RU2393665C2 - Method for creation of ecologically pure grass coating and nutrient medium for its growth - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: in method grass coating is created from lawn strips grown by means of soilless method on substrate with application of liquid nutrient medium. Vermiculite substrate VIPON with granules of up to 2 mm is filled into container with a layer of 1 cm and soaked with nutrient medium of 0.1 % concentration. Mix of lawn grasses is sown on surface of substrate and then coated with polyethylene film. Nutrient medium contains ammonium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, ammonium molybdate, cobalt sulfate, boric acid, potassium phosphate, potassium sulfate and calcium nitrate at the following ratio of components, mg/l: NH₄NO₃ - 283; KH₂PO₄- 221; K₂SO₄-62, Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O-414; MgSO₄·7H₂O-55; Fe₂(SO₄)₃-141; H₃BO₃-20; MnSo₄·4H₂O-14; ZnSO₄·7H₂O-1.4; CuSO₄·5H₂O-1.4; (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·5H₂O-0.05 CoSO₄·7H₂O-0.09. Nutrient medium may additionally contain 10 g/l of liquid potassium humate.

EFFECT: improved intensity and time required for formation of strong root system of herbage, increased elasticity, resilience and strength of lawn coats and mats, increased viability and service life of grass coat and reduced prime cost of its formation.

5 cl, 2 tbl

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to quickly create high-quality lawns for various purposes: ground, sports, Moorish, protective for strengthening the slopes of earthworks, reclamation of man-made disturbed areas, grass cover for playgrounds, including for the repair of lawns.

Grass grass is one of the most important elements of any protective or decorative green device. In the conditions of populated areas, lawns are of extremely important sanitary-hygienic, architectural, artistic and economic value. In this regard, special demands are made on the quality of lawns. They should have a densely closed, dense, low-primed (not less than 5–8 cm high) grass cover of an intense, greenish color without ground gaps.

Creating high-quality grass or lawn cover depends on five components: power, light, water, air and heat.

It is known to arrange sports fields, football fields and golf courses using artificial soil substrates consisting of soil (peat) with expanded perlite or vermiculite in a ratio of 1: 1 or from expanded vermiculite with peat in a ratio of 1: 3 to 3: 1. Such a soil substrate has an almost stable moisture content even under drought conditions. However, in a sharply continental climate, it is difficult and long to grow a lawn in open ground.

It is known to grow lawn strips using the hydroponic method in containers using a liquid nutrient medium (Hession D.G. Everything about the lawn. - Kladez-Buks, 2003; Lepkov I.P. Lawns. - Dilya, 2003; Zavodskaya L.V. Specialists' advice. Lawns. - MSP, 2003). After a certain time, the grown lawn is wound into rolls for subsequent spread on a specially prepared area for the future lawn. The disadvantage of growing lawns using this technology is the difficulty in preparing and changing substrates for growing grasses of various requirements, which increases the cost of growing hydroponic strips, the low shelf life of finished strips and poor root survival after spreading the lawn on prepared soil.

A known method of growing a lawn on a substrate using a waterproof film for stationary use in the interiors of rooms or on roofs (Salzer E. Hydroponics for fans. - M, 2001). Peat crumb mixed with fertilizer at the rate of 3 kg per 1 m ^{3 of} peat is used as a substrate. A prepared substrate is poured onto a 1 cm ² thick gravel drainage layer with a 6 cm layer, in which grass seeds are sown, and moistened daily with clean water. After a month, the lawn is fertilized with fertilizers, scattering them at the rate of 40 g per 1 m ^{2 of} lawn, and sprayed with clean water to prevent burns to plants. The disadvantages of the method are the high cost (too large a layer of substrate is required), the complexity of lawn care in the process of growing it, the possibility of plant burns and the formation of uneven color, as well as the difficulty of creating a dense, high-quality grass coating with an intense, green color in a sharply continental climate.

There are various commercially available water-soluble fertilizers for plants, vegetables and flowers containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, boron, copper, manganese, zinc and molybdenum in certain proportions (AVA, Kemira Lux, etc.). But their composition is not suitable for using hydroponic growing plants on a vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2. They did not take into account the physicochemical characteristics of the northern hydroponic substrate. In this regard, there is a great danger of an overdose of salts and plant diseases. Various nutrient solutions are known for hydroponic cultivation of plants (Knop, Zhuravskaya, Knudson, Hoagland, etc.). However, the ratio of their components is designed for growing various vegetables and flowers and is not optimal in composition for growing lawn herbs, in which the main task is to create a dense root system and grass stand that meets all the requirements for lawns.

