RU2305930C2 - Method for diagnosing of adaptability potential of fruit crop sorts - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, fruit growing.

SUBSTANCE: method involves measuring a number of biophysiological coefficients of plants before and after acting upon plant of environment strain factors and determining resistance coefficient of crop sort to indicated action; determining adaptability potential factor for fruit crop sort from formula taking into account produced resistance coefficient, respectively, for each of strain factors, parameter of reduced yield resulted from action of respective factor and coefficient of frequency of showing each strain factor. When adaptability potential approximates 1, fruit tree sort is considered functionally fit for practical utilization in predetermined agronomical and climatic region.

EFFECT: increased efficiency and provision for producing of reliable data allowing precise diagnosis to be provided.

1 dwg, 5 tbl, 1 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, namely to the field of horticulture, and can be used to diagnose the fitness of the studied variety of fruit crops to a set of stress factors representing given environmental conditions.

A known method for diagnosing winter hardiness genotypes of apple trees (see description of invention 741828 A01H 1/0. Publ. 25.06.80. Bull. No. 23). It implies the determination of a phenotype reaction to natural diurnal fluctuations in ambient temperature over a one-year growth cycle and the relationship between the ratio of the free and bound forms of ribonucleic acid in the cortex of annual growth and the average daily amplitude of air temperature on the eve and on the day of analysis, and winter hardiness is estimated by the value of the correlation coefficient.

The specified method has a significant disadvantage of mono-directional assessment, i.e. the impossibility of a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the resistance of the variety under study to the totality of stress factors acting in a given natural environment.

Closest to the claimed object is a method for assessing the resistance of plants to adverse environmental factors, including measuring the biophysiological parameters of plants before and after exposure to a plant stress factors of the environment to assess the resistance of a cultivar to a specified effect, for which the leaves of the plant are placed in an air porometer chamber and measure the permeability to air (1 ref). Then, the sample is exposed to an unfavorable factor, for example, a lowered temperature, and a second measurement of the permeability of the sheet to air (I) is performed. According to the measurement data, a 1 / 1x ratio is calculated and the plant is considered stable if this ratio is 1 and unstable if this ratio is less than 1 (see the description of the invention SU 1450790 A01H 1/04, A01G 7/00. Publ. 15.01.89. Bull. No. 2).

However, this method also has a significant drawback - the inability to carry out a comprehensive comprehensive assessment of the resistance of the studied variety to the totality of stress factors acting in given natural conditions.

The technical solution to the problem is the ability to diagnose the adaptive potential of fruit crop varieties in predetermined natural conditions by taking into account the response of plants to the set of stress factors manifested in these conditions, their frequency of manifestation and the degree of genotype resistance to their action.

The problem is achieved in that in a method for assessing the adaptive potential of fruit crop varieties, including measuring biophysiological parameters of plants before and after exposure to a plant environmental stress factors to assess the resistance of a crop variety to a specified effect, according to the invention, the content in organs is used as biophysiological indicators plants of fructose, lipids, proteins and water, resistance is determined against early frosts, frosts during thaw, return frosts, spring frosts, droughts, air droughts and heat and calculate the indicator for assessing the adaptive potential for a variety of fruit crops (CEO) according to the formula:

where K _n is the stability coefficient of the variety;

n is the number of stress factor;

P _n - yield reduction parameter;

H _ni is the coefficient of the frequency of manifestation of the corresponding climatic stress factor in the given agroclimatic areas, determined by the formula

where N _ni - the number of manifestations of stress factors to a specific period N;

i - number of agroclimatic region;

and they consider the fruit tree variety to be functionally suitable for practical use in a given agroclimatic region, if the CEA tends to a value of "1".

The novelty of the proposed proposal is due to the fact that to diagnose the adaptive potential of fruit crop varieties take into account:

1) the resistance coefficient of the variety, which is determined in accordance with the value of the resistance index of the genotype for each of the existing stress factors,

2) the parameter to reduce yield under the influence of a specific stress factor,

3) the coefficient of the frequency of manifestation of the corresponding climatic stress factor in a given agroclimatic region, which is defined as the ratio of the number of manifestations of the corresponding stress factor in this agroclimatic region during long-term observations and their duration,

on the basis of which the indicator of a comprehensive environmental assessment of adaptive potential is determined.

According to the scientific, technical and patent information, a similar set of features has not been identified that allows us to draw a preliminary conclusion about the novelty of the proposed method and the compliance of the features with the criterion of "inventive step".

The invention is illustrated by graphs of the indicator of a comprehensive environmental assessment of the adaptive potential of KEO for 3 varieties of apple trees in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory (8 agroclimatic regions), presented in the drawing.

A method for diagnosing the adaptive potential of fruit crop varieties is as follows.

