RU2476771C1 - Plant for thermal processing and destruction of wastes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering.

SUBSTANCE: plant for thermal processing and destruction of wastes consists of a body lined with a refractory material, inside of which there is an afterburning chamber for smoke gases with a burner device and a chamber of wastes burning with a burner device, and also a channel for passage of pyrolysis and smoke gases from the combustion chamber into the afterburning chamber, a channel of smoke gases removal from the afterburning chamber and devices for loading wastes and removal of sludge. The plant is equipped with a device for loading wastes arranged in the form of a gate loading chamber arranged in the upper part of the body with a moving hatch and a locking door, a manifold of air supply into the afterburning chamber arranged between burner devices, two gates, one of which, if required, closes the channel for passage of pyrolysis and smoke gases from the burning chamber into the afterburning chamber, and the other one, with a small hole along the centre, if required, closes the hole in the front wall of the burning chamber, arranged opposite to the burner device of the burning chamber, at the same time the chamber of wastes burning is arranged above the chamber of smoke gases afterburning, so that between the body and the front wall of the burning chamber there is a channel for passage of pyrolysis and smoke gases from the burning chamber and the afterburning chamber, and between the rear wall of the burning chamber and the body there is a channel of smoke gases removal from the afterburning chamber, also the burning chamber in its lower part is equipped with a sludge agitator with an electric drive, the shaft of which is located in the channel for supply of additional air with the help of the compressor into the burning chamber, at the same time in the upper part of the front wall of the burning chamber there is a hole that connects the burning chamber with the channel for passage of pyrolysis and smoke gases, and in the rear wall there is a hole to remove smoke gases from the plant.

EFFECT: higher energy efficiency of a plant, continuitu of plant operation when loading wastes, and also reduced weight and dimensional characteristics of a plant as a whole.

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Description

The invention relates to plants for the thermal processing of various wastes and can be used in municipal services and industry for their disposal.

A known installation for burning solid waste containing a furnace device with a mechanical grate, a vertical afterburner with hot blast nozzles, a steam generator, a device for loading waste and removing ash and combustion products (AS USSR No. 1095019, Bull. No. 20 from 03.05 .1984). The disadvantage of this invention is the complex construction of the thermal part of the device, as well as the large weight and size characteristics due to the sequential arrangement of the furnace and the afterburner.

The installation for the thermal processing of solid waste includes a chamber furnace, consisting of a combustion chamber with a hopper for loading waste and an outlet for removing ash, an afterburner, a heat exchanger, an exhaust gas purification system (RF patent 2232348, Bull. No. 4 of July 10, 2004) . The disadvantage of this invention is the lack of a primary process of pyrolysis of waste, which leads to high concentrations of harmful substances in flue gases and a complex system for their purification.

A known installation for the thermal processing of solid waste, including a furnace lined with refractory brick, consisting of a combustion chamber with a hopper for loading waste and an outlet for removing ash, an afterburner, a heat exchanger, a cleaning system from a scrubber and a filtration unit (AS RF No. 2137044, Bull. No. 25 dated 09/10/1999). The disadvantage of this device is the need for two burners in the combustion chamber of an ineffective design, as well as the absence of a device for mixing (tedding) of the combusted waste, which reduces the efficiency of burning waste and increases fuel consumption.

A known method of disposal and destruction of solid waste and a device for its implementation, including a gasification chamber with holes for regulating an oxygen-containing gasifying agent and holes for outputting gaseous products into the afterburner, an afterburner with holes for introducing secondary air, while the gasification chamber is partially part of it , where the gasification zone is located, is immersed in the afterburner (RF patent No. 2089786, Bull. No. 25 from 09/10/1997). The disadvantages of this device are an inefficient system of heating the waste in the gasification chamber due to electric heaters and a complex system for regulating the supply of oxygen-containing gasifying agent.

A device of a furnace for heat treatment and destruction of waste is known, consisting of a body lined with refractory material, inside of which there is a flue gas afterburner with a burner device and a waste burning chamber made of several sections with burner devices and channels for passage of pyrolysis and flue gases into the afterburner , as well as a channel for removing flue gases from the afterburner and waste loading and sludge removal devices (AS No. 1698575, Bull. No. 46 dated 12/15/1991). However, the disadvantage of this device is the presence of many sections in the combustion chamber, which significantly increases the overall dimensions of the installation, the complexity of the devices for moving waste from section to section, as well as incomplete burning of flue gases from the upper sections of the combustion chamber.

The technical result that can be obtained by carrying out the invention is to significantly increase the energy efficiency of the installation, the continuity of the installation when loading waste, as well as to reduce the overall dimensions of the installation.