The closest nutrient mixture in composition is a concentrated nutrient mixture for flowers (description of the invention to copyright certificate No. 736914 of 06.27.77). The mixture is intended for growing flowers by hydroponics and has the following composition, wt.%:

potassium nitrate 8-12 monosubstituted ammonium phosphate 2-4 ammonium nitrate 3-5 magnesium sulfate 5.5-8 iron sulfate 0.2-0.5 manganese sulfate 0.03-0.07 zinc sulfate 0.01-0.025 copper sulfate 0.002-0.02 cobalt sulfate 0.001-0.004 ammonium molybdenum acid 0.0005-0.0015 boric acid 0.01-0.03 sulphuric acid 0.7-1.2 hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid 0.5-2.0 potassium citrate 0.1-1.0 water up to 100.

However, for growing grass on a hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2, the ratio of the components of this mixture is not optimal. This fact may complicate the creation of lawns using these nutrient mixtures. For example, the root system will not be able to develop well, its strength and viability will be insufficient to create a high-quality roll lawn.

The inventive method, as well as known, includes the creation of grass cover from lawn strips grown hydroponically on a substrate using a liquid nutrient medium.

The inventive nutrient medium, as known, contains ammonium nitrate (NH ₄ NO ₃ ), magnesium sulfate (MgSO ₄ 7H ₂ O), iron sulfate (Fe ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ ), manganese sulfate (MnSo ₄ 4H ₂ O), zinc sulfate (ZnSO ₄ 7H ₂ O), copper sulfate (CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O), ammonium molybdenum acid ((NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ 5H ₂ O), cobalt sulfate (CoSO ₄ 7H ₂ O) and boric acid ( H ₃ IN ₃ ), but in other quantities and ratios.

The objective of the invention is the creation of high-quality lawn cover with the formation in the ground of the lawn of a continuous carpet of green shoots, and in the underground - an elastic and durable viable turf.

The technical result consists in increasing the intensity and timing of the formation of a strong root system of grass stand, increasing the elasticity, elasticity and strength of lawn coverings and rugs that do not deform during long transportation and are suitable for laying on various underlying soils and drainage systems in various climatic zones, as well as in increasing the viability and term of growth and service of grass cover and reducing the cost of its creation.

This technical result is achieved by the fact that a hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm is poured into a container with a 1 cm layer, saturated with a nutrient medium of 0.1% concentration, a mixture of lawn grass seeds is sown on the surface of the substrate and covered with plastic wrap. As a container, a cuvette or waterproof plastic film can be used.

The technical result is also achieved by the fact that the nutrient medium for creating grass cover additionally contains potassium phosphate (KH ₂ PO ₄ ), potassium sulfate (K ₂ SO ₄ ) and calcium nitrate (Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ 4Н ₂ О) in the following ratio of components mg / l:

NH ₄ NO ₃ 283 KH ₂ PO ₄ 221 K ₂ SO ₄ 62 Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ 4H ₂ O 414 MgSO ₄ 7H ₂ O 55 Fe ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ 141 H ₃ IN ₃ twenty MnSo ₄ 4H ₂ O fourteen ZnSO ₄ 7H ₂ O 1.4 CuSO ₄ 5H ₂ O 1.4 (NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ 5H ₂ O 0.05 CoSO ₄ 7H ₂ O 0.09

The nutrient medium may additionally contain 10 g / l of liquid potassium humate.

Of paramount importance for the successful cultivation of plants on vermiculite substrates is the correct choice of substrate fraction and the regime of roasting vermiculite mica. Hydroponic vermiculite substrates with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 were obtained by swelling the hydromica of the Kovdor deposit in a special innovative and patented kiln according to the original calcination technology, which provides them with relative chemical inertness, high sorption properties and lower sorption properties compared to known vermiculite substrates. pH level favorable for plant growth and development, which is stably maintained throughout the growing period. The substrate is divided according to particle size distribution into 5 modifications: 1-2 mm, 2-5 mm, 5-10 mm, above 10 mm and unfractionated. The chemical composition and basic parameters of the substrates are given in tables 1 and 2. The substrate has a washout pH of 6.5-7.2, is non-toxic, non-combustible, does not enter into chemical reactions with most mineral and organic acids, bases and salts used in agriculture in quality of fertilizers and insecticides. It promotes the cultivation of environmentally friendly grass coverings, since it is sterile and is an active absorber (sorbent) of chemical compounds, heavy metal ions (copper, arsenic, nickel, lead, etc.) and radionuclides. The substrate promotes the rational use of fertilizers, quickly absorbing them, and giving the plant gradually over many months and even years, it is an independent carrier of mineral elements valuable for plant nutrition (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese), has high thermal insulation properties that prevent freezing root system of plants in severe frosts.

