RU2434375C2 - Method for preparation of seed bed (versions) - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: method includes soil processing with a device that comprises tilling hoes, and/or discs, and/or at least one soil cultivating drum. After soil processing with tilling hoes and/or discs per one stage of the device operation, the soil is tilled, mulched, displaced in axial direction and rolled. Soil rolling is carried out by at least one soil cultivating drum with at least one helical rolling element. The rolling element consists of at least one rolling surface that compacts the seed bed base, at least one mulching surface and tilling elements. Tilling elements are installed on a part or on along the whole length of a soil cultivating drum. The axis of rotation of the soil cultivating drum does not match the direction of device displacement. The tilling hoes and/or discs process soil for depth of 0.03- 1.8 m, and the soil cultivating drum with the helical rolling element - for depth of 0.005-1.5 m. According to the second version all operations of soil processing are carried out with a device similar to the device in the first version. The operation of soil rolling is carried out with a soil-cultivating drum, made similar to the drum in the first version, but comprising additionally rolling ribs, which connect spirals of the rolling element of the soil cultivating drum.

EFFECT: improved quality of tillage and mulching of soil in the layer above the seed bed base with simultaneous combing of weeds out to the soil surface.

2 cl, 5 dwg

Description

The invention relates to agriculture, in particular to methods for surface tillage in the pre-sowing period of growing crops and seedlings of trees.

A known method of growing potatoes and a device for its implementation / RU 2125783, IPC AB 79/02, 02/10/1999 /, for which the upper soil layer is affected by a device for soil separation. It is a ribbed drum located on the horizontal axis, with separating elements in the form of teeth mounted on the edges of the drum.

The disadvantage of this method is the insufficient grinding of lumps of soil (crushing lumps) as a result of exposure to the top layer of soil (in one pass of the unit) with only one device for soil separation. This worsens the crushing of the lumps and the separation of weeds from the soil, since the weeds remaining in the lumps remain in the soil and then vegetate.

The method described above is the closest analogue of the claimed process variants.

The problem solved by the claimed invention is to improve the quality of loosening and mulching of the soil in the layer above the base of the seed bed while combing the weeds on the soil surface.

The problem is solved due to the fact that in the first version of the method of preparation of the seed bed, including soil cultivation by an aggregate containing loosening legs, and / or discs, and / or at least one tillage drum, and / or other non-driving working bodies , according to the invention, after treating the soil with loosening paws and / or discs in one pass of the aggregate, the soil is loosened, mulched, axially displaced and rolled with at least one tillage drum with at least one spiral packer by an element consisting of at least one compacting base of the seed bed of the pressurizing surface, at least one mulching surface and loosening elements installed on a part or along the entire length of the tillage drum, while the axis of rotation of the tillage drum does not coincide with the direction of movement aggregates, loosening legs, discs and other non-driven working bodies treat the soil to a depth of 0.03-1.8 m, and a soil cultivating drum with a spiral presser element to a depth of 0.005-1.5 m .

To solve the problem in the method of preparing the seedbed according to the second embodiment, comprising treating the soil with an aggregate containing loosening legs, and / or discs, and / or at least one tillage drum, and / or other non-driving working bodies, according to the invention after processing the soil with loosening paws and / or discs in one pass of the unit, the soil is loosened, mulched, axially displaced and rolled with at least one soil-cultivating drum with at least one spiral packer Ohm, consisting of at least one pressurizing surface of the seed bed of the pressurizing surface, at least one mulching surface, additional pressurizing elements in the form of ribs connecting the spirals of the pressurizing element of the tillage drum, and loosening elements installed on part or along the entire length tillage drum, while the axis of rotation of the tillage drum does not coincide with the direction of movement of the unit, loosening legs, discs and other non-driven working bodies they dig the soil to a depth of 0.03-1.8 m, and the soil cultivating drum with a spiral rolling element to a depth of 0.005-1.5 m.

Possible device options for implementing the method of preparation of the seed bed are presented in the following drawings:

figure 1 shows the basic elements of a device for implementing the method using loosening paws (side view);

figure 2 - the basic elements of a device for implementing the method using disks (top view);

figure 3 - tillage drum with spiral turns equipped with loosening elements;

figure 4 - tillage drum with spiral coils and press-on ribs with loosening elements;

figure 5 is a view a in figure 3.

