RU2464776C2 - Method of controlling phytoclimate in graphite-cenoses under drip irrigation and system for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes periodic irrigation of root habitable horizon, periodic moistening plants, determination of the surface air temperature, the temperature of plant leaves and relative humidity of the surface air. The values of the coefficients A, B, C are calculated by formulas. At A≥0.9 the drip irrigation is performed with a rate of 150-200 m³/ha from 22 pm to 2 o'clock at night. At B≥1.2 with dry winds from 11 to 15 o'clock in the afternoon the surface air is irrigated with atomization of water particles with a diameter of 10-50 micron with replaceable nozzles. At C≥1.5 the leaves and stems of plants are additionally moistened with water droplets with a diameter of 100-800 micron for 3-4 hours. At A+B≥2.1 drip irrigation is carried out to reduce the soil temperature +22…26°C, and the relative air humidity is increased to 50…70%. At B+C≥2.5 the agricultural plants leaves and the surface air is moistened by atomisation of irrigation water for 0.5 h with intervals every hour. At A+C≥2.5 drip irrigation is carried out for 2-3 hours, and the agricultural plants leaves are moistened. At A+B+C≥3.5 drip irrigation is carried out for 30-45 minutes at intervals of 2 hours. The system comprises water source, a pumping station with filters and irrigation network in the form of irrigation pipelines with droppers. The system is equipped with an additional water distribution pipeline which is hydraulically connected by flexible irrigation pipelines having droppers. Each rack for periodic moisturising of low- and middle-growing plants is made in the form of rods of circular section. The upper ends of the rods are connected by the adapter. The adapter has a nipple on one side for hydraulic connection with a fitting placed in the wall of the flexible irrigation pipeline with droppers. The fitting is located in the wall of the flexible irrigation pipeline with droppers. The adapter is connected to the conical cavity of the nozzle with a conical sleeve.

EFFECT: preservation of the cultivated harvest under critical conditions is provided.

3 cl, 36 dwg, 18 tbl, 7 ex

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, and in particular to methods of maintaining a phytoclimate in agrocenoses under drip irrigation by moistening the surface air layer and moistening the leaf surface of plants.

There is a method of finely dispersed irrigation of annual crops by introducing irrigation irrigation rates with one-time irrigation rates determined taking into account climatic indicators, in which, in order to save irrigation water, statistical data on the number of days and the number of hours in a day with a temperature above the optimum are used for this culture in the main phases of its development, while the irrigation rate is determined by the following relationship:

,

,

where M is the irrigation rate, m ³ / ha;

m _τ - one-time irrigation rate, m ³ / ha;

τ and n _τ are, respectively, the number of days and the number of hours in days with a temperature above the optimum for a given crop in the main phases of its development (SU, copyright certificate No. 1732864 A1, Mcl ⁵ A01G 25/02. Method of fine irrigation of annual crops . / T.I. Ivantsova, M.Yu. Khrabrov (USSR) .- Application No. 4683583/15; Claimed 04.24.1989; Publish. 05.15.1992, Bull. No. 18 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1992. - No. eighteen).

The disadvantages of the described method of fine irrigation of crops in relation to the problem we are solving - the creation of optimal conditions for growing crops in the drip irrigation system under dry winds - include the incorrectness of the proposed formula when determining the irrigation rate to create optimal conditions for growing plants on critical days.

A known method of irrigation, including the issuance of an irrigation rate, in which, in order to maintain optimal soil moisture, improve the micro and phytoclimat parameters in the irrigation zone while saving water, the irrigation rate is issued by daily combined irrigation with simultaneous local soil moistening, aerosol wetting of the surface layer air and leaf surface of plants, while the irrigation rate is equal to the total water flow from the irrigated area for the previous day; 5-10% of irrigation water is spent on local moistening of the soil, 25-30% - on aerosol hydration of surface air and 65-70% - on aerosol hydration of the leaf surface of plants; daily combined irrigation is carried out periodically for 5-7 minutes with an interval of 35-40 minutes when the temperature rises above 25 ° C and the relative humidity drops below 60% (copyright certificate SU No. 1178362 A, M. Cl. ⁴ A01G 25/00. Watering method. / A.V. Cherkun, I.S. Onishchuk, V.D. Scherban, M.D. Bykov (USSR) - Application No. 3719361 / 30-15; Stated 01/01/1984; Publish. 09/15/1985 , Bull. No. 34 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1985. - No. 34).

The disadvantages of the described method of irrigation of crops under dry weather, despite the possibility of improving the parameters of micro- and phytoclimate in the irrigation zone, are the lack of quantitative indicators for establishing irrigation norms for moistening the topsoil, aerosol humidification of the surface air layer and leaf surface of plants.

A known method for determining the timing of irrigation with fine sprinkling, including determining the air temperature, in which fine sprinkling is prescribed and carried out from an early phase of plant development according to the temperature difference in the leaf / air system from 1 to 3 ° C depending on the irrigated crop (patent RU No. 2113110 C1, M. Cl ⁶ A01G 25/00. A method for determining the timing of irrigation with fine sprinkling. / OG Grammatikati, EI Kuznetsova. - Application No. 95118388/13; Claimed 10/25/1995; Publ. 20.06. 1998).

The disadvantages of the described method for determining the timing of irrigation with fine sprinkling irrigation in relation to the problem we are solving include, firstly, the availability of accurate instruments for determining the temperature of plant leaves and air temperature, secondly, a post for determining a sufficient number of indicators on the irrigated massif, and thirdly, only one indication of leaf and air temperatures is not an indication of the establishment of irrigation regimes, much less maintaining the phytoclimat at the proper level.

A known method of vegetative top dressing of crops, including the preparation of an aqueous solution of fertilizers and periodic irrigation of plants by the method of fine sprinkling, in which vegetative top dressing is combined with intraday cycles of regulating the phytoclimate of crops by the method of fine sprinkling, on days when the ambient temperature exceeds the biologically optimal for the crop, this vegetative top dressing with a fertilizer solution is combined with the final d by chewing an intraday cycle at a rate of consumption of a fertilizer solution of 2 ... 6 m ³ / ha; vegetative top dressing and phytoclimate regulation by the method of finely dispersed sprinkling of winter wheat crops are carried out from 10 ... 11 to 17 ... 19 hours with intervals of 0.5 ... 2.0 hours on days when the ambient temperature exceeds 22 ... 25 ° C, depending on the variety; as a fertilizer solution, use a mixture of brine of the natural mineral bischofite sulfate type and an adhesive based on a 16 ... 22% starch glue solution 12 ... 20 cSt, while the bischofite brine and the glue solution are in a 2: 1 ... 4: 1 mixture (patent RU No. 2221359 C1, M. Cl ⁷ A01C 21/00. The method of vegetative top dressing of crops. / A.F. Rogachev, T.I. Mazaev, N. N. Kosyreva, M. M. Yushkova. - Application No. 2002121702 / 12; Stated August 6, 2002; Publish. January 20, 2004, Bull. No. 2 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2004. - No. 2).

The disadvantages of the described method of vegetative top dressing S.-x. crops, as applied to the problem we are solving, refers to the fact that the micro- and macroelements introduced by the nonroot method on plants during critical dry days have only a negative effect: the plants are suppressed 2-3 times more than with fine irrigation with clean irrigation water. The described method does not allow the regulation of the phytoclimat both in fine irrigation and in drip irrigation.

A known method of fine irrigation of crops, providing for multiple wetting of the surface layer of air, the leaf surface of crops or plants, and the open surface of the soil with artificial rain drops with a diameter of 100-600 μm, a single norm of 200-600 l / ha during a growing season, with an interval when the temperature is exceeded the surface layer of air and / or lowering the relative humidity of the surface layer of air below the optimal values for a given type of crop in which the moistening of crops or wall is carried out artificial rain droplets, coated with a monolayer of surfactant, its application rate is calculated by the formula

,

,

where q is the rate of application of the surfactant, kg / m ³ ;

p is the degree of coating with drops of water on the leaf surface of crops or plants,%;

d _s is the diameter of the droplet, microns;

C is the concentration of the surfactant, providing a monolayer coating of the surface of droplets with a diameter of d _s formed by spraying 1 m ^{3 of} water, kg / m ³ ;

n is the coefficient of proportionality;

k is the coefficient of spreading of the drops, and the interval between humidifications is determined by the dependence

,

,

where T is the interval between humidifications, h;

_Spanish t - duration of complete evaporation coated with a monolayer of surfactant rain drops with the surface sheet crop or plant parts;

t _nq is the duration of the aftereffect of a one-time moistening, h, while the first moistening is prescribed when the air temperature reaches the lower limit of the optimal temperature range for the photosynthesis of this crop, and the last moistening of crops or plants during the day is performed with water that does not contain a surfactant; as a surfactant, a surfactant is used that excludes the temperature increase of droplets of artificial rain during their evaporation or provides an increase in the temperature of drops in the process of evaporation by an amount not exceeding the difference

,

,

,

- температуры растения, соответствующие верхней (max) и нижней (min) границам диапазона оптимальных температур процесса фотосинтеза (патент RU №2217902 С2, МПК⁷ A01G 25/00. Способ мелкодисперсного дождевания сельскохозяйственных культур. / И.И.Конторович, В.В.Бородычев, А.М.Салдаев, А.А.Лисконов. - Заявка №2001133670/13; Заявлено 10.12.2001; Опубл. 10.12.2003, Бюл. №34 // Изобретения. Полезные модели. - 2003. - №34).Where

,

- plant temperatures corresponding to the upper (max) and lower (min) boundaries of the optimal temperature range of the photosynthesis process (patent RU No. 2217902 C2, IPC ⁷ A01G 25/00. Method of fine irrigation of crops. / I.I. Kontorovich, V.V. .Bodydychev, A.M.Saldaev, A.A. Liskonov. - Application No. 20011133670/13; Declared December 10, 2001; Publish. December 10, 2003, Bull. No. 34 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2003. - No. 34 )

The disadvantages of the described method of fine sprinkling irrigation with. crops in relation to the problem we are solving, in spite of a slight decrease in the temperature of the leaves of plants in crops, the low efficiency of the conducted agricultural reception.

A device for combined microirrigation is known, including a housing with a cover, drip and micro-sprinkler outlets and a switching mechanism in the form of a spring-loaded valve with a stem, in which the switching mechanism is equipped with a valve operating position lock made in the form of a disk with a ring gear and grooves installed in the upper part of the rod on the side surface and the corresponding disk with a gear rim mounted on the inner surface of the cover, and guide protrusions made on the inner surface the surface of the upper part of the body (patent RU No. 2139775 C1, IPC A01G 25/02. Device for combined microirrigation. / K.V. Huber, V.P. Stepanov, G.P. Lyampert, M.Yu. Khrabrov. - Application No. 99110262/13; Declared June 17, 1997; Publish. May 10, 1999; Bull. No. 13 // Inventions. Utility models. - 1999. - No. 13).

The disadvantages of the described device in relation to the problem we are solving include, firstly, the low quality of irrigation water spray by micro-sprinkler outlets, and secondly, multiple supply of irrigation water under high pressure as command pulses is necessary. All this leads to hydraulic fractures of flexible irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation systems.

