RU2407259C1 - Device for soil tillage and sowing and method of soil treatment - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: device comprises frame, rotors, gear, sowing device, seed box. Device is equipped with double-cascade separator, slides, stone collector, pipes of seeds supply and return, display. Seed box is equipped with lock and system of seed batching control. Six rotors with geared disks are serially installed in holes of frame on sliding bearings. Geared disks of the last rotor are turned. Shafts of rotors are installed on flange joints. Profile of front surfaces of teeth of geared disks is turned along Archimedean spiral according to formula p=(180-220) φ. Delivery of rotation torque to geared disks is done through friction between them and splint bushings. Gear is arranged so that circumferential speed of teeth in each subsequent rotor is more compared to the previous one in average by 10%. Double-cascade separator is assembled of plates of the first cascade and plates of the second cascade, separated by rings. Section of plates is arranged as triangular with narrowing down. Baffle plate is installed at the outlet of the sixth rotor. Slides are hingedly connected at both sides of frame with the possibility of their position control by means of hydraulic cylinders through levers. Stone collector is mounted on frame and is connected to device frame. Bottom with antifriction pad is attached below stone collector frame. Bottom is installed with the possibility to control its position by means of hydraulic cylinders. Stem cavities of hydraulic cylinders for control of stone collector bottom position are connected to hydraulic accumulator. Brush rotated from the last rotor via chain gear is installed in holes of stone collector frame on sliding bearings. Body of sowing device is hingedly connected to frame of stone collector with the possibility to control force of pressure to soil by means of regulators. Ploughshares, in holes of which seeding-down rings enter, are welded to body of sowing device. Inside body of sowing device there is a perforated pipe installed with auger, having interrupted turns arranged in gaps between holes in perforated pipe. Perforated pipe is glued, and auger is attached to sockets connected via spacers to sprockets of chain gears. Spacers are installed in bearings pressed onto supports, to which pipe of seed supply and pipe of seed return are glued from inside. Pipe of seed supply is connected to fan and has a supply sensor installed on it. Pipe of seed return is connected to automatically controlled lock and has a return sensor installed on it. Diametre of return pipe is less than diametre of supply pipe. Lock is fixed on seed box, on which level sensor is installed. All sensors are connected to control unit, and control unit - to lock and display. Method includes treatment of soil by teeth of serially installed rotors. Soil is treated with rotor teeth repeatedly, damaging soil lumps withdrawn to surface and getting in between teeth of neighbouring rotors, by friction and deformation of cut. At least double-cascade separation of soil is carried out, in process of which stones and other bulk pieces are separated and stored in stone collector. Torn roots and remains of weeds are swept to field surface.

EFFECT: design and technology make it possible to improve quality of soil tillage and sowing, which increases crop capacity.

3 cl, 11 dwg

Description

The invention relates to devices in the field of agricultural engineering, intended for high-quality tillage and sowing of pelleted seeds. At the request of the consumer, the metering unit can be disconnected.

Known combined unit for loosening the soil and sowing cereal crops (autosw. SU No. 1782370, АВВ 49/06, 1992), selected for the prototype, containing a frame, rotor-cultivator, two cylindrical rollers and a seeder. The disadvantages of this design are the presence of only one rotor-ripper, the irrational shape of its teeth, as well as the non-compactness of the design.

Also known is a combined tillage machine (autosw. SU No. 1466672, АВВ 49/00, 1989), containing a milling drum and a separating conveyor sequentially mounted on the frame with a clutch located above it. The main disadvantage of this machine is the presence of moving elements working in the soil, in the condition of abrasive wear. In addition, for high-quality soil cultivation under the influence of a single frezaraban its high rotation frequency is required, which leads to a large energy intensity of the process.

The objective of the invention is to obtain the desired soil structure as a result of its processing with the simultaneous sowing, as well as reducing the complexity of replacing the working bodies.

The problem is solved in that the proposed machine has six rotors, and the peripheral speed of the teeth of each subsequent rotor is 10% higher than the previous one. A two-stage separator is located under the rotors. Separation of soil is combined with the separation of stones and other impurities, and the stone collector, in addition to direct use, also compacts the soil after sowing dragged seeds in it. The design of the machine allows you to quickly replace the working bodies.