The seedbed preparation method according to the first embodiment includes soil treatment by an aggregate with a device containing loosening legs and / or disks, and / or at least one soil-cultivating drum, and / or other non-driving working bodies. After processing the soil with loosening paws, and / or discs in one pass of the aggregate, the soil is loosened, mulched, axially displaced with a force P and rolled with at least one soil-cultivating drum with at least one spiral pressing element, consisting of, at least one compacting base of the seed bed of the pressurizing surface of at least one mulching surface and loosening elements mounted on a part or along the entire length of the tillage drum, the axis of rotation of the soil ops drum does not coincide with the direction of movement of the machine, wherein ryhlyaschimi legs, wheels and other drive is not working bodies treated soil at a depth of 0.03 ÷ 1.8 m, and the drum with a spiral packer elements and ryhlyaschimi - 0,005 ÷ 1 m.

For example, the depth of tillage when preparing the seedbed for sowing small-seeded crops in greenhouses is: 0.03 ÷ 0.1 m for loosening paws and discs, 0.005 ÷ 1.5 m for a tillage drum with spiral rolling and loosening elements.

The depth of the soil during the preparation of the seed bed for potatoes is: 0.12 ÷ 0.25 m for loosening paws and discs, and 0.08 ÷ 0.12 m for a tillage drum with spiral packer and loosening elements.

The depth of tillage when preparing the seedbed for planting seedlings of different types and age of trees is: for loosening paws and discs 0.25 ÷ 1.8 m; for a tillage drum with spiral packer and loosening elements - 0.12 ÷ 1.5 m. The method for preparing a seed bed in the second embodiment differs from the first option in that the soil is treated with a tillage drum that differs from the tillage drum in the first embodiment by the presence of additional presser elements in in the form of ribs, which may contain loosening elements connecting the spirals of the rolling element of the tillage drum.

The elements of the device for implementing the first variant of the method of preparing the seedbed are an aggregate, on the frame 1 (Fig. 1) of which loosening legs 3 are located on the racks 2, and / or disks 4 are also connected with the frame 1 (Fig. 2).

Directly behind the disks 4 or loosening paws 3 on the unit frame 1 with the possibility of movement and / or adjustment relative to the latter in the holes of the bracket 5 (or rigidly) are fixed the ends of the frame 6 of the tillage drum 7 (one or more), which is made in the form of a spiral rolling element 8 (FIG. 3) with at least one outer pressurizing surface 9 and a mulching surface 10 made relative to the pressurizing surface 9 at an angle less than 180 °. The spiral sealing element 8 contains removable (for example, having a threaded connection) or made in the composition of the spiral element (by welding or otherwise) loosening elements 11 mounted on part or along the entire length of the tillage drum 7.

The sealing element 8 is fixed with the possibility of vibrations or rigidly in the extreme supports 12 of the tillage drum 7 and with the possibility of vibrations or rigidly with respect to the shaft 13 of the tillage drum 7 (if the shaft 13 is installed in the tillage drum 7) in the intermediate supports 14. With the length of the tillage drum 7 less than 2 m shaft 13 may not be installed, because the structural rigidity is provided by a spiral rolling element 8. To enable vibration of the spiral rolling of the element 8, the extreme supports of the latter are mounted with the possibility of rotation around its axis or rigidly (not shown in the drawing), the middle supports (if installed) are made or with the possibility of rotation around the shaft 13 mounted in the center of the drum 7 and moving relative to the latter during vibrations of the presser element 8, or, like the extreme supports, with the possibility of rotation around its axis. The thickness of the presser element 8 of the tillage drum 7 when preparing the seedbed for crops grown in greenhouses is 0.001 ÷ 0.01 m, in the open ground 0.01 ÷ 0.1 m, and when preparing the seedbed for planting seedlings of trees of different types and age, the thickness of the presser element 8 varies between 0.1 ÷ 0.25 m. The pitch of the screw S of the presser element 8 in order to fulfill the conditions of unblocking the internal cavity of the tillage drum 7 is not less than 1.05 of the width B (S = 1.05 V ) rolling ele Enta 8.

To ensure more efficient loosening, crushing of the formation and mulching of the soil, for example, on medium and heavy soils, the loosening elements 11 are installed on the tillage drum 7 at a distance from each other of 0.1 ÷ 15.0 of the smallest cross-sectional size of the loosening element 11, and on light soils - respectively 0.3-27.0 of the smallest cross-sectional size of the loosening element 11.

The device for performing the seedbed preparation method according to the second embodiment (Fig. 4) differs from the first embodiment in that the coils of the spiral presser element 8 are connected by additional presser elements in the form of ribs 15. This design of the tillage drum is used mainly on heavy or uneven soils or soils with rocky inclusions, since the ribs 15, in addition to performing the main function of rolling the base of the seed bed, provide additional structural rigidity for tumbling drum.