A well-known yield reduction parameter (Pn) is used for each of the n stress factors acting in a given agroclimatic area (V. Kashin. The influence of some factors on the resistance of garden plants. / V. I. Kashin. // Fruit growing and Berry growing in Russia: Sat scientific works / VSTISP. - M., 1998. - TV - S.3-19). This parameter characterizes the percentage reduction in yield within the crop under the influence of a specific stress factor. The resistance coefficient of the variety (Kn) is determined in accordance with the values of the genotype resistance index obtained for each of the stress factors by any known physiological method, and the frequency coefficient of the manifestation of the corresponding climatic stress factor in these environmental conditions (Chni) for the i agroclimatic region is calculated by the formula

where Nni is the number of manifestations of the corresponding stress factor over a period of N years. These coefficients are decreasing with respect to the parameter for reducing the yield, since their value is always in the range from 0 to 1. Moreover, with increasing variety stability and decreasing the frequency of manifestation of the factor, the corresponding coefficients tend to 0, i.e. the higher the resistance of the variety to the corresponding stress factor and the lower the frequency of manifestation of this stress factor in a given agro-climatic region, the higher the value of the integrated environmental assessment (CEA). With this in mind, the expression KEO = 1-H * K * P is taken as the basis for calculating the KEO for one agro-climatic region and the stress factor. In its final form, the indicator of a comprehensive environmental assessment of adaptive potential (CEA) is calculated using the formula below, which takes into account the complex effect of stress factors on the diagnosed variety in a given agroclimatic area and the fact that the sum of the parameters for reducing yield for the stress factors involved, i.e. . the sum of the corresponding works of H * K * P (see the above expression) may exceed 1, and the negative value of the integrated environmental assessment (CEA) parameter does not make sense:

An example of a specific implementation.

Initial conditions for experimental work:

studies were conducted during 1997-2005. in apple plantings, bookmarks of 1995-1997 located in various agroclimatic regions of the Krasnodar Territory, taking into account the following agroclimatic factors:

- early frosts (I - type),

- frost during the thaw (III - type),

- return frosts (IV - type),

- spring frosts,

- drought

- air drought,

- the heat.

We studied apple varieties with different resistance to the action of abiotic stress factors of the respective territories: introduced by Golden Delishes, Florina and breeding SKZNIISiV Peach.

Assessment of the resistance of varieties to certain stress factors was carried out by known methods by determining the appropriate physiological and biochemical parameters.

For each active stress factor, the values of the resistance coefficient of the variety were taken depending on the degree of its resistance (Table 1).

Table 1 The dependence of the stability coefficient of the variety on the degree of its stability Grade stability Stability coefficient high 0 increased 0.25 average 0.5 weak one

To diagnose the resistance of the tested fruit plant varieties to the action of various stress factors, we used previously established (Doroshenko T.N. Physiological and environmental aspects of southern fruit growing. / T.N. Doroshenko. - Krasnodar, 2000. - 19 p.; Doroshenko T. N. The principles of selection of variety-root combinations for zones and subzones of the Krasnodar Territory / T.N. Doroshenko, A.P. Lugovsky, N.K. Shaforostova. // Intensive technologies for cultivating fruit crops. - Krasnodar, 2004. - P.115- 126) physiological and biochemical criteria. In particular, to predict the resistance of varieties to frosts of types I, III, and IV, the “fructose coefficient” was used (Kf _I , Kf _III and Kf _IV, respectively), which represents the ratio of the fructose content in the kidneys of annual growths after freezing to certain temperatures and the fructose content before freezing . With a change in Kf from 1.00 to 1.10, the varieties were classified as highly resistant, with Kf 1.21-1.35 - as medium-resistant, and when Kf> 1.35 - as weakly resistant. If Kf changed in the range of 1.10-1.20, the variety was characterized by increased resistance to frost.

To predict the resistance of varieties to spring frosts, we determined the ratio of lipid content in buds after lowering the temperature to a similar indicator before freezing (Kzm). With Kzm≥1.5, the test variety was classified as highly frost resistant. At Kzm ≈ 1.0, the variety was considered weakly resistant to the action of spring frosts.

Drought tolerance of fruit plant varieties (resistance to soil drought) was determined by the formula:

where K _zp - coefficient of resistance to soil drought;

AG _o - genotype activity with a short-term exclusion of irrigation - with a decrease in soil moisture to 48-50% HB;

AG _to - genotype activity with optimal soil moisture: 75-80% HB.

Resistance of varieties to air drought was evaluated by the formula:

where K _Sv - coefficient of resistance to air drought;

B ₁ - water content in the leaves before wilting,%;

In ₂ - the water content in the leaves after wilting,%.

The _tested varieties were considered highly resistant if K _zp and K _sv varied in the range of 0-10%, medium-resistant - at K _zp and K _sv 11-25% and weakly resistant - at K _zp and K _sv > 25%.

The heat resistance of the varieties was diagnosed taking into account the heat resistance coefficient of KZh:

At values of Ql <0.8, the test variety was classified as weakly resistant, and with Ql = 0.9-1.0 - to highly resistant.