New significant features:

- six rotors with gear discs are sequentially installed in the holes of the frame on the sliding bearings, and the gear discs of the last rotor are deployed;

- rotor shafts mounted on flange joints;

- the profile of the front surfaces of the teeth of the gear discs is deployed in a spiral of Archimedes according to the formula p = (180-220) φ;

- the receipt of torque on the gear discs occurs due to friction between them and the spline bushings;

- the transmission is made so that the peripheral speed of the teeth of each subsequent rotor is 10% higher than the previous one;

- a two-stage separator is composed of plates of the first cascade and plates of the second cascade, separated by rings;

- the cross section of the plates is made triangular with a narrowing down;

- at the exit of the sixth rotor a fencing grid is installed;

- skids are pivotally attached on both sides of the frame with the ability to control their position by means of hydraulic cylinders through levers;

- the stone collector is mounted on a frame attached to the frame of the machine;

- a bottom with an anti-friction lining is attached to the bottom of the stone collector frame;

- the bottom is installed with the ability to control its position by means of hydraulic cylinders;

- the rod cavity of the hydraulic cylinders for controlling the position of the bottom of the stone collector is connected to the hydraulic accumulator;

- a brush is mounted in the openings of the stone collector frame on sliding bearings, driven into rotation from the last rotor through a chain transmission;

- the case of the sowing apparatus is pivotally connected to the frame of the stone collector with the possibility of regulating the pressure against the soil by means of regulators;

- openers are welded to the metering unit body, the openings of which include seed embedment rings;

- a perforated pipe with an auger having discontinuous coils located between the openings in the perforated pipe is installed inside the housing;

- the perforated pipe is glued, and the screw is attached to the sockets, connected through spacers with chain sprockets;

- spacers are mounted on bearings pressed onto bearings to which the feed pipe and the seed return pipe are glued from the inside;

- the seed feed pipe is connected to the fan and has a feed sensor mounted on it;

- the seed return pipe is connected to an automatically controlled shutter and has a return sensor installed on it;

- the diameter of the return pipe is less than the diameter of the feed pipe;

- the shutter is mounted on the seed box on which the level sensor is installed;

- the sensors are connected to the control unit, and the control unit - to the shutter and display.

The listed new essential features are sufficient in all cases to which the requested scope of legal protection applies.

The combination of known and significant distinguishing features of the claimed unit is not known from the prior art and does not follow from it in an obvious way.

A new technical result is that the use of the proposed machine for high-quality tillage and sowing will allow for pre-sowing tillage by dividing it into fractions and sowing in one pass of the unit. At the same time, a layered structure of the arable horizon will be created, which will increase the yield of crops.

Figure 1 shows a diagram of a machine, side view; figure 2 - diagram of the machine, front view; figure 3 is a section aa; figure 4 - rotor, section BB; figure 5 - sowing apparatus, section bb; figure 6 - diagram of the process of tillage; figure 7 - sowing scheme followed by compaction of the soil; on Fig - aggregation of the machine; figure 9 is a block diagram of the control of the dosage of seeds; figure 10 - options for aggregation; figure 11 is a variant of aggregation with a combined unit of tillage [application for invention No. 2008120426/12 (024034)].

The frame 1 of the machine (Figs. 1, 2) is connected: in front - a hinge frame 19, at the back - a stone collector frame 7. Sidewalls 13 with knives 18 are also welded to the frame. The sidewalls are connected at the bottom by tie bolts 15 with nuts 16, which fasten the plates of the first stage 22 and the plate of the second cascade 28 (Fig.3, 4) of the separator through the rings 23 (Fig.2). A fencing grill 27 is attached to the frame (Fig. 3), and a bottom 8 (Figs. 1, 3) is attached to the stone collector frame with an anti-friction lining 9, controlled by the hydraulic cylinders of the stone collector 5. Inside the stone collector there is a brush 6. A metering device is also pivotally attached to the stone collector frame containing coulters 11, seed seeding rings 10 and regulators 4. Seeds in the sowing apparatus enter through the feed pipe 2, and return through the return pipe 24 (Fig.1,2). The hydraulic cylinders of the runners 30 (Fig. 4) through the levers 29 control the runners 14. Friction bearings 31 are installed in the holes of the frame. Threaded spikes 32 with threaded flanges 33 are installed in the left (downstream) bearings, and splined flanges 37 in the right ones. To each The rotor flange 36 is welded to the splined flange with screws 35, welded to the rotor shaft 25. The splined bushings 26 are mounted on the splines of the rotor shaft, and the toothed disks 3 are free between them. The set of splined bushings and gear disks is compressed by a spring 34. The rotor moment passes to the rotor through slotted flag ec, the bolt 39 attached to the shaft 38, the transmission 17 (Figures 1, 2) and propeller shaft 21, gear 20 on the PTO shaft of the tractor. Rotation to the brush and sowing apparatus comes from the last shaft of the rotor through chain transmissions 12. Torque to the screw 44 (Fig. 5) and the perforated tube 45 of the sowing device comes from two sides through sprockets 40, spacers 41 and sockets 43. Perforated pipe with a screw rotates in the housing 46, and spacers on bearings 42 mounted on bearings 47.