To achieve this technical result, a plant for heat treatment and destruction of waste, consisting of a body lined with refractory material, inside of which there is a flue gas afterburner with a burner device and a waste burning chamber with a burner device, as well as a channel for the passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber in the afterburner, the channel for removing flue gases from the afterburner and waste loading and sludge removal devices, is equipped with a housing located in the upper part with a lock waste loading chamber with a moving hatch and a closing door, an air supply line to the afterburner located between the burner devices, two gates, one of which, if necessary, closes the channel for passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber to the afterburner, and the other, with a small hole in the center, if necessary, overlaps the hole in the front wall of the combustion chamber, opposite the burner device of the combustion chamber, while the waste incineration chamber located above the flue gas afterburner so that between the body and the front wall of the combustion chamber a channel is formed for passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber to the afterburner, and between the rear wall of the combustion chamber and the body there is a channel for removing flue gases from the afterburner the combustion chamber in its lower part is equipped with an electric drive slurry agitator, the shaft of which is located in the channel for supplying additional air to the combustion chamber with a compressor, while in the upper part and an opening connecting the combustion chamber to the channel for passage of pyrolysis gases is placed and a front wall of the combustion chamber, and an opening for removing flue gases from the installation is provided in the rear wall of the housing.

The introduction of two waste gates, one of which, if necessary, closes the channel for passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber to the afterburner, and the other, with a small hole, into the installation for the heat treatment and waste disposal of the lock loading chamber of waste with a moving hatch and a closing door in the center, if necessary, closes the hole in the front wall of the combustion chamber, located opposite the burner device of the combustion chamber, as well as the location of the flue gas afterburner under waste incineration measures and the presence of channels for the passage of pyrolysis and flue gases between the front and rear walls of the combustion chamber and the casing of the unit, as well as a tedder and a channel for supplying additional air to the combustion chamber, allows to obtain a new property consisting in a significant increase in energy efficiency due to the larger heat transfer heat from flue gases to waste, the possibility of using pyrolysis gas instead of the main fuel and the intensification of the combustion process, as well as continuous spine of the plant at startup waste and reducing the weight and size characteristics in the whole installation.

The drawing shows a device for heat treatment and waste disposal.

The installation for heat treatment and destruction of waste consists of a housing lined with refractory material 1, inside of which there is a flue gas afterburner 2 with a burner 3 and a waste incinerator 4 with a burner 5. A combustion chamber 4 is located above the afterburner 2. Between the housing 1 and the front wall of the combustion chamber 4 is a channel for pyrolysis and flue gases 6, connecting the combustion chamber 4 with the afterburner 2. Between the rear wall of the combustion chamber 4 and the housing 1 is formed a removal channel I have the flue gas from the afterburner 7. The front wall of the combustion chamber 4 at the bottom has openings 8 with a gate 9 for supplying a torch from the burner 5 to the combustion chamber 4 and for burning waste. The gate 9 has a small hole 10 in the central part.

To ensure the processes of combustion of pyrolysis gases in the afterburner 2, in the front wall of the housing 1 between the burner devices 5 and 3 there is an air supply line 11. To remove residual combustion waste (ash) in the combustion chamber 4, a device for removing sludge 12 is provided.

The housing 1 in the upper part has an opening 13 for installing and moving the slide device 14. The front wall of the combustion chamber 4 has an opening 15 in its upper part connecting the channel for passage of pyrolysis gases 6 to the combustion chamber 4, and an opening 16 is provided in the rear wall of the housing 1 to remove flue gases into the gas cleaning system (not shown in the drawing).

In the lower part of the combustion chamber 4 there is an agitator 17, the shaft of which is located in the channel 18 for supplying additional air to the combustion chamber 4 by means of a compressor 19. The agitator 17 is rotated by an electric drive 20.

Above the combustion chamber 4, there is a lock loading chamber 21 with a moving hatch 22 and a closing door 23. The loading chamber 21 is designed to accumulate waste and periodically load it into the combustion chamber 4.

Installation for heat treatment and disposal of waste works as follows.

The operation of the installation, depending on the toxicity, humidity and calorific value of the waste, can be carried out in three modes:

- direct combustion mode;

- semi-pyrolysis combustion mode;

- pyrolysis combustion mode.