The results of the diagnosis of resistance of apple varieties to various stress factors are presented in tables 2,3.

table 2 Diagnostic results of resistance of apple varieties to various types of frosts and frosts according to physiological parameters Grade Type of frost Frost I III IV Kf _I Sustainability Kph _III Sustainability Kph _IV Sustainability Kzm Sustainability Golden Delicious 1.22 Average 1.21 Average 1.22 Average 1,0 Weak Florina 1,1 Increase 1.23 Average 1.24 Average 1,5 High Peach 1,02 High 1,04 High 1,04 High 1,5 High Table 3 Diagnostic results of the resistance of apple varieties to droughts and elevated air temperatures in the summer according to physiological parameters Grade Soil drought Aerial drought Overheat KZP Sustainability Kzv Sustainability Kzh Sustainability Golden Delicious 29.4 Weak 29.4 Weak 0.7 Weak Florina 13.0 Average 13.0 Average 0.8 Average Peach 15,2 Average 15,2 Average 0.8 Average

The parameter for reducing the yield of variety Pn for the listed stress factors, which determines the percentage of decrease in yield within the crop under the influence of a specific stress factor (Kashin V.I. Influence of some factors on the resistance of garden plants. / V.I. Kashin. // Fruit growing and Berry growing Russia: Collection of scientific works / VSTISP. - M., 1998. - TV - S.3-19), is presented in table 4.

Table 4 Variety yield reduction parameter for 7 stress factors No. Agroclimatic factors Yield reduction parameter one early frosts (I - type) 0.8 2 frost during the thaw (III - type) 0.8 3 return frosts (IV - type) 0.8 four spring frosts one 5 Drought 0.6 6 aerial drought 0.2 7 Heat 0.2

где Nni - количество проявлений соответствующего стресс-фактора в заданном агроклиматическом районе, и представлен в таблице 5.The frequency coefficient of the manifestation of the corresponding climatic stress factor in the given agroclimatic regions of the Krasnodar Territory is determined for a period of N = 18 years according to the formula

where Nni is the number of manifestations of the corresponding stress factor in a given agroclimatic region, and is presented in table 5.

Table 5 The frequency coefficient of the manifestation of the corresponding climatic stress factor for 8 agroclimatic regions of the Krasnodar Territory Agroclimatic factors Agroclimatic Area Number Frequency one 2 3 four 5 6 7 8 early frosts 2 0.11 0.11 0 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0 frost during the thaw 7 0.39 0.39 0.39 0.39 0 0 0 0 return frosts 9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 spring frosts 5 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 drought 10 0.56 0 0.56 0.56 0 0 0 0 aerial drought four 0.22 0.22 0.22 0 0 0 0 0 heat 5 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0 0 0.28 0.28

Based on the data presented in tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 for each agroclimatic region, the value of a comprehensive environmental assessment is determined by the formula:

where K _n is the stability coefficient of the variety (n is the number of stress factor), determined according to the tables 1, 2, 3,

Pn - parameter decline in yield presented in table 4,

Chni is the coefficient of the frequency of manifestation of the corresponding climatic stressor in a particular agro-climatic region, determined by the formula, is presented in table 5.

So for 1 agroclimatic region and Florina variety:

Graphs reflecting the behavior of the indicator of a comprehensive environmental assessment of the adaptive potential of the CEA for 3 varieties of apple trees in the conditions of the Krasnodar Territory (8 agroclimatic regions) are presented in the drawing.

From the forecast presented in the drawing, it follows that the apple variety Persikovoye is characterized by high adaptability in all considered agroclimatic regions of the Krasnodar Territory. However, the Golden Delicious variety is adapted to the natural conditions of only 5-8 regions of the region. Its cultivation in 1-4 districts will not provide the proper economic effect. Variety Florina in its ability to adapt to the climatic conditions of the Krasnodar Territory occupies an intermediate position.

The results are confirmed by experimental data on the yield of the studied varieties in the corresponding agroclimatic regions of the Krasnodar Territory.

Claims (1)

A method for evaluating the adaptive potential of fruit crop varieties, including measuring biophysiological parameters of plants before and after exposure to a plant of environmental stress factors to assess the resistance of a crop variety to the specified effect, characterized in that the content of fructose, lipids in plant organs is used as biophysiological indicators proteins and water, resistance is determined in relation to early frosts, frosts during the thaw, return frosts, spring frosts, droughts, air drought chi and heat and calculate the indicator of the assessment of adaptive potential for fruit cultivars (CEO) by the formula

, where K _n is the stability coefficient of the variety; n is the number of stress factor (from the above); P _n is the parameter for reducing yield from exposure to the corresponding stress factor; N _ni is the coefficient of the frequency of manifestation of the corresponding climatic factor in a given (given) areas, determined, for example, by the formula N _1i = N _ni / N, where N _ni is the number of manifestations of the corresponding stress factor for a certain period of N years; i is the number of agroclimatic region, and consider the fruit tree variety to be functionally suitable for practical use in a given agroclimatic area, if the CEA tends to a value of 1.