The use of vermiculite substrate with granules up to 2 mm in size for growing lawns, which has shown the best results in studies on the cultivation of perennial grasses, provides both a reduction in the formation time of a strong root system and an increase in elasticity, elasticity and strength, rapid growth to any base, the absence of lawn rugs of “transplant” stress and lightness of a rolled lawn. Hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm, which is a carrier of moisture and nutrients, promotes rapid seed germination, plant development and the formation of a powerful root turf, characterized by high viability and the degree of shock-free growth of the lawn to the prepared surface , allowing you to roll the coating into rolls, transport over long distances and reuse. This substrate, as the basis of a lawn coating, is environmentally friendly and versatile, which allows it to be used to grow grasses of various requirements and to add any additives to adjust the effect of the covered soil. In addition, the use of this substrate reduces the cost of growing lawns, as it does not require additional preplant preparation and processing.

Using the proposed method of growing a lawn coating, in which a hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm is poured into a container with a 1 cm layer, saturated with a nutrient medium of 0.1% concentration, a mixture of lawn seeds is sown on the surface of the substrate grasses, they are covered with a layer of 0.3-0.5 cm of the same substrate and covered with a plastic film, it increases the intensity and timing of the formation of a strong root system of the grass stand, increases the elasticity, elasticity and strength as a grass coating, t k and lawn mats, not deformable during prolonged transport and suitable for laying on the various subsoil drainage systems and in different climatic zones. This method can be implemented both in open ground and in closed ground and allows you to create high-quality lawns in 14-20 days. The term "container" here means any structure that can store water inside, that is, a tank with a bottom and walls, which may also contain drainage means, for example, openings located at a certain height. As a container, cuvettes, for example, or a folded plastic film can be used.

The use as a nutrient medium of a solution with precisely such a content of micro- and macroelements selected as a result of many years of research allows us to create the optimal ratio of nutrients in the solution for intensive cultivation of lawn grasses, which affects faster seed germination (4-5 days from sowing ) and the rapid growth of the root system, increasing the elasticity, elasticity and strength of lawn rolls, and to ensure an even, deep green color of the grass cover of the lawn. This composition of the nutrient mixture eliminates the deficiency of any vermiculite substrate (its alkalinity) and ensures stable pH retention in the substrate - nutrient solution system at a given level for the required growing period.

High viability of the lawn rug - up to 7 days - is achieved due to the fact that vermiculite remains in the rolled up rug, saturated with nutrient medium and moisture, while the roots of the lawn rug are not damaged when folding compared to the turf cut for transportation. This ensures the absence of plant shock when transplanting to the place of creation of grass cover and rapid growth to the soil. The lawn mat is lightweight and easy to transport.

This method of creating grass cover and a nutrient medium for growing it increase the viability and service life of grass cover, reduce the cost of its creation due to the following factors, obtained on the basis of practical experience in creating lawns for various purposes. The lawn mat grows to the base quickly, within 5-7 days. Due to the dense and highly developed turf, growth occurs even on such complex foundations as construction waste or mining tails. When transplanting a lawn grown on a substrate, root pruning does not occur, as when cutting a conventional turf lawn, therefore, the root system of plants is fully preserved, not damaged and without stress grows to a new basis, without a rehabilitation period after root pruning. Covering an area of 2 m ^{2 is} easily transported and laid by one person, cut with scissors, which allows phytodesigners to create lawns of high decorativeness without the use of additional equipment. Sod that provides the ability to roll a lawn into a roll is formed in the open ground within 2-3 weeks depending on weather conditions. On the ground, a similar sod density is formed within 2-3 years. The coating is applicable for the "repair" of any already planted lawn cover. In a short time, the user can grow the required amount of coating, using exactly those varieties of grass that are present in the lawn that needs repair. A hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 undergoes heat treatment, therefore it is sterile for plant growing purposes, it does not contain weed seeds, pathogens of plant diseases, harmful insects. When using this method to create protective coatings designed to solve the environmental problems of a particular area, lawn mats are able to self-repair and self-propagate. Such coatings are more viable than regular lawns, and for many years perform their protective functions in adverse conditions. To implement the method does not require special education and the use of specialized equipment.