A known drip irrigation system, including a water source, a pumping station with filters and an irrigation network in the form of irrigation pipelines with droppers, at least one irrigation piping with droppers is equipped with nozzles for finely dispersed macro and microelements, herbicides, fungicides and acids dissolved in water, in which the nozzles are placed on telescopic rods with the possibility of changing the position in height above the soil level, with each nozzle with an irrigation pipe connected by and a tee and has a diffuser made as a single part with the body, a membrane of elastic elastic material, an adjusting screw with a needle at the end and a nut with a stiffening rib connected to the body, the membrane being mounted on the needle of the adjusting screw with the possibility of interfacing with the conical cavity of the diffuser; the step of placing nozzles on the irrigation pipeline is 3-4 times greater than the maximum radius of spraying water with a nozzle; the angle of the conical cavity of the diffuser is made less than 90 °; the angle of the conical cavity of the diffuser is more than 90 °, but less than 180 °; the diameter of the membrane is 1.05-1.15 times the diameter of the diffuser (patent RU No. 2322047 C1, IPC A01G 25/02 (2006.01). Drip irrigation system. / B.M.Kizyaev, A.M.Saldaev, A.V. Mayer et al. (15 names in total) .- Application No. 2006131067/12; Announced 05/30/2006; Published on 04/20/2008, Bull. No. 11 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2008. - No. 11).

The disadvantages of the described drip irrigation system, adopted by us as the closest analogue, include limited functionality.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The task to which the claimed invention is directed is to create comfortable growing conditions for agricultural crops. crops under critical conditions, including and during the period of dry winds with drip irrigation.

The technical result is the preservation of the grown crop under critical (abnormal) weather conditions.

The specified technical result in terms of the method is achieved by the fact that in the known method of regulating the phytoclimate in agrophytocenoses during drip irrigation, which includes periodic irrigation of the root horizon by supplying irrigation water from flexible irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation systems, periodic moistening of plants by the method of fine sprinkling, determination of the temperature of the surface air layer, the temperature of the leaves of plants and the relative humidity of the surface air layer according to the invention in agro for itocenoses, the temperature of the surface air layer, the temperature of the leaves, the relative humidity of the surface air layer, the soil temperature in the layer of 0-10 cm, the soil moisture in the root horizon, the speed and direction of the surface wind are instrumentally determined for each crop based on long-term observations, the optimal values indicated above parameters calculated by the formulas of the values of the coefficients A, B, C:

here W _bno and W _bnф - optimal and actual soil moisture in the root-inhabited layer,%;

T _no and T _nf - optimal and actual soil temperature in the layer 0-10 cm, ° С;

W _bbo and W _bbf - optimal and actual relative air humidity in the surface layer,%;

T _bo and T _bf - optimal and actual air temperature, ° С;

V _bo and V _bf - optimal and actual surface wind speed, m / s;

T _lo and T _LF - optimal and actual leaf temperature, ° С,

with a coefficient value A≥0.9, drip irrigation is carried out at a rate of 150-200 m ³ / ha from 22 p.m. to 2 a.m. until the soil temperature drops to 18 ... 22 ° C, with a coefficient B≥1.2 from 11 to 15 hours perform humidification of the surface air by spraying particles of water with a diameter of 10-50 μm with interchangeable nozzles, with a value of coefficient C≥1.5, additional moistening of the leaves and stems of plants with drops of water with a diameter of 100.0-800.0 microns for 3-4 hours, and with the total value of the coefficient A + B≥2.1, drip irrigation is performed and the surface layer is moistened air to lower the soil temperature to 22 ° ... 26 ° C and increase the relative humidity to 50 ... 70% at a value of B + C≥2.5, set the moistening of the leaves of crops and the surface layer of air by spraying irrigation water for 0.5 h at intervals of 1 h, and at A + C≥2.5, drip irrigation is performed for 2-3 hours and the leaves of agricultural plants are moistened, moreover, with a total coefficient of A + B + C≥3.5, drip irrigation is performed during 6 hours and humidification of the air and leaves for 30-45 minutes at intervals of 2 hours

The specified technical result in terms of the device is achieved by the fact that in the known system for controlling the phytoclimat in agrophytocenoses under drip irrigation, including a water source, a pump station with filters and an irrigation network in the form of irrigation pipelines with droppers, at least one irrigation pipeline with droppers is equipped with the ability changes in height position above the soil level with nozzles for finely dispersed spray dissolved in the form of macro- and microelements, herbicides, fungicides and acids, according but to the invention it is equipped with an additional water distribution pipe hydraulically connected to flexible irrigation pipelines having droppers, each rack for periodically moistening low- and medium-sized plants is made in the form of rods of circular cross section, the upper ends of which are connected by an adapter having a nipple on one side for hydraulic connection with a fitting placed in the wall of a flexible irrigation pipe with droppers and a conical sleeve on the upper face for interfacing with the nozzle body, and to Each rack for periodically moistening tall plants is made in the form of a hollow rod of rectangular cross section, the lower ends of the round rods are mated with a hollow rod by a tube of elastic-elastic material having the shape of a rectangular prism, and the upper ends of the said round rods are connected by an adapter having a nipple with one sides for hydraulic communication with the fitting located in the wall of the flexible irrigation pipe with droppers, and a conical sleeve on the upper face for interfacing with nozzle nozzle; each rack is equipped with the ability to rotate around a horizontal hinge from a vertical position to a horizontal position and vice versa.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 in an axonometric image shows a system for regulating the phytoclimat in agrophytocenoses under drip irrigation.

Figure 2 shows the irrigation network of the phytoclimate control system in agrophytocenoses under drip irrigation with an additional water distribution pipe hydraulically connected to flexible irrigation pipes and droppers, a plan view.

Figure 3 - section aa in figure 2, the placement of the main and additional water supply pipelines of the phytoclimat control system with drip irrigation of agricultural cultures.

In Fig.4 is a section bB in Fig.2, the connection of the water supply tube of the nozzle with the cavity of the flexible irrigation tube of the drip irrigation system.

Figure 5 - section bb in figure 2, the pairing of the end of the flexible irrigation tube with an additional water supply pipe, Quaternary local section.

In Fig.6 is a view of G in Fig.2, the placement of the nozzle on the rack to maintain the phytoclimat in crops of tall crops.

In Fig.7 is a view D in Fig.6, the pairing of the nozzle with the adapter on the rods of the rack.

In Fig.8 is a view of E in Fig.2, the placement of the nozzle on the rack for placement on the crops of low and medium-sized agricultural cultures.

In Fig.9 - view G in Fig.8, the placement of the nozzle by means of an adapter on the upper ends of the rods.

Figure 10 schematically shows the hydraulic network of the flow of irrigation water from a flexible irrigation pipe into the nozzles through a pressure reducing valve or accumulator.

11 shows interchangeable nozzles for a phytoclimate control system in agricultural crops. cultures (photo).

In Fig.12 - the operation of the phytoclimatic regulation system in the crops of tall and low-growing agricultural crops. cultures (photo).

On Fig - condition of crops of sugar corn in the regulation system of the phytoclimate during drip irrigation (photo).

On Fig presents an embodiment of the telescopic rack.

On Fig - the placement of single and telescopic racks with nozzles on the irrigated array of the phytoclimat control system.

In Fig.16 shows the rack, pivotally connected to the anchor when performing the process.

On Fig - the same, when translated into a horizontal position.

On Fig shows a wind rose according to the weather station of the city of Volgograd, 2006.

On Fig - the same, 2007.

In Fig.20 - the same, 2008.

On Fig shows the dynamics of the average wind speed during the growing season of agricultural. crops according to the weather station of the city of Volgograd, 2006.

In Fig.22 - the same, according to 2007.

On Fig in polar coordinates shows a diagram of wind speeds during the growing season of agricultural. crops according to the weather station of Volgograd: a) in the morning; b) in the evening; c) - average values, according to 2008 data.

On Fig shows the design of a removable dynamic nozzle to provide a phytoclimat in crops agricultural. crops, side view.

In Fig.25 is the same plan view.

On Fig depicts a hydro-pulse nozzle for fan distribution of microdrops of water to moisten the air and leaves of agricultural. cultures, side view with a Quaternary section of a two-chamber building.

On Fig presents hydroimpulsive nozzle membrane type.

On Fig shows a hydro-pulse nozzle for distributing microdroplets of water in a circle, side view.

In Fig.29 shows a diametrical section of a hydro-pulse nozzle of a finely dispersed spray of water with the sizes of microdrops of 10-50 microns for humidification of air.

Figure 30 shows an image with a Quaternary section of a hydro-pulse nozzle with a spray of drops in a sector with an angle of 315 ... 345 °.

On Fig shows a removable low-pressure nozzle for fine spraying water to moisten the leaves.

On Fig - section 3-3 in Fig.31, the diametrical section of the nozzle and the screw plug in the housing of the replaceable nozzle.

In Fig.33 is a cross-section II in Fig.31, a swirl chamber in the end of the nozzle.

On Fig shows a removable dynamic nozzle with a nozzle for spraying jets of water into particles with diameters of 100 ... 200 microns.

On Fig presents a block of interchangeable nozzles for fine spray of water.

In Fig.36 is a section KK in Fig.35, diametrical sections of interchangeable nozzles, a cross-shaped housing and an adapter for placement on racks and connecting a flexible tube to the piping of the drip irrigation system.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the complex invention are as follows.

A method for controlling the phytoclimate in agrophytocenoses during drip irrigation involves periodically irrigating the root horizon with irrigation water from flexible irrigation pipelines 10 (Fig. 1) of drip irrigation systems, periodically moistening plants by fine sprinkling with nozzles 12 on racks 13, determining the temperature of the surface air layer, leaf temperature plants and relative humidity of the surface air layer.

In agrophytocenoses during the period of dry winds, the temperature of the surface air layer, leaf temperature, relative humidity of the surface air layer, soil temperature in the layer of 0-10 cm, soil moisture in the habitable horizon, speed and direction of the surface wind are instrumental determined. Then, based on long-term observations for each culture, the optimal values of the above parameters are established. According to the data obtained, the dimensionless values of the coefficients A, B, C are calculated according to the formulas below:

here W _bno and W _bnф - optimal and actual soil moisture in the root-inhabited layer,%;

T _no and T _nf - optimal and actual soil temperature in the layer 0-10 cm, ° С;

W _bbo and W _bbf - optimal and actual relative air humidity in the surface layer,%;

T _bo and T _bf - optimal and actual air temperature, ° С;

V _bo and V _bf - optimal and actual surface wind speed, m / s;

T _lo and T _LF - optimal and actual leaf temperature, ° С.

To calculate the values of the coefficients A, B, and C, Table 1 shows the data on the optimum soil moisture (in%) during the cultivation of the main agricultural crops. crops depending on the type and granulometric composition of the soil. In our case, the soil type is light chestnut, characteristic of a large number of agricultural crops. areas of the Volgograd region.

Tables 2, 3 and 4 show three-year data of wind speeds during the growing season of agricultural crops growing in the Volgograd region.

On Fig, 19 and 20 graphs (wind roses) presents the rumba of the winds during the calendar year, respectively in 2006, 2007 and 2008. The values of the points are taken into account by correction factors when calculating the numerical values of the "C" coefficients.

Figures 21, 11 and 23 in polar coordinates show data for specific dates critical wind speeds that negatively affect the growth and development, flowering and fruiting of agricultural crops. plants in agrophytocenoses.

For specific examples, we consider the values of the coefficients A, B, and C and measures for making a decision in order to reduce the negative influence of the dry winds and maintain the phytoclimate in agrophytocenoses in order to preserve plants, fruits, ears, tubers, ears, beans, etc. that are tied to them.