When aggregating the machine, a seed box 52 (Fig. 8) is installed on the tractor’s technological platform with a shutter 50 connected to a fan 49, as well as a hydraulic accumulator 56. A feed pipe is connected to the fan, and a return pipe is connected to the valve. A level sensor 53 is installed on the seed box, a feed sensor 54 on the feed pipe, and a return sensor 55 on the return pipe. The control unit 51 and display 48 are located in the cab.

The machine is used to treat physically ripe soil after plowing, or other basic processing. If desired, it can be used without sowing apparatus (fig.10b) and without a stone collector and sowing apparatus (fig.10a). Having removed the hitch frame, the gearbox and installed the frame extension 57 (Fig. 11), the machine can be used in conjunction with a combined soil cultivation unit [patent application No. 20088120426/12 (024034]. With this aggregation, all tillage operations and sowing of pelleted seeds with a seal are performed soil in one pass of the unit.

Before starting work, coated seeds are poured into a seed box. Raising the machine, the machine operator places a film or tarpaulin under the sowing apparatus and, turning on the power take-off shaft and fan, fills the sowing apparatus with seeds.

When the machine is operating, a strictly defined gear is used, since the PTO speed is fixed. The peripheral speed of the ends of the teeth of the first rotor slightly exceeds the translational speed of the unit. The gear ratio from rotor to rotor is chosen so that the peripheral speed of the ends of the teeth of each subsequent rotor exceeds the peripheral speed of the ends of the teeth of the previous rotor by an average of 10% so that the soil layer stretches when moving in the machine.

At the edge of the field, the machine operator lowers the machine, switches the rod cavities of the stone collector hydraulic cylinders to the hydraulic accumulator, turns on the fan, power take-off shaft, transmission and starts moving. Toothed discs of the rotors loosen, crush and promote the soil (Fig.6). The profile of the front surfaces of the teeth is made so that lumps of soil extracted to the surface fall between the teeth of adjacent rotors and are destroyed by friction and shear deformation, stones that can meet in the upper layer of the arable horizon slide off the teeth and move from the rotor to the next rotor, and plant residues hanging on the teeth, remove the teeth of the next rotor. This ensures the maximum speed of advancement of stones and plant debris, as well as self-cleaning of the teeth. The gear discs of the last rotor are deployed. Here, the remaining soil clumps move half-wedged between the teeth and plates of the second cascade and are destroyed by friction. The soil is separated through the lattices of two cascades. Toothed discs of the last rotor push stones, frayed plant debris and roots into the stone collector. From there, a rotating brush sweeps a large part of the plant debris and roots onto the field surface. As the stones accumulate, the machine operator unloads them in the designated places.

The case of the sowing apparatus (Fig. 7) slides along the surface of the separated soil, copying and slightly leveling it. The coulters spread the soil and compact the seed bed. Dragee seeds from the seed box through the shutter go to the fan, where they are picked up by the air stream and transported through the feed pipe to the metering unit. Inside the metering device, the auger transports the seeds in interaction with the air stream. The turns of the screw are not continuous, but intermittent, only in the spaces between the holes of the perforated pipe "L". They push the seeds toward the holes of a rotating perforated tube. The diameter of the return pipe is less than the diameter of the feed pipe to create excess pressure in the metering unit. From the hole of the perforated tube, the seed moves into the opener under the action of gravity and overpressure in the sowing apparatus created by the fan. The air flow escaping along with the seed prevents the next, upstream seed from lowering, excluding doubling. Seed rolls down the opener to the soil. Since the distance h is slightly less than the diameter of the seed d, the chamfer “M” of the coulter presses the seed into the soil, fixing it, and the seed embedding ring covers it with soil. The bottom of the collector from the influence of the weight of the stones and the pressure of the accumulator is pressed against the soil surface with an anti-friction pad, slides along it, finally covers up the seeds, levels and compacts the soil. The accumulator maintains a constant pressure of the bottom on the soil surface, regardless of the weight of the stones in the stone collector. The anti-friction pad reduces the friction force of the bottom on the soil and protects it. Plant residues and roots swept from the rock collector cover the surface of the field, preventing the evaporation of moisture from the soil.