Environmentally friendly grass coating according to this invention is obtained as follows.

First, timely and high-quality preparation of the site for the future lawn is carried out. Determine the boundaries of the site to be landscaped, its length, area. They clean the area from debris, weeds, foreign objects and vegetation. The lawn area is leveled, plant soil is poured with a layer of at least 5 cm and fertilizers are applied (N: P: K = 2: 2: 1) in an amount of 50 g / m ² . Depending on the type of lawn, the types and number of lawn grasses are determined, the seeds of which will be used to create it. When growing a lawn in open ground, for example, a welded waterproof polyethylene film is spread on a prepared area, or the film is spread on the surface of the site and folded in any way along the edges, forming a container with a bottom and side walls. When creating grass cover over a large area, several such films are used. Then a layer of hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm thick 1 cm is poured onto the film, saturated with a nutrient medium, the selected mixture of seeds is sown on the surface of the wet substrate and covered with a film. The seeding rate of herbs depends on the type of plants and is 80-140 g / m ² .

Creating high-quality grass cover in the climatic conditions of the Far North, including in the Murmansk region, in open ground is difficult. The most favorable periods for this are May and August-September. However, the main negative factors in this case are low spring temperatures, frosts that delay the germination of lawn grasses, and large precipitation in autumn, washing away the sown seeds. Therefore, an alternative way to create lawns in these conditions is the production of carpet lawn coverings (rugs) in sheltered soil with their subsequent transfer to the green area. In protected ground, the seeds of lawn grass quickly germinate, grow intensively and form a dense turf that quickly and well takes root in natural conditions.

The way to create a lawn rug is as follows.

Ditches with a size of, for example, 50 × 50 × 5 cm are installed in a room with a temperature of 22-25 ° C. Hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm is poured into the cuvettes with a layer of 1 cm and poured into a nutrient medium with the composition given in paragraph 4 of the formula, 0.1% concentration. It is possible to add liquid potassium humate (10 g / l), as well as 3 drops / 1 l of the HB-101 preparation. The final composition of the nutrient medium, mg / L: N - 170, P - 50, K - 90, Ca - 100, Mg - 10, S - 24, Fe - 4, B, Mn, - 0.5, Zn, Cu - 0.05, Mo - 0.03, Co - 0.02. Total mineralization - 1035 mg / l. The solution should completely cover the substrate, but not exceed the level of its surface. After 20 minutes, they begin to sow a mixture of lawn grass seeds on the surface of the substrate. Before sowing, the seed mixture should be well mixed. Seeding rates of seeds 80-140 g / m ² surface. On top of the cell pan coated with polyethylene to prevent the rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface of the substrate. Mass seed germination occurs 5 days after sowing, and 10-14 days, when the seedlings reach a height of 5 cm, the lawn mat is ready for use in open ground. The finished rug has a good dense root "pillow", completely covering the substrate, and a grass stand that meets all the requirements for lawns.

The plot prepared for landscaping is laid out with ready-made rugs in the direction from the center to the periphery. Lawn mats are laid tightly to each other. Ovals and other geometric irregularities are laid out with rugs, cutting off the excess parts with scissors. After the lawn is laid out, it should be poured with water from a hose with a diffuser. After 2 days, the mats begin to grow into the ground, forming a smooth, weed-free lawn. Further care for the lawn created by this technology is carried out according to generally accepted rules.

In exceptional cases, when it is necessary to create a very durable lawn cover (areas subject to strong trampling, sports fields and stadiums), lawn mats can be significantly strengthened with a burlap or other mesh base. In this case, the technology for creating a lawn coating is as follows.

Ditches 50 × 50 × 5 cm in size are installed in a room with a temperature of 22-25 ° C. A hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 with granules up to 2 mm is poured into the cuvettes with a layer of 1 cm and filled with a nutrient medium of 0.1% concentration. It is possible to add liquid potassium humate (10 g / l), as well as 3 drops / 1 l of the HB-101 preparation. The solution should completely cover the substrate, but not exceed the level of its surface. On top of the substrate lay a burlap or other mesh base measuring 50 × 50 cm, after 20 minutes they begin to sow a mixture of lawn grass seeds on its surface. The cuvettes are also coated with polyethylene on top to prevent the rapid evaporation of moisture from the surface of the substrate. Ready-made mats have a more solid foundation, they are tightly laid on the prepared site. Over time, the burlap will decay, and until that moment it will reliably protect the lawn from destruction and various negative influences.