The optimal values found from the literature of the above values of W _bno , T _no , W _bbo , T _bo , V _bo and T _b are given in table 5.

Agricultural plants are very sensitive to changes in temperature of both soil and air. The vital activity and productivity of crops is associated with the temperature conditions of the habitat.

Plants are typical representatives of poikilothermic organisms and can exist in a relatively narrow temperature range, which is determined during their evolution. Physiologists characterize this interval by three cardinal points: the minimum at which the plant does not die from the cold, the maximum at which the ability to normal life is still preserved if the plant is returned to its usual environment, and the optimum is the best temperature regime. Cardinal points throughout the life of plants do not remain constant. As the plant develops, the temperature optimum changes with a certain regular sequence corresponding to the usual direction of the change in external temperature.

Studies have established that until mid-August, the temperature optimum shifts toward higher temperatures, which is consistent with the temperature rise that is usually observed from spring to mid-summer. Subsequently, according to the autumn cooling, the optimum shifts already in the direction of lower temperatures. The ratio of plants to temperature changes during the day.

For optimal development, it is necessary that nighttime temperatures are slightly lower than daytime. In full, all of the above can be attributed to the dynamics in time of two other cardinal points.

In the temperature range from minimum to optimum, biological, biochemical and physiological processes obey the Van Goff law, i.e. double their intensity with increasing temperature by 10 ° C. First of all, this relates to plant growth, the process of photosynthesis, the vital activity of the root system and biochemical processes in the soil. Each of these processes has its own optimum temperature, usually different from the others. So according to the studied data, the air temperature at which the maximum productive photosynthesis is observed is: for potatoes 18 ° C, for wheat 20 ° C, for corn 26 ° C and for cotton 28 ° C.

Exceeding these temperatures causes a sharp decrease in the productivity of photosynthesis. At the same time, optimal soil temperatures for the development of soil bacteria are in the region of much higher values - + 29 ... 38 ° С. The basis for calculating the plant’s thermal needs should rely mainly on the thermal regime of the soil, and in all formulas to determine the expected yield, the soil temperature should be entered with a positive coefficient, and the air temperature with the coefficient negative.

Despite such an ambiguity in the values of the optimal temperatures of the habitat (soil, surface air layer) for various plant organs and in time, the general regularity of the relationship between the crop and the thermal factor is clearly traced. Such equations for various cultures were obtained by mathematical processing of numerous experimental data VV Shebanov and Schelgunova A.A. They have the form

,Where

,

here n _i is the value of productivity;

n _max - maximum productivity under optimal conditions by temperature factor;

ϕ _t is the current value of the temperature factor corresponding to:

и

- нижний и верхний пределы оптимального диапазона.

and

- the lower and upper limits of the optimal range.

Equations of the form (4) make it possible to calculate the required temperature range depending on the values of the degree of optimality of plant vital activity C _opt .

Thus, in order to obtain high guaranteed crop yields, it is necessary to maintain, along with other factors, the optimal temperature conditions of the habitat during the growing season.

Example 1. Corn sugar hybrid Spirit F1. Based on the data in table 5, we will calculate the coefficients A, B, C according to the given formulas (1) - (3).

The values of the coefficients A, B and C:

A + B = 1.3611; B + C = 2.6519; C + A = 2.2070; A + B + C = 2.43599.

In the conditions of the dry steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region, where the constant impact of droughts and dry winds, a small amount of precipitation occurs when cultivating sweet corn, more than 30 t / ha of high-quality grain ears can be obtained by regulating the phytoclimat in the plant environment.

Optimal corn cultivation parameters:

1. The minimum temperature of seed germination is 6-7 ° C;

2. Optimal - 10-12 ° C

3. The air temperature is optimal for the growing season of corn - 23-25;

4. Cob flowering occurs 3 ... 5 days later than panicles. Under favorable conditions, 1 ... 2 days.

Drought lasts from 10 to 20 days. As a result, a large number of barren cobs and cobs with an intergrain are obtained (low humidity and high temperature).

Corn is characterized by economical moisture consumption for the creation of organic matter.

Its transpiration coefficient is approximately 280 ... 350 [Volodarsky];

5. Soil moisture at the beginning of the growing season 60-70% HB, before sweeping 80% HB, when filling and ripening ears 65% HB;

6. The efficiency of photosynthesis in most plants is 3-5%, max can reach 20% [M.K. Kayumov];

7. Fine sprinkling increases air humidity up to 15 ... 30% [M.Yu. Khrabrov];

8. Critical humidity - 25%;

Optimum humidity 70-75%;

9. Permissible wind speed up to 6 m / s.

The use of the drip irrigation method is not only a promising method of irrigation, but also has a number of advantages for the implementation on the basic version of the drip irrigation system (SKO) to improve methods and irrigation techniques depending on the physiological characteristics of crops. As shown by long-term observations, meteorological conditions in arid and especially in extremely arid years play an important role in realizing the productivity potential of crop cultivation. Therefore, it is highly relevant to solve the problem of optimizing and combining different irrigation methods, the multi-purpose use of irrigation equipment for introducing root and foliar fertilizing with irrigation water, as well as combating fungal diseases and parasites.

The need for widespread implementation of drip irrigation with other irrigation methods in the practice of agricultural production has determined the direction of our research. We have developed and manufactured a pilot plant for fine irrigation (DMD) in drip irrigation systems. The experimental part of the research was carried out in the farm "Sadko" Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region. The DMD installation in the drip irrigation system is mounted on a plot of 0.25 ha, which includes: an electric power station; water pump; water treatment unit; trunk and distribution pipelines; irrigation pipelines with integrated compensated droppers; racks with spray nozzles for the operation of the system in fine spraying; shutoff valves; metering and regulation unit for water supply.

Water is taken from a well that is used for irrigation irrigation of crops at the farm.

The field experience was laid down according to the plan of a full factorial experiment, the questions of the influence of water consumption on the growth, development and productivity of sugar corn plants in drip irrigation (KO), fine irrigation (DMD), as well as in combined irrigation (KO + DMD) were raised for study.

The following options were studied by the experimental design:

- Option I - control (without irrigation);

- Option II - control (drip irrigation);

- Option III - KO + DMD after 1 hour in the flowering phase;

- Option IV - KO + DMD after 1 hour the entire growing season;

- Option V - DMD without drip irrigation;

- Option VI - CO + DMD after 1 hour a day watering.

The studies were carried out on crops of sweet corn of Spirit F ₁ hybrid _of early maturity, when the air temperature exceeded 25 ° C. The seeding rate was set taking into account the density of plant standing for harvesting 70 thousand units / ha. The pre-irrigation threshold for soil moisture in all experimental variants was maintained within 80% of HB in combination with fertilizer application at the norm N ₁₈₀ P ₁₀₀ K ₅₀ .

A comparison of the time of the onset of critical periods under weather conditions and the critical phases of plant development showed their frequent coincidence. As can be seen from table 7, with the hottest and driest period in June - July, phase 5 of the leaf coincides - milk ripeness of corn.

To assess the feasibility and effectiveness of fine sprinkling, it is important to know not only the number of days with critical temperatures, but also the duration of these periods during the day. For this purpose, an analysis of the hourly meteorological data was carried out, as a result of which a rather close correlation was established (r = 0.87) between the air temperature and the duration of the critical period. The probability of monthly air temperatures by hours of the day in individual years is determined by calculating empirical security curves. Using empirical curves, the values of air temperature of various security were determined. These values were taken from the distribution security curve, used to plot the intraday dynamics of air temperature of various security for the months of the growing season. The data obtained allowed us to establish during the day the time when it is necessary to irrigate with fine irrigation. There will be several such intervals depending on the security chosen. Based on the duration of the critical period, it is possible to calculate the approximate value of the irrigation rate for corn, taking into account a single moisturizing norm and the accepted interval of moisturizing. Thus, irrigation technology with fine sprinkling should be closely linked with the optimal meteorological factors critical for maize, the total duration of the dry period and economic conditions.

Example 2. Potato Dutch selection of Impala. Impala is an early ripe table variety. It is very popular among farmers for its consistently high yield and profitability. Impala is ideal for early market sales. It has proven itself in three years of observations (2007-2009) conducted in the Volgograd region. The bush is erect, tall, white flowers, berry formation stable. The tubers are yellowish, oval, with a smooth skin and small eyes, the flesh is light yellow. Productivity in the drip irrigation system is 70-80 t / ha of marketable tubers. The mass of marketable tubers is 90-150 g, the starch content is 12-15%, the palatability is good, the shelf life is excellent, the yield of marketable tubers after winter storage is 90%. The variety is resistant to diseases such as cancer and golden potato nemotode. Susceptible to late blight and rhizoctonia. Friendly ripening of the early harvest and timely harvesting, as well as strict adherence to agrotechnical and preventive measures, can completely prevent disease damage.

We establish the values of the coefficients A, B and C for plants in the most intense period of vegetation: July - August - months at surface wind speeds V _bf = 8.6 m / s, temperature of leaves and tops of potatoes T _lf = 26.7 ° C, T _bf = 42.6 ° C relative humidity W _bbf = 31.4%, soil temperature in the layer 0-10 cm T _nf = 36.7 ° C and relative humidity in the layer 0-0.3 m W _bnf = 14 ,8%.

Based on the data in Table 5, we adopted the following values of W _bno = 20.1%, W _bbo = 80%, T _no = 24 ° C; T _bo = 25 ° C, V _bo = 4 m / s and T _lo = 20 ° C.

The given values allow you to calculate the values of the coefficients A, B and C:

The total values of the coefficients:

A + B = 2.1080; B + C = 2.7965; C + A = 2.2780; A + B + C = 2.6000.

Example 3. Sweet pepper. Varieties and hybrids: Maxim F ₁ , Zarya F ₁ , Cube F ₁ , Rubik F ₁ , Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, California miracle, Prometheus, Bonus, Swallow, Topolin, Belozerka, Garden Ring, Katyusha, Gift of Moldova and Kolobok.

According to the above formulas (1), (2) and (3) we will establish the numerical values of the coefficients A, B and C, using the numerical data from table 5:

The total values of the coefficients:

A + B = 2.1511; B + C = 2.4044; C + A = 3.05030; A + B + C = 3.8029.

Example 4. Tomato hybrid Incas F ₁ (Jncas F ₁ ) - high-yielding, and the fruits are of excellent quality. Known to many specialists as an early high-yielding bush hybrid for all types of processing and fresh consumption. One of the best hybrids for preserving whole peelless fruits. The plant is medium-sized, compact. Fruits of 80-100 g are dense, bright red, pepper-shaped, fleshy, uniform, tolerate sunburns, are very friendly in ripening, are transported over long distances without loss of quality. It is steady against a fusarium (dew 1-2), verticyclosis. This hybrid is perfectly adapted to a wide variety of growing areas, responds well to high agricultural background. In the best fields, fruit yields of up to 120 t / ha were repeatedly achieved.

Using the above formulas (1), (2) and (3), we will establish the numerical values of the coefficients A, B and C for dry winds that adversely affect the flowering and fruit formation of tomatoes of the Incas F ₁ hybrid, using the data in Table 5:

The total values of the coefficients

A + B = 2.9344; B + C = 3.2584; C + A = 3.6152; A + B + C = 4.904.

Example 5. Daikon. We establish the values of the coefficients A, B, and C under adverse weather conditions that occur during the summer sowing of daikon seeds. The calculations are performed according to formulas (1) - (3), and their numerical values, taking into account the data in table 5, are equal to:

The total values of the coefficients:

A + B = 1.6858; B + C = 1.7405; C + A = 1.4183; A + B + C = 2.4223.

