RU2457651C1 - Method of soil treatment - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to the field of agriculture, in particular, to soil cultivation. The process includes primary tillage to a depth of topsoil without soil overturning and surface tillage. In the autumn before the main processing a post-harvest surface accumulating loosening in stubble is carried out. After the main autumn non-recourse dehumidifying loosening to a depth of topsoil, deep moisture-collecting chisel tillage is carried out. In the spring the surface moisture-covering loosening is carried out to a depth of seeding. Next, the moisture saving mulching leveled secondary tillage is carried out with the creation of compacted seed bed and combing the weeds in the early stage of their development. In subsequent years, depending on the degree of drought and soil conditions only the main absorbent loosening can be carried out to a depth of topsoil and spring moisture saving secondary mulching leveled tillage with creation of compacted seed bed, and combing the weeds.

EFFECT: method enables to collect maximally, retain moisture in the root zone of the soil and to ensure optimal heat-moisture regime of the seeding layer with limited use of herbicides in the most extreme weather conditions.

10 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods of cultivating the soil to prepare it for sowing seeds.

A known method of tillage, including the main subsurface and at the same time surface tillage (see SU 1130189 A, 23.12.84, A01B 49/02).

The disadvantages of this method is the incomplete preparation of the soil for sowing, leaving large, unshredded lumps and the loss of soil moisture reserves for this reason.

The closest analogue to the proposed method is the invention "Method of soil cultivation", which includes the main subsurface and surface treatment to the depth of seed placement by simultaneously cutting the lumps formed during the main processing (see RU 2164732 C1, 02.11.1999, 7 A01B 79/02, Mazitov NK Resource-Saving Tillage Machines, Kazan, 2003, pp. 469-411, Fig. 166-168).

The disadvantage of this method is the lack of a set of interrelated measures for the accumulation and preservation of moisture in the soil in a single technological process, starting immediately after harvesting crops.

The aim of the invention is the creation of a fully enclosed anti-arid environmental technology for soil cultivation with the accumulation of conservation and accumulation of moisture to prepare it for sowing seeds.

This is achieved by the fact that in the proposed method of cultivating the soil, which includes basic tillage to the depth of the arable layer without turnover, and surface treatment, in contrast to the prototype in the fall, before the main tillage, post-harvest surface moisture-accumulating loosening by stubble to a depth corresponding to the specific loosening technology for a specific culture, after the main autumnal irreversible moisture-absorbing loosening to the depth of the arable layer, a deep moisture-accumulating chisel loosening is carried out cultivation, and in the spring - surface moisture-closing loosening to the depth of seed placement, and then - moisture-saving mulching aligned pre-sowing treatment to the same depth with the creation of a compacted seed bed and combing of weeds in the initial stage of their development, which will allow processing according to the principle of a continuous whole-closed technological corridor, creating a stable heat and moisture regime in the seed layer.

In subsequent years, as moisture accumulates and depending on the degree of drought and soil conditions, only the main moisture-absorbing loosening to the depth of the arable layer and spring pre-sowing moisture-saving mulching leveling tillage with the creation of a compacted seed bed and combing of weeds can be performed.

Figure 1 shows the scheme of tillage, and figure 2 - the working bodies of machines that perform the method of tillage.

The technological result is achieved by the following tillage operations.

The first after the main one is the postharvest surface accumulating loosening along the stubble to a depth corresponding to the loosening technology, i.e. 3-5 cm, excluding capillary evaporation and provoking the germination of carrion seeds (Fig.1-a). This operation is performed by the light working bodies of the knife harrow (Fig. 2-a), or a combined disk cultivator (Fig. 2-b), or a conical discarrow harrow (Fig. 2-c), or a heavy dental needle harrow (Fig. 2- g), or needle-type rotary harrow (Fig.2-e), depending on soil and climatic conditions.

The second operation is the main autumnal irreversible moisture-absorbing cultivation to a depth of 10-30 cm, depending on the actual depth of the arable layer, which simultaneously destroys the sprouted weeds and cultivated plants from fallen seeds of the predecessor (Fig. 1-b), limiting or eliminating the use of herbicides, providing ecological net future grain yield. This operation is performed by the working bodies of heavy cultivators (Fig.2-e) or working bodies such as the rack SibIME.

The third operation is a deep moisture-accumulating chisel loosening to a depth of 30-65 cm (Fig. 1-c), creating a loose horizon, providing a condition for the absorption of precipitation and their penetration into the lower layers of the soil, which, with minimal and zero technologies, usually go to wash off the fertile the upper layer due to the lack of absorption conditions at the place of deposition and the formation of floods that take the lives of people and their habitats. This is the most important environmental significance of the operation. It is performed by tools with chisel working bodies (Fig.2-g).

The fourth operation is the spring surface moisture-closing loosening to a depth of 4-5 cm (Fig. 1-g), which, thanks to the destruction of weeds in the initial stage of their development, limits the use of herbicides, contributing to the ecological cleanliness of the grain of the future crop.

This operation is performed by block-modular cultivators of the KBM series with chisel-shaped reactive vibrating vertically-oscillating, longitudinally-oscillating and screw-shaped working bodies (Fig.2-h).

Fifth operation - final - moisture-saving finally leveling mulching presowing cultivation of the soil with reactive vibrating working bodies with a lancet paw, an oscillating leveler and a screw sprung harrow to a depth of 4-5 cm with the creation of a compacted seed bed, secondary combing of weeds at the stage of their initial development, completely eliminating the application herbicides and providing environmentally friendly grain of the new crop (Fig.1-d).

As a result of the implementation of the proposed anti-arid environmental technology, the soil is fully prepared for sowing seeds of crops in extreme conditions. Depending on the degree of drought and soil conditions, one, two or three operations from the technology can be excluded, except for the second and last.

Using the invention will allow:

create the possibility of uniform seed placement at a given depth, the formation of secondary roots and tillering, a powerful starting development of plants;

provide a stable heat and moisture regime in the seed layer;

to exclude water and wind soil erosion and infection of water bodies;

exclude the use of herbicides;

exclude mass clogging of fields;

limit the mass reproduction of rodents that threaten the health of the population;

limit the contamination of water bodies;

promote the development of flora and fauna of the soil and water bodies;

produce environmentally friendly agricultural products;

guarantee increased soil fertility;

limit flood formation.

Claims (1)

A method of tillage, including primary tillage to the depth of the arable layer without turnover, and surface tillage, characterized in that in the fall, before the primary tillage, a post-harvest surface moisture-accumulating loosening is carried out along the stubble to a depth corresponding to the specific loosening technology for a specific crop, after the main autumnal irreversible moisture-absorbing loosening to the depth of the arable layer carry out deep moisture-accumulating chisel loosening, and in the spring - surface moisture closure digging tillage to the depth of seed placement, and then - moisture-saving mulching aligned pre-sowing treatment to the same depth with the creation of a compacted seed bed and combing out weeds at the initial stage of their development; in subsequent years, as moisture accumulates and depending on the degree of drought and soil conditions, only the main moisture-absorbing loosening to the depth of the arable layer and spring pre-sowing moisture-saving mulching leveling tillage with the creation of a compacted seed bed and combing of weeds can be performed.

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