To improve mulching, soil separation and combing of weeds on the ribs 15 can also be installed loosening elements 11 (figure 4).

To improve loosening and mulching of the soil, the loosening elements 11 can protrude beyond the sealing 9 and mulching 10 surfaces of the sealing element 8 (Fig. 5).

The soil can be treated with several tillage drums located in front of the loosening legs and / or discs or after the latter, and their design may differ from that described above.

The method is as follows.

The unit with the mulching drum 7 is given the speed of translational motion (for example, using a mobile energy tool). Paws 3 and / or discs 4 loosen the soil. After processing the soil with paws 3 and / or discs 4, the soil is treated with a drum 7 in one pass of the unit, and the pressing surface 9 and the mulching surface 10 of the spiral sealing element 8 when the drum 7 is rotated and deepened under the influence of its own weight and the weight of the unit (with rigid mounting of the frame the unit and the ends of the frame 6 of the tillage drum) or only its own weight (if the ends of the frame 6 of the tillage drum 7 are not rigidly attached to the frame 1 of the unit) cut or crush the soil layer with vegetable residues and dump it inside the tillage drum 7 with an offset (with a force P in the axial direction of the inclination of the turn of the presser element 8). After loosening, mulching and displacement in the axial direction, the soil is rolled up by the surface 9 of the sealing element 8, forming a solid base of the seed bed. At the same time, the loosening elements 11 installed or made as part of the spiral pressing element 8 additionally loosen and mulch the soil, combing the weeds onto the surface of the latter.

Then, under the influence of inertial forces, the soil is picked up by the reverse part of the turn located in the rear part along the tillage drum 7. At the same time, the soil and plant debris are additionally crushed and, mixed, are thrown out through the gaps between the turns and loosening elements 11 in the back of the tillage drum 7. B as a result of the presence in the device of loosening elements 11 mounted on a spiral sealing element 8 and / or additional sealing ribs 15, the soil with plant residues grows from the bed and at a depth from its surface to the base of the seed bed, it is qualitatively crushed, loosened and mixed, forming a mulch favorable for plant growth and development, while the weeds are combed to the soil surface. The displacement of the soil in the axial direction of the tillage drum by 7 spiral turns of the latter allows you to effectively level the soil, which increases the yield of crops.

The formation of a solid base of the seed bed allows you to sow seeds, for example, small-seeded crops (herbs, etc.), not only by coulters, but also in a scatter manner. At the same time, grass seeds scattered across the surface of the soil soar in the loose mulched soil layer of the seed bed and fall on the solid base of the seed bed formed by the sealing surface 9 of the pressing element 8 to the optimum sowing depth.

High-quality crushing of the formation, loosening and mulching of the soil, combing out weeds on the soil surface with the subsequent formation of a solid base of the seed bed increases crop yields, improves the quality of agricultural products and the survival rate of tree seedlings. At the same time, weeds are effectively suppressed by loosening elements by combing them onto the soil surface, which ecologically and dramatically reduces the cost of herbicides.

Claims (2)

1. A method of preparing a seedbed, comprising treating the soil with an aggregate containing loosening paws and / or discs, at least one tillage drum, characterized in that after processing the soil with loosening paws and / or discs in one pass of the aggregate, the soil is loosened, mulched, axially displaced and rolled by at least one tillage drum with at least one spiral packer element, consisting of at least one seed bed pressurizing base which seals the surface at least one mulching surface and loosening elements mounted on a part or along the entire length of the tillage drum, while the axis of rotation of the tillage drum does not coincide with the direction of movement of the unit, loosening legs and / or discs treat the soil to a depth of 0.03 ÷ 1.8 m, and a tillage drum with a spiral rolling element to a depth of 0.005 ÷ 1.5 m. 2. A method of preparing a seedbed, comprising treating the soil with an aggregate containing loosening paws and / or discs, at least one tillage drum, characterized in that after processing the soil with loosening paws and / or discs in one pass of the aggregate, the soil is loosened, mulched, axially displaced and rolled by at least one tillage drum with at least one spiral packer element, consisting of at least one seed bed pressurizing base which seals the surface at least one mulching surface, additional presser elements in the form of ribs connecting the spirals of the presser element of the tillage drum, and loosening elements mounted on a part or along the entire length of the tillage drum, while the axis of rotation of the tillage drum does not coincide with the direction of movement of the unit , loosening legs and / or discs treat the soil to a depth of 0.03 ÷ 1.8 m, and a tillage drum with a spiral rolling element to a depth of 0.005 ÷ 1.5 m.

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