Daikon, unlike many other root crops, can grow on heavy clay soils, but to increase productivity and quality it is better to grow it on light fertile soils. Root crops in this case are more aligned and smooth. In addition, cleaning is difficult on heavy soils.

Daikon is a short-day culture. With a daylight duration of more than 10-12 hours, it grows, blooms and gives fruit, and the formation of root crops is inhibited. Therefore, it is necessary to sow daikon in such a way that root crops begin to form in the second half of summer. This will reduce the number of shoot plants and increase productivity. If the plant gave an arrow, it will affect the size of the root crop, but the taste does not change. A daikon is sown with a row spacing of 60-70 cm, placing about 10 seeds per meter. Sowing depth - 3-5 cm. Seedlings appear on the 5-7th day. In the phase of one or two true leaves, the plants are thinned out, leaving 4-5 of the most developed per meter row.

Promising daikon varieties.

Tokinashi. Early ripe high-yielding grade of daikon. Root crop up to 60 cm long of excellent taste without bitterness. For food, for salads, leaves and petioles are also used.

Caesar. The variety is mid-season. The period from seedlings to harvest 50-70 days. The root crop is 35-40 cm long, cylindrical in shape. The surface and pulp of the root vegetable is white, with a pleasant taste of radish. It is recommended to grow on beds with a comb, as root crops are deeply immersed in the soil. It is used fresh and for short storage.

Favorite 990809. Recommended for fresh use. Mid-season (62-66 days). The rosette of the leaves is semi-raised. The leaf is grayish-green, obovate, slightly pubescent, slightly dissected, smooth. Root crop of conical shape, white, smooth, medium-sized head, green, flat. The pulp is white, tender. Weight 450-500 g. The taste is excellent. Productivity of 5.6-6 kg / m ² . The variety is resistant to flowering.

Flamingo Hybrid daikon with pink flesh. Recommended for fresh use. Mid-season (63-75 days). The rosette of the leaves is semi-raised. The leaf is green, dissected, smooth, slightly pubescent. The root crop is icicle-shaped, violet-pink-white, even, smooth, medium-sized head, flat, violet-pink. The pulp is white. Immersion in the soil at 2/3 of the length of the root crop. Weight 600-790 g. The taste is excellent. Productivity of 4.2-5.6 kg / m2. The hybrid is resistant to keel and flowering.

Shogoin. Very productive daikon variety. Root crops are large, round, weighing 1.8-2.3 kg, juicy, of excellent taste.

Japanese white is long. High-yielding, late-ripening daikon variety, root crops are long (50-65 cm), white, weighing 2-3 kg. The pulp is juicy, slightly spicy taste. Resistant to shooting and sagging. Perfectly kept. Sowing pattern - 20 × 20 cm.

F1 Tzukushi Spring Cross (Japan). Mid-early hybrid. From sowing to harvesting - 60-65 days. Root crops of a cylindrical form, with light green shoulders. The optimal size of the root crop for harvesting: diameter 7 cm, length 25-27 cm. The pulp is dense, crunchy, of good taste, it will slowly agitate. Indispensable for spring sowing. Hypersensitivity hybrid. It has a small outlet of leaves and is suitable for tight planting. It grows well at low temperatures. Resistant to black stalk and root rot.

The fang of an elephant. Mid-season daikon variety with a growing season of 72-80 days. The root crop is white, cylindrical, 50-60 cm long, weighing 315-491 g. The flesh is white, juicy, tender.

Minovase (sortotype). The root crop is cylindrical in shape at the top and bottom — elongated-conical white. The root crop is 40-50 cm long, 7-9 cm in diameter, 3/4 of its length buried in the soil. The period before technical ripeness is 50-60 days. Heat resistant, disease resistant. The best sowing date is July 10-16.

Minovase Summecross. The daikon hybrid is resistant to shooting, so it can be sown from April to July. The root crop is cylindrical smooth white. In good soil, it can reach 1 m in length and weigh 3-4 kg. It has good keeping quality and great taste.

Miyashige. Daikon variety for spring sowing with smooth, thin skin. Root crop weighing 100-400 g. The variety is resistant to flowering, cold-resistant. Taste is excellent.

Prince of Danish. Middle early daikon variety from Denmark. High yielding. Root root of red color with a length of 20-25 cm and a diameter of 8-10 cm, juicy, tender, without a pungent taste.

Pink glitter misato. A very beautiful daikon variety with lined round root vegetables 10 cm in diameter with pink flesh. The grade is cold-resistant. Used only for autumn sowing. The pulp is very tender and juicy.

Sasha. Cold-resistant, early ripe, with high productivity variety of selection of Russia of universal term of use with a white smooth root crop weighing up to 400 g and a short cylindrical shape. Relatively resistant to premature stemming and bacteriosis, heat-resistant. The root crop is half submerged in the soil. The pulp is juicy, tasty, tender. The growing season is 35-40 days. Suitable for cultivation in open and protected ground.

Resistant to mucosal bacteriosis and premature stemming. Productivity 3-4.5 kg / m ² . Weight 0.2-0.4 kg. It is used fresh, salted and boiled. The recommended sowing pattern is 20-30 × 15-20 cm.

Example 6. Carrots. Hybrids and varieties. The following carrot varieties and hybrids deserve attention among manufacturers: Vita Longa, Royal Chantene, Fancy, Flacchero, Olympus, Nantes, Corina, Tinga and Losinoostrovskaya.

A + B = 2.1124; B + C = 2.215; C + A = 2.9906; A + B + C = 3.6590.

Example 7. Soy. At any time of sowing and any group of ripening of soybean seeds in the drip irrigation system, the most difficult period falls on the flowering and ovary of beans. For this period, we will calculate the coefficients A, B, C using the data in table 5.

The total values of the coefficients:

A + B = 2.0065; B + C = 3.1006; C + A = 1.9977; A + B + C = 3.5517.

With a total value of the coefficients A + B + C≥3.5, drip irrigation is performed for 6 hours and humidification of the air and leaves for 30-45 minutes at intervals of 2 hours.

The data presented in favor of the claimed method of regulating the phytoclimat in the cultivation of corn, potatoes, tomatoes, sweet peppers, carrots, daikon, soybeans in the drip irrigation system.

With the total value of the coefficients A + B≥2.1, drip irrigation and humidification of the surface air layer are performed until the soil temperature drops to + 22 ... 26 ° C and the relative air humidity increases to 50 ... 70%.

With the total value of the coefficients B + C≥2.5, the leaves of the farm are moistened. crops and the surface layer of air by spraying irrigation water for 0.5 hours at intervals of every 1 hour.

The results obtained, based on examples 1-7, are represented by numerical data in table 6.

When the coefficient value A≥0.9, drip irrigation is performed at a rate of 150-200 m ³ / ha from 22 p.m. to 2 a.m. to moisten the soil moisture in the layer 0-0.3 m and lower the soil temperature to 18 ... 20 ° C.

When the coefficient value is B≥1.2 for dry winds from 11 a.m. to 3 p.m., the surface air is humidified by spraying particles of water with a diameter of 10-50 μm with interchangeable nozzles.

When the value of the coefficient C≥1.5 produce additional moistening of the leaves and stems of plants with water droplets with a diameter of 100-800 microns for 3-4 hours.

The phytoclimate control system in agrophytocenoses during drip irrigation includes a water source 1, a pumping station 2, filters 3, 4 and 5, an irrigation network in the form of a main pipeline 6, water distribution pipelines 7, pressure regulators 8, flexible irrigation pipes 9 with integrated droppers 10, device 11 for the preparation of mother solutions of macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, S, Mn, etc. and trace elements B, Co, Mg, Mo, Cu, Zn, etc., herbicides, fungicides, acid solutions (organophosphoric, hydrochloric, etc.) . The system is equipped with interchangeable nozzles 12 capable of changing the position in height above the soil level for fine dispersion of macro- and microelements, herbicides, fungicides and acids dissolved in water on racks 13 (see Figs. 1-7).

The phytoclimate regulation system in agrophytocenoses is equipped with an additional water distribution pipeline 14 (see Figs. 2, 3 and 5).

The main and additional water distribution pipelines 7 and 14 have a diameter of ⌀50 HDPE, 25 m long, in an experimental section located on the lands of the Sadko peasant farm in the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region. The pipeline 7 is laid from the day surface of the field at a depth of 500 mm, and an additional pipeline 14 is mounted at a depth of 200 mm (see figure 3). The additional pipe 14 with the main pipe 7 is hydraulically connected by risers 15 and 16 with a length of 800 and 500 mm, respectively, by angles 17, 18, 19, 2 ^// , 20 with a PVC 20 ball valve with threads at the ends of M 50, a detachable connection 21⌀63 with ⌀50 mm collet adapter.

An additional water distribution pipe 14 is hydraulically connected to flexible irrigation pipes 22, in the cavity of which droppers 10 are mounted with a pitch of 400 mm (see Figs. 2 and 3).

One end 23 of the flexible irrigation pipe 22 with a diameter of 20 mm with an additional distribution pipe 14 is connected through a detachable connection 24 adapter threaded sleeve 25 and a collet clamp 26 (figure 5).

A water outlet ⌀15 mm is made in the wall of the distribution pipe 14 (Fig. 5).

To prevent water leaks in the detachable joint 24 between its parts O-rings 27 are laid. O-rings 28 of a smaller diameter are placed in the grooves of the adapter threaded sleeve 25. The other end of the flexible irrigation pipe 22 is closed with a plug (not shown in the drawings).

Above the flexible irrigation pipelines 22 laid along the rows of plants, either stands 29 for periodically moistening medium and low-growing plants (potatoes, vegetables, shrubs, berries) are placed, or stands 13 for moistening the stems and leaves of tall plants (corn, etc.) ( see figures 1 and 3).

Each rack 29 for periodic wetting of low and medium-sized plants is made in the form of a pair of rods 30 of circular cross section (see Fig. 8 and 9). The upper ends of the rods 30 are connected by an adapter 31. The adapter 31 has a nipple 32 on one side for hydraulic communication with the tube 33 with the hole 34 (Fig. 10) in the wall of the irrigation pipe 22 through the inlet adapter 35 and the mounting adapter 36 (Figs. 8, 9 and 10 )

On the upper face of the adapter 31, a conical sleeve 37 is made for interfacing with the housing 38 of the replaceable nozzle 39 for finely dispersed spray of water.

Each stand 13 (see Fig.6 and 7) for periodic wetting of tall plants is made in the form of a hollow rod of rectangular cross section. The lower ends of the rods 30 of circular cross section are paired with a hollow rod of rectangular cross section by means of a plug 40 (Fig. 6) of an elastoplastic material. The tube 40 has the shape of a rectangular prism. The upper ends of the said round rods 30 are connected by an adapter 31. The lower ends of the rods 30 are placed in the holes of the plug 40.

The adapter 31 has a nipple 32 on one side for hydraulic communication with the tube 33 and the fitting 35 with the wall of the flexible irrigation pipe 22 with droppers 10. The adapter 31 on the upper face has a conical sleeve 37 for interfacing with the body 38 of the nozzle 39 (Figs. 6, 7 and 10 )

On Fig and 15 shows the options for the structural implementation of the rack 13 when changing the height of the stems of plants and the possibility of using to maintain the phytoclimat in the crops of medium-sized plants.