With direct combustion, the gates 14 and 9 are fully open. Burner devices 3 and 5 work. Through the air supply line 11, air is supplied to the afterburner 2. The flame from the burner 5 through the hole 8 enters the combustion chamber 4, due to which the waste is burned. Flue gases with elements of toxic substances from the chamber 4 through the hole 15 through the channel 6 enter the afterburner 2, where, passing through the chamber 2 and the flue gas removal channel 7, they are burned at a temperature of more than 1300 degrees Celsius within 3-5 seconds. Afterburning is carried out due to the operation of the burner device 3. This allows you to destroy all toxic components in the flue gas. After that, the flue gases through the channel 7 through the hole 16 are removed from the housing 1 into the gas treatment system (not shown). The lower part and the rear wall of the combustion chamber 4 are heated by burning fuel and the heat of the flue gases, which leads to heating of the waste in the combustion chamber 4. The large surface area of the lower part and the rear wall of the combustion chamber 4 allows for quick heating of the waste in the combustion chamber 4, and due to the heat of combustion of flue gases, reduce the consumption of primary fuel.

The process of loading waste into the combustion chamber 4 is carried out in stages, without stopping the device, until the complete burning of all waste. To do this, the waste, when the installation is running, is constantly loaded into the airlock loading chamber 21 through the door 23. As the waste is burned in the chamber 4, the moving hatch 22 is shifted to the side (with the door 23 closed) and the next portion of the waste enters the chamber 4.

To intensify the combustion process, an agitator 17 is mounted in the combustion chamber 4, which rotates by means of an electric drive 20, and additional air is supplied through the channel 18 using the compressor 19. The agitator 17 is also designed to discharge sludge (ash residue) from the chamber 4 into the device for removing sludge 12.

In the semi-pyrolysis mode of combustion (lack of oxygen), the gate 14 through the hole 13 is closed, and the gate 9 is fully open. Burner devices 3 and 5 work. Through the air supply line 11, air is supplied to the afterburner 2. The compressor 19 does not work, and air is not supplied to the chamber 4 through the channel 18. The flame from the burner 5 through the hole 8 enters the combustion chamber 4, due to which there is burning of waste. Due to the closure of the gate 14, flue gases with elements of toxic substances from the chamber 4 through the hole 8 enter the afterburner 2, where they are burned to destroy toxic elements due to the operation of the burner device 3. After that, the flue gases through the channel 7 through the hole 16 are removed from the housing 1 to the gas cleaning system (not shown in the drawing). Since the compressor 19 does not work and air is not supplied to the chamber 4 through the channel 18, a lack of oxygen is formed in the combustion chamber 4, which can enter the chamber 4 only through the hole 8. This corresponds to the semi-pyrolysis mode. The processes of loading waste and removing sludge (ash residue) are similar to processes in direct combustion mode.

In the pyrolysis mode (decomposition of waste without oxygen), the gates 14 and 9 are closed. Burner 5 does not work. Burner device 3 is operating. Through the air supply line 11, air is supplied to the afterburner 2. The compressor 19 does not work, and air is not supplied to the chamber 4 through the channel 18. When the temperature of the waste heating above 400 degrees Celsius in the combustion chamber 4 in the absence of oxygen in the waste, the pyrolysis process begins with the decomposition of the waste and the formation of combustible pyrolysis gases.

Due to the closure of the gates 14 and 9, flue gases with elements of toxic substances from the chamber 4 through a small hole 10 in the gate 9 enter the afterburner 2, where they are burned to destroy toxic elements due to the operation of the burner device 3. After that, the flue gases through the channel 7 through the hole 16 are removed from the housing 1 into the gas treatment system (not shown). Since the compressor 19 does not work and air is not supplied to the chamber 4 through the channel 18 and the hole 10 has a small diameter, there is no oxygen in the combustion chamber 4, which ensures the implementation of the pyrolysis process. All other processes are similar to processes in direct combustion mode.

Claims (1)

Installation for heat treatment and destruction of waste, consisting of a body lined with refractory material, inside of which there is a flue gas afterburner with a burner device and a waste incinerator with a burner device, as well as a channel for passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber to the afterburner, channel removal of flue gases from the afterburner and waste loading devices and sludge removal, characterized in that it is equipped with a waste loading device made in the form the upper part of the housing of the lock loading chamber with a moving hatch and a closing door, an air supply line to the afterburner located between the burner devices, two gates, one of which, if necessary, closes the channel for the passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber to the afterburner, and the other , with a small hole in the center, if necessary, overlaps the hole in the front wall of the combustion chamber, opposite the burner device of the combustion chamber, while the combustion chamber waste is located above the flue gas afterburner, so that between the body and the front wall of the combustion chamber there is a channel for the passage of pyrolysis and flue gases from the combustion chamber and the afterburner, and between the rear wall of the combustion chamber and the body there is a channel for removing flue gases from the afterburner , the combustion chamber in its lower part is equipped with an electric drive sludge agitator, the shaft of which is located in the channel for supplying additional air to the combustion chamber with a compressor, while erhney portion of the front wall of the combustion chamber taken hole connecting the combustion chamber with a channel for the passage of flue gas and pyrolysis, while the rear wall of the housing provided with an opening for removing flue gases from the installation.