On two cores taken near the root neck and at a height of 1.3 m, the dynamics of properties over the period of growth and development of the tree, that is, during its age, is determined by the difference in properties.

 The proposed method is recommended for use on accounting trees, which after taking the trees can be left for environmental monitoring. However, it can be used in relation to model trees, that is, during forest inventory works, when model trees are felled and cut into segments 1 m long (young growth) and 2 m long (adult forest).

 A method of testing wood of growing trees is implemented, for example, as follows.

 First, an accounting tree is chosen in the forest. That is, a tree that allows you to repeatedly conduct environmental surveys and experiments with core samples of wood. Then inspect the bark and surface for a possible core to be taken through the hole through the drill hole by its diameter.

 Then, the geometric and dimensional parameters of the core, its parts and segments are measured, corrections to the values of the studied properties are determined by the angle of inclination of the core, its parts and segments to the diameter of the tree section, and after a quantitative measurement, the values of the properties are recalculated taking into account the amendments.

 Subsequently, according to the recalculated values of the properties of wood, on the north side of the core segments, an economic assessment of the technical use of wood is performed, on the south side of the core sections an environmental assessment of the location of the tree under study is carried out, an ecological and economic assessment of the tree and its territory of the location is carried out throughout the core.

 For tests for the purpose of economic and technical assessment, high-quality trees are accepted, that is, the best and left for further growing after thinning, and for wood tests for the purpose of ecological forestry, low-quality trees are accepted, that is, worse and removed during thinning . The separation of trees into the best and the worst is performed according to the results of visual inspection, in accordance with known methods.

 Holes in the tree are covered with garden varieties or soil to eliminate pest colonization.

 With reference to model trees, the method is supplemented as follows.

 On a fallen tree, after cutting the branches, cores are taken, starting from the butt of the trunk and measuring the lengths of 1 m (young trees) or 2 m (adult trees). In this case, the trunks are turned upside down and the core drilled from top to bottom. First, core samples are taken along the entire length of the whip so that they are taken between the knots in the knot zone. Using a steel gauge, measure the distance from the butt. Based on the height of the stump, heights to each core are calculated. After taking all the cores, the trunk is logged into measured segments and measurements are taken at the end sections, and the packed cores are sent for cameral examinations.

 The proposed method is universal and allows you to implement a physical and technological approach to environmental, economic and integrated environmental and economic assessment of growing trees.

Claims (4)

 1. A method of testing wood of growing trees, including taking cores, measuring the geometric and dimensional parameters of each core, determining corrections in the angles of inclination of the core, studying the structure of the properties of wood, recalculating the values of these properties taking into account the amendments, characterized in that the core is taken over the entire diameter section of the trunk along the north-south geodetic axis, according to the values of the properties of wood from the north side of the core sections, recalculated taking into account amendments for core tilt angles to the diameter of the tree section onomicheskuyu assessment of the technical use of wood, on the south side of the core segments perform an environmental assessment of the studied locus tree, around the cores is carried ecological and economic assessment of the tree and its growing place, and take low-quality and high-quality visual inspection of trees to test.  2. The method of testing wood of growing trees according to claim 1, characterized in that the core is taken in a tree trunk by drilling it with a drill in the direction from the north to the south side of the tree, and the places on the accounting tree for core extraction are selected near the root neck and at a height of 1 ,3m.  3. The method of testing the wood of growing trees according to claim 1, characterized in that, when the trunk is fully analyzed, the model tree is cut down below the root neck of the trunk and the core is removed from the root neck every 1 m (for young trees) or 2 m ( for adult trees) along the trunk to its apex, and in the knot zone, the cores are extracted between the branches on an even section of the model tree trunk with measurements of the distances from the root neck to the axis of the holes remaining after core extraction.  4. The method of testing wood of growing trees according to claim 1, characterized in that the core is taken from low-quality and high-quality trees located in this territory.