For agricultural practices (cultivating row-spacing, spraying crops with dissolved pesticides, harvesting ears of corn), each rack 13 is equipped with the ability to rotate around a horizontal hinge 41 from a vertical position (Fig. 16) to a horizontal position (Fig. 17) and vice versa. The lower part of the rack 13 anchor 42 is fixed in the upper soil layer.

11, 24-36 shows interchangeable nozzles 39 with different qualities of the preparation of water to moisten the leaf-stem mass and the surface layer of air with dry winds.

On Fig shows the operation of the phytoclimatic regulation system in agrophytocenoses under critical climatic conditions.

On Fig presents the state of high-stalk crops (corn) in the drip irrigation system with dry winds after an hour of operation of the phytoclimatic regulation system.

Consider the design of nine interchangeable nozzles 39, which satisfactorily showed their work in the crops of agricultural crops with drip irrigation during the growing season.

On existing sprinklers and plants for breaking water flows to produce artificial rain, nozzles of various designs are used. Types of sprinkler nozzles are conventionally divided into deflector with an annular outlet, deflector-circular, deflector "jet into the jet", slotted. Design features and parameters of the latter by manufacturers are applied arbitrarily. The irrigation nozzles available in the production do not meet the requirements even for sprinkling irrigation. To obtain artificial rain, these nozzles need a working pressure in the water supply network of at least 5-6 atm (0.05-0.06 MPa). As a rule, they have a large mass and are bulky. The jet of water at the exit of the nozzle does not have time to crush qualitatively into small parts. In addition, at low pressures, they have a large flow rate of more than 150 l / h. All this made it necessary to carry out the development of new nozzles and their testing, to check the existing ones used in greenhouse complexes.

Replaceable dynamic nozzle 39 for providing a phytoclimate on crops of agricultural culture (Fig.24 and 25) contains a housing 43 with an axial channel 44 and a slot 45 between the parts of the housing 43. In the threaded upper part of the housing 43 screwed threaded rod 46 with a dynamic platform 47. On the threaded upper end of the rod 46 is made a groove 48 for changing position of the dynamic platform 47 relative to the upper edge of the axial channel 44. The upper and lower parts of the housing 43 are connected by jumpers 49. The threaded rod 46 allows you to change the gap between the dynamic platform 47 and the axial channel 44 in the lower part of the housing 43. The housing 43 is connected to water by a threaded portion 50 conductive tube 33 (see figure 3).

Replaceable dynamic nozzle 39 operates as follows.

When water is supplied under pressure, the compressed stream meets the dynamic platform 47. An impact occurs. The flow of water, changing the direction of movement, with a thin film from the dynamic platform 47 enters the slots 45 and is distributed in a circle in the form of droplets into the atmosphere. When meeting with the air flow, each drop splits into small drops and due to gravitational forces, each drop settles from top to bottom on the leaf-stem mass, moistening the air and lowering the temperature of the leaves, stems and air.

The technical characteristics of the nozzle 38 are shown in table 8.

Hydro pulse nozzle 39 for the upper distribution of microdrops of water to moisten the air and leaves of agricultural cultures (see Fig. 26) contains a two-chamber housing 51, a hydraulic accumulator 52, a replaceable nozzle 53, a rotary blade 54 and a C-shaped attachment 55.

The main hole 56 of the low-pressure chamber 57 in the housing 51 is equipped with a hydraulic pulse nozzle 38 mounted on the conical sleeve 37 of the adapter 31 (see FIGS. 10, 9, 8, 7 and 6).

The accumulator 52 has a cover 58, a piston 59 with a rod 60, an elastic element 61 in the form of a compression spring and a membrane 62. The cover 58 of the accumulator 52 with a two-chamber housing 51 is connected by threaded threads.

The membrane 62 overlaps the low-pressure chamber 57 and the high-pressure chamber 63. The high-pressure chamber 63 is connected by an axial channel 64 to the cavity 65 of the C-shaped attachment 55.

C - shaped prefix 55 in its upper part has a tide 66 with a hole. The axis 67 of the rotary blade 54 is located in the hole of the tide 66. The lower part of the rotary blade 54 is placed on the protruding part of the nozzle 53. An inclined groove 68 is made in the rotary blade 54. The groove 68 is inclined to the rotation axis of the rotary blade 54 at an angle of 5 °.

Hydro impulse nozzle 39 for fan distribution of microdrops of water to maintain microclimate in crops of agricultural crop works as follows.

From the flexible irrigation pipe 22, water under pressure not higher than 0.02 MPa enters through an opening 34 in the wall where the inlet and mounting adapters 34 and 35 are located (see Fig. 10), and then through the tube 33 water enters the nipple 32 of the adapter 37 From the adapter 32, water is directed through the hole in the conical sleeve 37 under pressure into the axial hole 56 of the housing 51, and then into the cavity of the low-pressure chamber 57. The incoming water presses on the membrane 62. Due to the large contact surface of the water with the membrane 62, even with its slight pressure, a greater total force is created by means of which the piston 59 compresses the turns of the elastic element 61, moving the rod 60 from the hydraulic accumulator body 52. These movements of the membrane 62 and the piston 59 led to the fact that water under pressure from the chamber 57 enters the cavity of the chamber 62, filling the entire volume of the axial channel 64 and the cavity 65 of the C-shaped attachment 55. Air from the specified channel 64 and the cavity 65 is vented into the atmosphere through the feces the calibrated hole in the nozzle 53. When the cavities 65, 64 and 63 are completely filled, a reverse hydraulic pulse occurs and the elastic element 61 of the hydraulic accumulator 52 is activated. The piston 59 presses on the membrane 62, and it pushes an additional column of water into the high-pressure chamber 63, thereby increasing the pressure of the compressed water 3-4 times. With this impulse, water is fed in a thin stream with a diameter of 0.1 mm (see Table 2) onto the inclined wall of the groove 68 of the rotary blade 54. Due to the lateral component of the impact force of the microjet of water, the blade 54 begins to rotate through the axis 67 and the protruding part of the nozzle 53. The blade 54 rotates either a few turns or a certain angle in the horizontal plane. Particles of water are fed to the surface of leaves and stems of agricultural crops. cultures. When the water pressure decreases, the accumulator 52 comes back into operation. The cycle repeats.

The technical characteristics of the nozzle 39 are shown in table 9.

The hydraulic pulse nozzle 39 (see Fig. 27) of the membrane type comprises a housing 69 with an axial channel 70, a two-chamber adapter 71, a membrane 72, a shaped nut 73, a nozzle 74, a C-shaped attachment 75, and a dynamic platform 76 with a wedge 77.

The axial channel 70 of the housing 69 of the nozzle 39 is placed on the conical sleeve 37 of the adapter 31 (see figure 10). A two-chamber adapter 71 is mounted on the flat annular part of the membrane 72 and fixed on the end of the housing 69 with a shaped nut 73. The membrane 72 divides the cavity of the two-chamber adapter 71 into a low-pressure cavity 78 and a high-pressure cavity 79. The nozzle 74 is removable and installed in the cavity 80 of the C-shaped attachments 75.

At high tide 81 of the C-shaped attachment 75, a dynamic platform 76 is installed with a wedge 77 to direct the flow of microdrops in the desired direction.

Hydro-pulse nozzle 39 of the membrane type operates as follows.

When water enters the axial channel 70, it under pressure enters under the membrane 72 into the low-pressure cavity 78 of the two-chamber adapter 71. Having overcome the tensile forces of the elastic membrane 72 through the annular protrusion in the cavity of the adapter 71, water enters the high-pressure cavity 79 and fills the 80 C- cavity shaped attachments 75, closed by the nozzle 74. Air from these cavities is vented into the atmosphere through a calibrated orifice of the nozzle 74 with a diameter of 0.6 mm (see table 10). When the water pressure in the high-pressure cavity 79 reaches 0.04 MPa, the membrane 72 closes the access of incoming water. Due to the large pressure of water in the cavity 80, water through a calibrated hole in the nozzle 74 hits the dynamic platform 76 with high speed. A thin stream of water breaks up into tiny water droplets with diameters of 40-80 microns and is released into the atmosphere, moistening the surface layer of air. Wedge 77 directs a uniform flow of particles of water, excluding their random collision with the C-shaped attachment rack 75.

The technical characteristics of the described nozzle 39 are presented in table 10.

Hydro pulse nozzle 39 for distributing microdroplets of water in a circle to moisten the surfaces of leaves and stems of agricultural cultures and the surface layer of air (see Fig. 28) contains a two-chamber housing 82, a hydraulic accumulator 83, an adapter 84 and a one-blade balanced turbine 85.

The housing 82 of the nozzle 38 has an axial channel 86 in communication with the low-pressure cavity 87 and an axial channel 88 connected to the high-pressure cavity 89.

The hydraulic accumulator 83 with the housing 82 of the nozzle 38 is mated with a threaded portion and contains a piston 90 with a stem 91, an elastic element 92 and a membrane 93. The membrane 93 in the initial position of the piston 90 overlaps the cavities 87 and 89 of the housing 82 of the nozzle 38.

The adapter 84 is threadedly connected to the housing 82, and its axial channel 94 is brought into the center of the single-blade balanced turbine 85. The side wall 95 of the turbine 85 is given the shape of a logarithmic spiral, which ensures the creation of a reactive moment of forces during the impact of a water jet.

A nozzle 39 for distributing microdroplets of water in a circle to moisten the surfaces of leaves and air works as follows.

When water is supplied under a pressure of 1-2 kgf / cm ² into the axial channel 86 of the housing 82, it uniformly fills the cavity 87 of low pressure. Due to the large surface of the membrane 93 by the created pressure, the membrane 13 moves the piston 90 to the left, compressing the coils of the elastic element 92. At that moment, the piston rod 91 of the piston 90 protrudes from the hydraulic accumulator housing 83. Water fills the high-pressure cavity 89 and is directed to the end along the axial channels 88 and 94 turbines 85. Under the pressure of a stream of water from the axial channel 94, the turbine rises above the adapter 84, rotating on a hydraulic support (heel) with virtually no friction forces. At the maximum filling level of the cavity 89 and channels 88 and 94, a pulse of compressed turns of the elastic element 92 is triggered. The membrane 93 pushes a column of water into the high-pressure cavity 89 with 3-4 times greater force. Due to the high pressure of the water, a stream of water in the form of a thin stream with a diameter of 2 mm first hits the end face of the turbine 85, and then, changing its direction, hits the side surface of the wall 95 of the turbine 85. By performing the side wall 95 in the form of a logarithmic spiral, the turbine 85 is attached rotational motion. A thin layer of microdroplets of water is sent in a circle to the wetted area.

The technical characteristics of the hydro-pulse nozzle 39 for the distribution of microdroplets of water in a circle are shown in table 11.

The hydraulic pulse nozzle 39 for humidifying the surface air layer with particles of water with a droplet size of 10-50 μm contains a housing 96 and a hydraulic accumulator 97, interconnected by a threaded section (see Fig. 29).

The hydraulic accumulator 97 has a membrane 98, a piston 99 with a rod 100 and an elastic element 101 in the form of compressed turns of a coil spring.

An axial channel 102, a low-pressure chamber 103, a high-pressure chamber 104, axial channels 105 and diametrically oriented nozzles 106 are formed in the housing 96 of the nozzle 39. The nipple 107 is made in the lower part of the housing 96 for connection with the tube 33 (see Fig. 10).

Hydro pulse nozzle 39 operates as follows.