The inventive method of creating grass cover and a nutrient medium for its cultivation allow you to create lawns for a wide range of purposes: for children’s and sports grounds, protective and reinforced lawns to strengthen slopes, slopes of bridges and roads; special lawn coverings for "green car parks"; for green roofs and conservatories; special ecosanitary lawn coverings for landscaping landfills and for dust suppression of storages, chemical and mining waste, for the restoration of man-made and man-made disturbed areas subjected to oil spills and chemical reagents.

Table 1. Chemical properties of hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH of 6.5-7.2. The substrate has the composition: Components The maximum value,% Minimum value, % SiO ₂ 36/00 34/00 Fe ₂ O ₃ 6/50 5/60 Al ₂ O ₃ 9/90 9/1 MgO 26/00 24.70 FeO 0/27 0/20 TiO ₂ 0/47 0/40 Cao 1/22 1/02 Mn 0/07 05/05 K ₂ O 0/87 0.70

Variations in the content of individual components are associated with variations in the content in the initial hydromica concentrate obtained according to TU 21-0281921-24-92 with a change of 1.2 biotite of vermiculite and hydrophlogopite.

Variations in composition within specified limits do not affect physical, chemical, and consumer properties.

Physical properties of the substrate.

The substrate has a high specific surface - up to 100 m ² per 1 g, low bulk density - up to 250 kg / m ³ ; high moisture capacity - up to 5 g of water per 1 g of substrate.

table 2 The main indicators and the purpose of various modifications of hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH of 6.5-7.2 Indicator Modification one 2 3 four 5 Granule size mm 1-2 2-5 5-10 10-15- (20) 2-10 Moisture capacity, ml of water / g of substrate 5 5 5 5 5 Porosity,% 98 98 98 98 98 Bulk weight kg / m ³ Up to 400 350 300 250 350 Shrinkage upon wetting,% no more than 10 no more than 10 no more than 10 no more than 10 No more than 10 Appointment and term of operation for sowing seeds, rooting cuttings, growing seedlings and green crops - multiple applications for rooting cuttings, growing seedlings and green crops - 4 years for growing vegetable and ornamental plants - 7-10 years for growing perennials - 10-15 years For adding to the soil, growing seedlings, green crops, perennials - 7 years

Claims (5)

1. The method of creating environmentally friendly grass cover, including the creation of grass cover from lawn strips grown hydroponically on a substrate using a liquid nutrient medium, characterized in that the hydroponic vermiculite substrate with a pH level of 6.5-7.2 and granules up to 2 mm pour in a container with a layer of 1 cm, saturate with a nutrient medium of 0.1% concentration, a mixture of lawn grass seeds is sown on the surface of the substrate and covered with a plastic film. 2. The method of creating grass cover according to claim 1, characterized in that a cuvette or a waterproof plastic film is used as a container. 3. The method of creating a grass coating according to claim 1, characterized in that 10 g / l of liquid potassium humate is added to the nutrient solution. 4. Nutrient medium for creating grass cover containing ammonium nitric acid (NH ₄ NO ₃ ), magnesium sulfuric acid (MgSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O), sulfuric acid iron (Fe ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ ), manganese sulfuric acid (MnSO ₄ · 4H ₂ O), sulfuric acid zinc (ZnSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O), sulfuric acid copper (CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O), molybdenum acid ammonium ((NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ · H ₂ O), cobalt sulfuric acid (CoSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O) and boric acid (H ₃ BO ₃ ), characterized in that it additionally contains potassium phosphoric acid (KH ₂ PO ₄ ), potassium sulfur acidic (K ₂ SO ₄ ) and calcium nitric acid (Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ · 4H ₂ O) in the following ratio of components, mg / l:
NH ₄ NO ₃ 283 KH ₂ PO ₄ 221 K ₂ SO ₄ 62 Ca (NO ₃ ) ₂ · 4H ₂ O 414 MgSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 55 Fe ₂ (SO ₄ ) ₃ 141 H ₃ IN ₃ twenty MnSO ₄ · 4H ₂ O fourteen ZnSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 1.4 CuSO ₄ · 5H ₂ O 1.4 (NH ₄ ) ₆ Mo ₇ O ₂₄ · 5H ₂ O 0.05 CoSO ₄ · 7H ₂ O 0.09 5. The nutrient medium according to claim 4, characterized in that it additionally contains 10 g / l of liquid potassium humate.