Unused seeds are returned to the gate through the return pipe. The number of seeds returned should be the minimum required. The quantity of seeds supplied and returned is controlled by sensors. Signals from the sensors are sent to the control unit. It processes the information and, if necessary, changes the position of the shutter, increasing or decreasing the flow of seeds from the seed box. Information on the progress of the dosing process and the availability of seeds in the seed box is displayed.

At the end of the rut, the mechanic turns off the fan, disconnects the rod cavities of the stone collector hydraulic cylinders from the accumulator, disconnects the power take-off shaft and lifts the machine. The level of cultivated soil is higher than the level of uncultivated field. Skids are used to level the machine. They also perceive excessive vertical load. Field processing is carried out by shuttle, therefore, after each pass, the machine operator using the runner hydraulic cylinders changes their position, raising one and lowering the other to a predetermined height, depending on soil properties.

Self-cleaning of the slots between the plates of the first cascade and the plates of the second cascade of the separator is provided both by the advancement of the soil, and by the fact that the plates of the first cascade and the plates of the second cascade have a triangular section with a narrowing downward. If large stones or other foreign objects get into the machine, the gear discs begin to turn relative to the spline bushings. This protects them from damage.

Replacing a set of spline bushings on the rotors with wider or narrower ones, it is possible to change the distance between the gear discs, therefore, vary the degree of grinding of the soil depending on its physical and mechanical properties. Replacing the rings with wider or narrower, you can change the distance between the plates of the first cascade and the plates of the second cascade of the separator, varying the fineness of soil separation. By placing plates of the second cascade of a different shape, you can create additional cascades of finer soil separation. Regulators can change the pressure of the sowing device on the soil, providing a deepening of the coulters, if the weight of the sowing device with seeds is not enough for this. By adjusting the pressure in the accumulator, the degree of compaction of the soil after sowing is changed.

With a large wear of the teeth of the gear discs or breakage, it will be necessary to replace them. Any rotor can be removed without disassembling the transmission (figure 4). To do this, screw the threaded flange to the stop I, unscrew the screws II, the threaded spike III and remove the rotor IV. By unscrewing the threaded flange and removing the spring, the gear discs can be replaced. The rotor is mounted in the reverse order by installing it on the centering belt “K”. The replacement of the brush elements is carried out similarly.

A known method of tillage, including the impact on the soil with teeth of sequentially installed rotational hoes (rotors) and combing weeds (RU 2148899 C1, 05.20.2000). The disadvantage of this method is the inability to create a layered structure of the arable horizon with the necessary parameters of soil aggregates.

The objective of the invention is to obtain high-quality tillage, which is expressed in creating a layered structure of the arable horizon with the necessary parameters of soil aggregates, removing stones, destroying weeds, preventing their revitalization and reproduction.

The problem is solved by the active repeated exposure of rotor teeth to the soil, in combination with multi-stage soil separation and separation of stones, roots and weeds from it.

New significant features:

- the impact on the soil by the teeth of the rotors is carried out repeatedly with the destruction of the soil lumps extracted to the surface and falling between the teeth of the adjacent rotors and friction and shear deformation;

- produce at least two-stage soil separation, during which stones and other large objects are separated and stored in a stone collector;

- frayed roots and weed plant residues are swept to the surface of the field.

The listed new essential features are sufficient in all cases to which the requested scope of legal protection applies.

The combination of known and essential distinguishing features of the proposed method is not known from the prior art and does not follow from it in an obvious way.