When water enters the axial channel 102 in the housing 96 of the nozzle 39, water fills the low-pressure chamber 103. Due to the created water pressure, the piston 99 rises upward by the membrane 98, further compressing the coils of the elastic element 101. Water flows from the chamber 103 into the high pressure chamber 104. When the axial channels 105 and nozzles 106 are filled, the elastic element 101 is activated and the membrane is extruded into the initial position with the piston 99. A water hammer occurs in the axial channels 105, and water through the nozzles 106 is released under high pressure into the atmosphere. Then there is a discharge of water and the cycle repeats. The technical characteristics of the described hydraulic pulse nozzle 39 are shown in table 12.

Hydro pulse nozzle 39 with a spray of droplets of water in the sector 315 ... 345 ° C is shown in Fig.30. It contains a two-chamber housing 108, a hydraulic accumulator 109, a nozzle 110, a C-shaped adapter 111 and a dynamic platform 112 with a wedge 113.

The described nozzle 39 operates as described above. Its technical characteristics are given in table 13.

The replaceable low-pressure nozzle 39 for fine spraying the water flow (see Figs. 31, 32 and 33) comprises a housing 114, a screw plug 115 and a replaceable nozzle 116 with a combined hole 117. The housing 114 of the nozzle 39 is mounted on the conical sleeve 37 of the adapter 31. Its nipple 32 is connected to a tube 33 for supplying water to the cavity of the housing 114 (see Fig. 31).

The screw plug 115 at one end has a turnkey hexagonal recess 118 and a slot 119 for the size of the tip of a screwdriver (see Fig. 31). The other end of the plug 115 is made flat. On the side surface of the threaded plug 115, channels 120 are provided for supplying water to the nozzle 116 (see FIGS. 30 and 31). The lower end part of the interchangeable nozzle 116 is coupled to the upper flat end by a threaded plug 115, and its upper part is placed in a cylindrical hole on the end of the housing 114 of the interchangeable low-pressure nozzle 39.

At the lower end of the interchangeable nozzle 116, vortex chambers 121 (Fig. 33) are made in its recess, coupled to a conical chamber 122 to narrow the water flow before being released under high pressure and at high speed into a calibrated hole 117. The upper end of the threaded plug 115 due to segmented cylindrical walls 123 is coaxially coupled to the nozzle 116.

Replaceable low-pressure nozzle 39 operates as follows.

When the water stream leaves the conical sleeve 37 of the adapter 31, it enters the cavity of the housing 114 of the nozzle 39. Through the channels 120 on the surface of the threaded plug 115, water fills the cavity of the replaceable nozzle 116. When the water exits the diametrically located channels 120 of the plug 15, the water is directed to the chambers 121. By making the walls spiral in a circle, a rotational movement is imparted to the water stream in chambers 121. The swirling flow of water enters the constriction chamber 122 and through the calibrated hole 117 of the nozzle 116 is discharged at high speed into the atmosphere. In the form of a finely dispersed misty mass, water settles on the leaf surface of plants.

The technical characteristics of the replaceable nozzle 39 are shown in table 14.

Consider the design of a removable dynamic nozzle 39 with a nozzle for spraying a jet of water into particles with a diameter of 100 ... 200 microns (see Fig. 34). The specified dynamic nozzle 38 is mounted by the adapter sleeve 124 (see Fig. 24) on the conical sleeve 37. A replaceable nozzle 125 is installed in the cavity of the sleeve 124. A dynamic platform 127 with a wedge 128 is installed in the C-shaped rod 126.

The nozzle 39 operates as follows.

From the tube 33, water under pressure enters the hole in the nipple 32, and then goes into the cavity of the conical sleeve 37 and the adapter sleeve 124. Then it goes to the nozzle 125. When the nozzle 125 leaves the calibrated hole, the jet of pressure water enters the dynamic platform 127, spreads about its end in the form of a thin film with a thickness of several microns and is released into the atmosphere. Drops of water in a thin layer cover the leaf surface of plants. When water evaporates from the leaf surface of plants, their temperature decreases and the humidity of the surface layer increases.

The technical characteristics of the dynamic nozzle 39 are shown in table 15.

The interchangeable nozzle block 39 for fine dispersion of water (see Figs. 35 and 36) can work both with a hydraulic accumulator and with a direct supply of water from a tube 33 mounted on the nipple 32 of the adapter 31. A crosspiece 129 of the block is mounted on the conical sleeve 37 of the adapter 31. in which there are made radial channels 130 for supplying water to replaceable low-pressure nozzles 39. The design of the latter and their operation are described above. The technical characteristics of the interchangeable nozzle block 39 are shown in table 16.

Thus, there is a set of interchangeable nozzles 39 with large flow characteristics and a range of crushing water into droplets with sizes from 10 to 800 microns and spray radii from 0.6 to 2 m.

The phytoclimate regulation system in agrophytocenoses under drip irrigation works as follows.

During the growing season, agricultural crops, vegetative irrigation and top dressing with macro- and microelements are as follows (see figure 1). Figure 1 shows the identical conditions of cultivation of the same culture only with drip irrigation and with drip irrigation with microclimate control to create conditions for plant growth under critical conditions: high temperature of the air and soil layer, low air humidity and high wind speed in the surface layer .

From the water source 1 by the pumping station 2 (Fig. 1), water is supplied to the filters 3, 4 and 5. Then, through the main pipeline 6 it enters the distribution pipelines 7. From the distribution pipeline 7 through flexible irrigation pipes 9 laid along the rows of planted plants, droppers 10 water is supplied in drops to the surface layer of the soil. Due to gravitational and capillary forces, irrigation water moisturizes the local soil volume in a given layer, for example, 0-0.3 m, and maintaining humidity at the level of 80-90-70% HB.

When the climatic conditions worsen (see FIGS. 2 and 3), the drip irrigation system operator rotates the handle of the ball valve 20 through an angle of 90 °.

Irrigation water is supplied through flexible distribution pipe 14 to flexible irrigation pipes 22. From pipelines 22, water is sent through pipes 33 to replaceable nozzles 39. Depending on the height of the plants, nozzles 39 can be placed on tall 13 or short 29 racks (see Fig. 1 , 2 and 3).

Thus, there is a distribution of water to moisten the leafy mass of agricultural products. crops, the surface air layer and the upper soil layer, thus creating the optimal microclimate in agrophytocenoses.

Table 17 shows the results of hydraulic tests of the irrigation module of the combined drip irrigation system and aerosol moistening of tall crops.

Table 18 gives the characteristic of the phytoclimate control system for drip irrigation of sugar corn of Spirit F1 hybrid according to the data of the 2006-2008 field seasons conducted in the Sadko training complex in the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region (head V.M. Gurenko).

Table 1 Optimal soil moisture (in%) when cultivating agricultural crops. crops depending on the type and granulometric composition of the soil Soil type Grading Culture corn potatoes Sweet pepper tomatoes daikon carrot soybeans Chernozem medium loamy 26.5 28.1 28.1 26.5 28.1 28.1 25.0 heavy loamy 30.1 31.9 31.9 30.1 31.9 31.9 28.3 Chestnut sandy loam 15,5 16,4 16,4 15,5 16,4 16,4 14.6 medium loamy 19.0 20.1 20.1 19.0 20.1 20.1 17.8 heavy loamy 24.1 25.6 25.6 24.1 25.6 25.6 22.7

table 2 Decade average wind speed by years of study (according to the weather station FSEI HPE Volgograd State Agricultural Academy, Volgograd) Month Decade Years 2006 2007 2008 May one 3.6 - 5.7 - 3/8 5/10 2 3,5 - 5,6 - 6/11 8/13 3 4.4 - 5,0 - 4/9 12/15 June one 4.8 - 4.1 - 4/6 7/11 2 3.8 - 4.2 - 6/14 10/14 3 3.2 - 5.5 - 5/9 5/10 July one 4.6 - 4.4 - 6/8 8/13 2 4.3 - 4.4 - 5/10 9/9 3 3.6 - 3,5 - 4/9 10/14 August one 4.4 - 5.2 - 5/8 7/11 2 5,4 - 4.4 - 7/2 10/17 3 4.1 - 3.4 - 4/8 10/17 September one 5.3 - 4,5 - 5/9 8/14 2 4.1 - 5.8 - 3/7 7/10 3 4,5 - 4.7 - 5/7 7/11 wednesday by decade max per decade wednesday by decade max per decade wednesday by decade max per decade

Table 3 Daily averaged wind speed data during the growing season of agricultural cultures in 2006 and 2007 Month date of Years 2006 2007 one 2 3 four May one 3.4 4,5 May 2 3.3 5.5 May 3 3.4 4.4 May four 3.4 7.7 May 5 3.9 7.0 May 6 5.8 6.9 May 7 4.9 2,8 May 8 2,8 7.1 May 9 1,6 4.3 May 10 3.9 7.1 May eleven 4.4 7.0 May 12 4,5 6.2 May 13 2.5 4.3 May fourteen 1.7 4.8 May fifteen 2.0 5,0 May 16 4,5 3.0 May 17 2.7 5,4 May eighteen 3.8 7.7 May 19 3.9 6.8 May twenty 5,6 5,6 May 21 3.8 5,4 May 22 5.2 5.3 May 23 4.2 4.6 May 24 3.0 4.8 May 25 3.9 3.9 May 26 4.6 4.6 May 27 5.8 4.6 May 28 2.5 6.9 May 29th 4.4 7.1 May thirty 4.9 4.3 May 31 5.3 4.1 June one 5.8 2.2 June 2 3.8 6.3 June 3 5.1 5.1 June four 5,4 2.6 June 5 6.5 4.0 June 6 4.2 6.0 June 7 3.2 2.7 June 8 5,4 4,5 June 9 5.7 3.2 June 10 3.2 3.9 June eleven 2.2 3.6 June 12 2.7 4.6 June 13 2.7 2.9 June fourteen 7.4 4.3 June fifteen 3.0 4.3 June 16 2.7 4.3 June 17 4.2 5.1 June eighteen 4.9 5,4 June 19 4.7 3.3 June twenty 3.6 4.4 June 21 3.0 5,6 June 22 2,8 7.1 June 23 3.0 5.1 June 24 3,1 7.2 June 25 2,8 8.0 June 26 3.3 3.2 June 27 4.3 4.1 June 28 3.8 4.2 June 29th 3.6 5,6 June thirty 2,4 5.3 July one 4.8 4.1 July 2 7.2 3.3 July 3 4.2 2,8 July four 4.2 3,1 July 5 2,4 3,1 July 6 2,3 4.3 July 7 5.9 5.3 July 8 5.8 5,4 July 9 4.1 7.4 July 10 5.3 4.9 July eleven 5.2 3.6 July 12 4.3 3.6 July 13 4.1 2.6 July fourteen 4.1 5.7 July fifteen 4.2 4.4 July 16 2,8 6.0 July 17 4.1 4.3 July eighteen 3.6 5.1 July 19 5.1 4.2 July twenty 5.8 4.9 July 21 4.3 3,5 July 22 3.8 2,4 July 23 3.3 3.8 July 24 3,1 2.5 July 25 3.3 4.2 July 26 3.9 7.1 July 27 4.9 3.9 July 28 5,0 2.7 July 29th 3,1 2,8 July thirty 3.3 2.2 July 31 2,4 3.6 August one 4.1 5.7 August 2 4,5 5,0 August 3 3.0 5.5 August four 3.3 4.4 August 5 2,4 4.4 August 6 3,7 3.2 August 7 3.6 3.2 August 8 8.1 6.4 August 9 5.8 8.3 August 10 5.2 6.2 August eleven 3.4 4.3 August 12 5.3 4,5 August 13 5.3 5,6 August fourteen 6.2 6.2 August fifteen 5,4 5.3 August 16 5.7 4.3 August 17 6.6 4.4 August eighteen 7.5 3.9 August 19 4,5 2.6 August twenty 3.8 3.3 August 21 4.3 5,0 August 22 3.0 4.1 August 23 3.4 1.9 August 24 1,6 2,4 August 25 3.4 3,1 August 26 3.2 3.4 August 27 4.8 4.0 August 28 6.3 4.0 August 29th 6.2 4.9 August thirty 4,5 3.6 August 31 4.7 3.6 September one 7.5 2,4 September 2 8.4 2,4 September 3 4.8 4.4 September four 5.2 4.8 September 5 6.8 3.8 September 6 4.7 6.1 September 7 4.4 5.3 September 8 4.1 5,0 September 9 2.6 5,4 September 10 4,5 5.2 September eleven 5.1 5,0 September 12 4.7 4.3 September 13 4.1 7.1 September fourteen 3.3 10.0 September fifteen 5.8 8.2 September 16 5.7 5,0 September 17 5,4 6.3 September eighteen 2.1 6.5 September 19 2.1 2.2 September twenty 2.9 3.0 September 21 4.7 4,5 September 22 4.6 5,0 September 23 4.4 5.9 September 24 4.8 4.9 September 25 3.8 6.2 September 26 3.6 5,0 September 27 5,4 5,4 September 28 3,7 4,5 September 29th 5,0 3.4 September thirty 5.3 2.5

Table 4 Minimum, maximum and average values of wind speeds in 2008 (according to the weather station in Volgograd) Days May June July August September one 3/7 5 6/9 7.5 5/4 4,5 4/8 6 4/8 6 2 5/10 7.5 4/11 7.5 5/1 3 4/9 6.5 2/6 four 3 4/10 7 7/11 9 6/8 7 4/10 7 2/5 3,5 four 3/6 4,5 9/11 10 4/8 6 7/10 8.5 4/8 four 5 3/8 6 4/7 5.5 4/11 7.5 3/8 5.5 8/14 eleven 6 2/6 four 4/6 5 4/9 6.5 4/9 6.5 8/14 eleven 7 2/6 four 2/6 four 5/1 3 2/7 4,5 3/9 6 8 3/7 5 4/7 5.5 8/13 9.5 5/9 7 4/8 6 9 5.9 7 2/6 four 8/12 10 4/11 7.5 5/9 7 10 4/8 6 2/11 6.5 3/11 6 3/7 5 2/7 7 4,5 eleven 5/10 7.5 8/13 10.5 4/7 5.5 8/12 10 5/10 7.5 12 7/12 9.5 9/12 10.5 2/6 8 2/5 3,5 7/10 8.5 13 8/13 10.5 10/14 12 3/6 4,5 4/3 3,5 5/9 7 fourteen 7/3 5 6/12 9 4/8 6 5/8 6.5 3/7 5 fifteen 6/11 8.5 6/14 10 5/10 7.5 10/12 eleven 3/6 4,5 16 8/13 10.5 7/12 9.5 3/7 5 5/8 6.5 2/6 four 17 4/8 6 5/11 8 7/11 9 2/7 4,5 2/6 four eighteen 3/7 5 6/10 8 2/7 4,5 3/8 9.5 4/8 6 19 3/9 6 3/7 5 9/13 10.5 4/9 6.5 2/5 3,5 twenty 7/11 9 3/8 5.5 5/10 7.5 3/8 5.5 2/5 3,5 21 12/15 13.5 4/9 6.5 7/11 9 3/11 7 7/10 8.5 22 5/9 7 5/8 6.5 5/9 7 4/9 6.5 3/7 5 23 4/9 6.5 5/9 7 4/8 6 2/2 2 3/7 5 24 5/11 8 ¼ 2.5 2/5 3,5 4/8 6 2/7 4,5 25 3/9 6 2/5 3,5 2/6 four 5/9 7 2/6 four 26 8/15 11.5 5/8 6.5 10/14 12 3/7 5 7/10 8.5 27 3/8 5.5 5/9 7 4/9 6.5 4/7 9.5 5/10 7.5 28 4/11 7.5 5/10 7.5 2/6 four 5/9 7 3/8 5.5 29th 4/9 6.5 4/8 6 3/6 4,5 2/5 3,5 4/7 5.5 thirty 3/8 5.5 3/8 5.5 4/10 7 3/7 5 6/9 7.5 31 4/7 5.5 4/6 5 4/9 6.5 - Wed - Wed - Wed - Wed - Wed

Table 6 The values of the coefficients A, B, C, A + B, B + C, C + A, A + B + C under critical weather conditions No. p / p Culture Conditional values of the coefficients Decision BUT AT FROM A + B B + C C + A A + B + C one Sweet corn 0.4581 0.9030 1,7489 1.3611 2.6519 2,2007 2,4360 2 Potatoes 0.7930 1.3115 1,485 2,1080 2.7965 2.2780 3,6000 3 Sweet pepper 1.3985 0.7526 1.6518 2.1511 2,4041 3,0503 3.8029 four Tomatoes 1,6456 1.2888 1.9696 2,9344 3.2584 3,6152 4,9004 5 Daikon 0.6818 1,0040 0.7365 1,6858 1,7405 1.4183 2,4223 6 Carrot 0.6684 1.4440 1.5466 2,1124 2,215 2,9906 3.6590 7 Soybean 0.4511 1.5540 1.5466 2,0065 3,1006 1,9977 3,5517 8 Averages 0.8709 1,1797 1,5264 2.0513 2,5952 2,5072 3.4817

Table 8 Technical characteristics of the interchangeable dynamic slotted nozzle according to Fig.24 and 25 No. p / p Name of indicator Parameter designation Units rev. Value one Inlet diameter d ₁ mm 6.5 2 Outlet diameter d ₂ mm 4,5 3 Flow restriction K - 1.45 four End pad diameter d ₃ mm 7.0 5 Slit width t mm 1,0 6 Connecting thread - M 10 × 1.5 7 Dimensions: Length l mm 30.5 width b mm 17 height t mm 23 8 Weight m ₁ g 12.1 9 Operating pressure R

10 Spray radius r m 1.25 eleven The diameter of the droplets and their content in%

mm -% 1,0 ... 1,5-30 ... 35

mm -% 0.5 ... 0.7-20 ... 30

mm -% 0.1 ... 0.3-25 ... 50 12 Life time T month 4 ... 6 13 Abrasive particle size in irrigation water m ₂ mm 0.4 ... 0.8 fourteen Water consumption Q l / h 80 ... 120

Table 9 Brief technical characteristic of the hydro-pulse nozzle for the fan distribution of microdrops according to the drawing in Fig. 26 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 8 _-0.2 2 The diameter of the outlet from the housing d ₂ mm 5 3 Flow restriction K - 1,6 four The number of cameras in the housing n PC. 2 5 Compensator Outlet Diameter d ₃ mm four 6 Compensator Inlet Diameter d ₄ mm 12.5 7 Membrane diameter d ₅ mm 14.5 8 Membrane thickness t mm 1,2 9 Plunger diameter d ₆ mm 10 10 Plunger stroke S mm 5 eleven Spring diameter d ₇ mm 8 12 Spring coil diameter d ₈ mm 1,0 13 Interchangeable nozzle height H ₁ 9 fourteen Outer diameter of interchangeable nozzle d ₉ four fifteen Nozzle outlet diameter d ₁₀ 0.1 16 The number of rotating blades PC. one 17 Blade height H ₂ mm 10 eighteen The angle of the blade to the axis of rotation a ₁ hail 3 ^+0.5 19 The largest blade width AT mm 10 twenty The diameter of the axis of rotation of the blade d ₁₁ mm 2.0 21 Dimensions: length l mm 62 width b mm 21 height t ₁ mm 75,5 22 Weight m ₁ g 47.3 23 Operating pressure p

24 Spray radius r m 1.68 ... 1.75 25 The diameter of the droplets and their content in%

mm -% 700 ... 800-5 ... 18

mm -% 400 ... 300-46 ... 72

mm -% 80 ... 120-10 ... 49 26 Size of abrasive particles in irrigation water m ₂ μm less than 50 27 Interchangeable jet life T hour 42 28 Water consumption Q l / h 40 ... 42

Table 10 Technical and flow characteristics of the hydro-pulse nozzle with an annular membrane according to Fig.27 No. Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 8 ^+0.2 2 Diameter of the annular membrane D mm fourteen 3 Annular membrane height N mm fifteen four The diameter of the inlet to the annular membrane d ₂ mm 6 5 Diaphragm Outlet Diameter d ₃ mm 3 6 Membrane wall thickness t mm 0.8 7 Nozzle height H ₁ mm 7.0 8 Diameter of the inlet to the nozzle d ₄ mm 4,5 9 Nozzle outlet diameter d ₅ mm 0.6 10 Diameter of nozzle base d ₆ mm 7.1 eleven The distance from the nozzle to the dynamic platform H ₂ mm 7.2 12 Dynamic pad diameter d ₇ mm 4.0 13 Dynamic area wedge angle a hail 21 fourteen Wedge height H ₃ mm 3,5 fifteen Wedge length L mm 3.9 16 Dimensions: length l mm 35 width b mm 22.5 height t ₁ mm 76 17 Weight m ₁ g 28.6 eighteen Operating pressure p MPa 0.005 ... 0.020 19 Spray radius r m 0.8 twenty Diameter of Water Drops

μm 40 ... 80 21 Interchangeable jet life T h 40 ... 44 22 Water consumption Q l / h 56 ... 73

Table 11 Technical and flow characteristics of the hydro-pulse nozzle for the distribution of microdroplets of water in a circle according to Fig.28 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 4,5 2 The diameter of the outlet from the housing d ₂ mm 4.0 3 Flow restriction coefficient K mm 1,125 four The number of cameras in the housing n ₁ PC. 2 5 Compensator Outlet Diameter d ₃ mm 4.0 6 Compensator Inlet Diameter d ₄ mm 12.5 7 Membrane diameter d ₅ mm 14.5 8 Membrane thickness t mm 1,2 9 Plunger diameter d ₆ mm 10 10 Plunger stroke S mm 5 eleven Spring diameter d ₇ mm 8 12 Spring coil diameter d ₈ mm 1,0 13 Interchangeable nozzle height H ₁ mm 38 fourteen Interchangeable nozzle width B ₁ mm 24.8 fifteen Interchangeable nozzle thickness T ₁ mm 8.9 Nozzle inlet d ₇ mm 3,7 Nozzle outlet d ₈ mm 2.0 16 Pinwheel n ₂ PC. one 17 The number of blades in the turntable n ₃ PC. one eighteen The shape of the working surface of the blade - - logarithmic spiral 19 Turret blade balancing - - dynamic twenty Dimensions: length l mm 43.5 width b mm 21 height t ₁ mm 95.5 21 Weight m ₁ g 58.2 22 Operating pressure p kgf / cm ² up to 2 23 Droplet diameter d ^/ μm 180 ... 480 24 Spray radius r m up to 1.43 25 Jet life T h up to 120 26 Water consumption Q l / h 68 ... 76