A new technical result is that when using the proposed method of tillage, a layered structure of the arable horizon is obtained, which allows to increase the yield of crops, since the development of plants will occur in accordance with the requirements of agricultural technology for their cultivation. The use of this method of tillage will clear the arable horizon of stones and weeds.

Figure 6 shows a diagram of the process of tillage. Large particles of soil, extracted from the soil mass by the teeth of one rotor, slide between it and the adjacent teeth of the next rotor. When sliding, large soil particles experience shear deformation. Their destruction occurs both by friction and due to shear stresses.

To create the best conditions for the development of plants, it is necessary that the size of soil aggregates does not exceed 10 mm. The vertical of the arable horizon should have a heterogeneous soil structure: below the soil particles may be larger, and above they should be smaller. Such a result can be obtained by multicascade soil separation. This results in a layered structure of the arable horizon. The “F” layer, saturated with organic particles, remains untreated. Layer “X” consists mainly of larger soil aggregates. The “C” layer consists of small soil aggregates. By selecting the design and operational parameters of the machine that are optimal for a given soil, one can obtain the desired combination of soil aggregates along the vertical of the arable horizon. If necessary, you can create more layers with finer soil separation.

Layer “H” is formed by frayed roots and weed plant residues swept to the surface of the field. The incorporation of the roots and residues of root plants into the soil according to existing soil cultivation technologies leads to their reproduction. According to the proposed method of tillage, frayed roots and plant debris thrown to the surface of the field quickly dry out and die. Organics remain on the field, but they are harmless and protect the soil from drying out.

Claims (3)

1. A device for tillage and sowing, containing a frame, rotors, gear, sowing apparatus, seed box, characterized in that it is equipped with a two-stage separator, runners, stone collector, seed feed and return pipes, and the seed box is equipped with a shutter and a metering control system seed, display, while in the holes of the frame on the sliding bearings six rotors with gear discs are installed in series, and the gear discs of the last rotor are deployed, the rotor shafts are mounted on flange joints, and ofil the front surfaces of the teeth of the gear discs are unfolded in a spiral of Archimedes according to the formula p = (180-220) φ, while the supply of torque to the gear discs occurs due to friction between them and the splined bushings, and the transmission is made so that the peripheral speed of the teeth of each subsequent the rotor is larger than the previous one by an average of 10%, the two-stage separator is composed of plates of the first cascade and plates of the second cascade, separated by rings, and the section of the plates is made triangular with narrowing downward, and at the exit of the sixth the rotor has a fender lattice installed, while the runners are pivotally attached on both sides of the frame with the possibility of controlling their position by means of hydraulic cylinders via levers, the stone collector mounted on a frame attached to the machine frame and a bottom with an anti-friction pad attached to the bottom of the stone collector frame, the bottom being installed with the possibility of controlling its position by means of hydraulic cylinders, and the rod cavities of hydraulic cylinders of controlling the position of the bottom of the stone collector are connected to the hydraulic accumulator, while a brush is mounted on the sliding holes of the stone collector frame on the sliding bearings, which is rotated from the last rotor through a chain drive, in addition, the metering unit body is pivotally connected to the stone collecting frame with the possibility of regulating the pressing force to the soil by means of regulators, and the coulters are welded to the metering case in holes which includes seed embedment rings, and a perforated pipe with an auger having intermittent turns located in the spaces between the openings is installed inside the housing in the perforated tube, the perforated tube being glued and the screw attached to the sockets connected via spacers to chain sprockets, while the spacers are mounted on bearings pressed onto bearings to which the feed pipe and seed return pipe are glued from the inside, and the seed feed pipe connected to the fan and has a feed sensor installed on it, and the seed return pipe is connected to an automatically controlled shutter and has a return sensor installed on it, while the diameter of the return pipe smaller than the diameter of the feed pipe, the shutter is mounted on the seed box on which the level sensor is installed, while all the sensors are connected to the control unit, and the control unit to the shutter and display. 2. The device according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a removable hitch frame and a gearbox or extension frame. 3. A method of tillage, including the action of successively installed rotors on the soil with the teeth, characterized in that the action of the rotor teeth on the soil is carried out repeatedly with the destruction of the soil lumps that are extracted to the surface and fall between the teeth of the adjacent rotors, friction and shear deformation, produce at least two stages soil separation, during which stones and other large objects are separated and stored in a stone collector, and frayed roots and weed plant residues are swept to the surface of the field.

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