Table 12 Technical characteristic of a replaceable hydro-pulse nozzle for spraying water with droplet diameters of 10-50 μm according to Fig.29 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 3.5 2 The diameter of the outlet from the housing d ₂ mm 0.05 3 Flow restriction coefficient K - 70 four The number of outlet openings from the housing n ₁ PC. 2 5 Location of outlet openings from the housing - - diametrical 6 Number of compensator chambers in the housing n ₂ PC. 2 7 Compensator Outlet Diameter d ₃ mm 4,5 8 Compensator inlet diameter d ₄ mm 12.5 9 Interchangeable nozzle height h ₁ mm 11.5 10 Diameter of nozzle inlet d ₅ mm 8 eleven Diameter of the outlet in the nozzle d ₆ mm 2.5 12 Membrane diameter d ₇ mm 14.5 13 Membrane thickness t mm 1,2 fourteen Plunger diameter d ₈ mm 10 fifteen Plunger stroke S mm 5 16 Spring diameter d ₉ mm 8 17 Spring coil diameter d ₁₀ mm 1,0 eighteen Dimensions: Length l mm 21.0 width b mm 21.0 height t ₁ mm 58.5 19 Weight m ₁ g 12.1 twenty Operating pressure p bar 1 ... 2 21 Spray radius r m 0.6 ... 0.8 22 Droplet diameter

μm 10 ... 50 23 Water consumption Q l / h 0.30 ... 0.35

Table 13 Technical characteristic of a replaceable hydraulic pulse nozzle with an additional dynamic platform for fine dispersion of water for humidification of the surface air layer according to FIG. No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 3,5 2 The diameter of the outlet from the housing d ₂ mm 5.5 3 The number of cameras in the housing n PC. 2 four Outlet diameter in the expansion joint d ₃ mm 12.5 5 Compensator inlet diameter d ₄ mm 4,5 6 Compensator Diaphragm Diameter d ₅ mm 14.5 7 Membrane thickness t mm 1,2 8 Plunger diameter d ₆ mm 10 9 Plunger stroke S mm 5 10 Spring diameter d ₇ mm 8 eleven Spring coil diameter d ₈ mm 1,0 12 Interchangeable nozzle height H ₁ mm 9 13 Outer diameter of interchangeable nozzle d ₉ mm four fourteen Nozzle outlet diameter d ₁₀ mm 0.8 fifteen The distance from the nozzle to the dynamic platform H ₂ mm 7.0 16 Dynamic pad diameter d ₁₁ mm 4.0 17 Dynamic area wedge angle a hail 21 eighteen Wedge height H ₃ mm 3,5 19 Wedge length L mm 3.9 twenty Dimensions: Length l mm 60.0; 45.0 width b mm 21.0 height t ₁ mm 78 21 Weight m ₁ g 48.9 22 Operating pressure p MPa 0.02 23 Spray radius r m 1,2 ... 1,6 24 Diameter of Water Drops

μm 120 ... 180 25 Water consumption Q l / h 12 ... 29

Table 14 Technical characteristics of the replaceable nozzle with a vortex spray of water according to Fig.31, 32, 33 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 8 2 Threaded plug height h ₁ mm 8.8 3 Plug diameter d ₂ mm 5.3 four Cork thread - - M 7 × 0.5 5 Cork channel length l ₂ mm 4.8 6 Channel depth n ₂ mm 0.75 7 The number of channels per tube n PC. 2 8 Cork channel width b ₂ mm 1,0 9 Nozzle outlet diameter d ₃ mm 1,5 10 Nozzle height h ₃ mm 4,5 eleven Nozzle diameter d ₄ mm 6.5 12 Dimensions: length l ₁ mm 26.0 width b ₁ mm 11,2 height h ₁ mm 22.8 13 Weight m ₁ g 12.8 fourteen Operating pressure p MPa up to 0.02 fifteen Spray radius r m 1.4 16 Water consumption Q l / h 36 ... 72

Table 15 Technical characteristics of the interchangeable dynamic nozzle for fine spray of water and the distribution of drops in the segment according to Fig.34 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Case inlet diameter d ₁ mm 7.5 2 Nozzle diameter d ₂ mm 7.0 3 Nozzle height H ₁ mm 7.0 four Diameter of the inlet to the nozzle d ₃ mm 5,0 5 Diameter of the outlet in the nozzle d ₄ mm 0.6 6 Dynamic pad diameter d ₅ mm 4.0 7 Wedge angle a hail 21 8 Wedge height H ₃ mm 4,5 9 Wedge length L mm 3.8 10 Removing a dynamic pad from a jet H ₂ mm 7.5 eleven Dimensions: length l mm 34 width b mm 12.5 height t ₁ mm 37.5 12 Weight m ₁ g 19.8 13 Operating pressure R MPa up to 0.02 fourteen Spray radius r m 1,6 fifteen Water consumption Q l / h 40 ... 48

Table 16 Technical characteristics of the interchangeable nozzle block for spraying water in agricultural crops. cultures according to Fig and 36 No. p / p Name of indicator Legend Units measuring Value one 2 3 four 5 one Number of sprayers on the crosspiece n ₁ PC. four 2 Cross hole inlet diameter d ₁ mm 8 3 Cross hole outlet diameter d ₂ mm 4.6 four Crosspiece dimensions: length l ₁ mm 45,2 width b ₁ mm 45,2 height t ₁ mm 25,4 5 The diameter of the inlet to the spray housing d ₃ mm 7.5 6 Threaded plug height h ₁ mm 8.8 7 Plug diameter d ₄ mm 5.3 8 Cork thread - - M 7 × 0.5 9 Cork channel length l ₂ mm 4.8 10 Channel depth h ₂ mm 0.75 eleven The number of channels per tube n ₂ mm 2 12 Cork channel width b ₂ mm 1,0 13 Nozzle outlet diameter d ₅ mm 0.25 fourteen Nozzle height d ₆ mm 6.5 fifteen Overall dimensions of the block: length l ₂ mm 83.5 width b ₂ mm 83.5 height h ₂ mm 25,4 16 Weight m ₁ g 87.4 17 Operating pressure R MPa 0.02 eighteen Spray radius r m 0.7 ... 0.8 19 Water consumption Q l / h 16 ... 18

Table 17 The results of hydraulic tests of the irrigation module of the combined drip and aerosol humidification system Experience Repetition Start of line / 1st nozzle Midline / 6-9 nozzle End of line / last nozzle Head, bar Consumption, l / hour Head, bar Consumption, l / hour Head, bar Consumption, l / hour I one 1,1 32,2 0.97 30.3 0.65 27.6 I 2 1,1 33 0.97 30,2 0.65 26.6 I 3 1,1 32.8 0.97 29.9 0.65 2.7 I four 1,1 32.3 0.97 30,2 0.65 26.9 I 5 1,1 32,5 0.97 30.3 0.65 27,2 II one 1,53 37.7 1.28 33.9 1.18 33.1 II 2 1,53 37.7 1.28 34.2 1.18 32.9 II 3 1,53 37.5 1.28 34.3 1.18 32.8 II four 1,53 37.3 1.28 34 1.18 32,7 II 5 1,53 40,4 1.28 34,4 1.18 32,7 III one 1.8 41.1 1,5 38,2 1.35 35,2 III 2 1.8 40,4 1,5 38,4 1.35 35.6 III 3 1.8 40.7 1,5 37.9 1.35 35.5 III four 1.8 40,2 1,5 38.5 1.35 35,2 III 5 1.8 41 1,5 38.1 1.35 35,4 IV one 2.1 45,2 1.7 40,2 1,6 38,4 IV 2 2.1 46.5 1.7 40,4 1,6 38.1 IV 3 2.1 44.9 1.7 40.1 1,6 37.9 IV four 2.1 45.6 1.7 39.8 1,6 38.5 IV 5 2.1 45.1 1.7 39.9 1,6 38.3

Claims (3)

1. A method for regulating the phytoclimate in agrophytocenoses during drip irrigation, including periodic irrigation of the root horizon by supplying irrigation water from flexible irrigation pipelines of drip irrigation systems, periodic moistening of plants by fine sprinkling, determining the temperature of the surface air layer, the temperature of the leaves of the plants and the relative humidity of the surface air layer, characterized in that in agrophytocenoses instrumentally determine the temperature of the surface air layer, leaf temperature, relative humidity of the surface air layer, relative humidity of the surface air layer, soil temperature in the layer 0-10 cm, soil moisture in the root horizon, speed and direction of the surface wind, for each crop, based on long-term observations, the optimal values of the above parameters are established, calculated by the formulas of the values of the coefficients A, B, C:

here W _bno and W _bnф - optimal and actual soil moisture in the root-inhabited layer,%;
T _no and T _nf - optimal and actual soil temperature in the layer 0-10 cm, ° С;
W _bbo and W _bbf - optimal and actual relative air humidity in the surface layer,%;
T _bo and T _bf - optimal and actual air temperature, ° С;
V _bo and V _bf - optimal and actual surface wind speed, m / s;
T _lo and T _LF - optimal and actual leaf temperature, ° С,
with a coefficient value A≥0.9, drip irrigation is performed at a rate of 150-200 m ³ / ha from 22 p.m. to 2 p.m. to moisten the soil in a layer of 0-0.3 m and reduce the soil temperature to 18 ... 22 ° C, the value of the coefficient B≥1.2 with dry winds from 11 to 15 hours of the day, the surface air is moistened by spraying particles of water with a diameter of 10-50 μm with replaceable nozzles, and with the value of the coefficient C≥1.5, the leaves and stems of the plants are additionally moistened with water drops with a diameter 100-800 μm for 3-4 hours, and with a total value of the coefficients A + B≥2.1, drip minutes watering and air humidified ground layer to reduce soil temperature 22 ... 26 ° C and the relative humidity is increased to 50 ... 70%, also when the total value of the coefficients B + S≥2,5 operate agricultural leaf wetness crops and the surface layer of air by spraying irrigation water for 0.5 hours at intervals of 1 hour, and with a set total value of the coefficients A + C≥2.5, drip irrigation is performed for 2-3 hours and the leaves are moistened, with a total value of the coefficients A + B + C≥3.5 drip irrigation is performed for 6 hours and humidification of the air and leaves for 30-45 minutes at intervals of 2 hours 2. The system for regulating the phytoclimate in agrophytocenoses during drip irrigation, including a water source, a pumping station with filters and an irrigation network in the form of irrigation pipelines with droppers, at least one irrigation pipeline with droppers is equipped with nozzles for fine dispersion, which can be positioned in height above the soil level spray of macro- and microelements, herbicides, fungicides and acids dissolved in water, characterized in that it is equipped with an additional water distribution pipe, hydraulically connected with flexible irrigation pipelines with droppers, each rack for periodically moistening low- and medium-sized plants is made in the form of rods of circular cross section, the upper ends of which are connected by an adapter having a nipple on one side for hydraulic connection with a fitting located in the wall of a flexible irrigation pipeline with droppers, and a conical sleeve on the upper face for interfacing with the nozzle body, and each stand for periodic moistening of tall plants is made in the form hollow rod of rectangular cross section, the lower ends of the rods of circular cross section are connected with a hollow rod by a plug of an elastic material having the shape of a rectangular prism, and the upper ends of the said rods are connected by an adapter having a nipple on one side for hydraulic connection with a fitting placed in the wall of a flexible irrigation pipe with droppers, and a tapered sleeve on the upper face for interfacing with the nozzle body. 3. The system according to claim 2, characterized in that each rack is made to rotate around a horizontal hinge from a vertical position to a horizontal position and vice versa.

Images