RU2388201C1 - Method for recovery of forest-growing properties in saline soils - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention is related to agrochemical melioration of saline irrigated lands having therefore unsatisfactory forest-growing properties, namely to methods for pre-planting preparation of soils for further planting of irrigated forest shelter belts (FSB) on them. Method includes chemical root melioration of dedicated linear areas for pre-planting preparation of lands in future irrigated FSB, being composite part of irrigated bio-drainage forest-agrarian autonomous complex. Invention makes it possible to provide good acclimation rate and development of forest cultures of FSB on recovered forest-growing properties of soils and irrigation in arid zone of saline soils. In process of growth they faster achieve project taxation indices for biological utilisation of filtration losses of irrigating water and complex protection of forest-agrarian complex crops against action of soil-climatic conditions of arid zones.

EFFECT: method for recovery of forest-growing properties of saline soils is proposed.

Description

The invention relates to agrochemical reclamation of saline irrigated lands having, for this reason, unsatisfactory forest-growing properties, and in particular to methods of preplant planting of soil, for subsequent planting on them of irrigated field-protecting forest strips (PLP). The method eliminates the toxic effect of dissolved ground salts of the aeration zone on the growth and development of forest crops by creating a directed course of chemical reactions of substitution of harmful salts in soil in saline lands.

In acutely arid zones of the country, in order to increase the productive return of agricultural land from rainfed and irrigated agriculture, non-irrigated PLPs are planted that carry out a series of forest reclamation measures to reduce the negative impact of natural and climatic factors in the protected field on cultivated agricultural crops and soil fertility.

In order to increase the survival rate of PLP plantings and improve their further growth and development of plantations, pre-planting soil preparation is carried out.

Known methods for pre-planting soil for non-irrigated PLP in irrigated lands with large-spot irrigation [1] and for irrigation with sewage [2].

1. Stepanov A.M. Proposals for the placement and cultivation of forest stands on irrigated lands with large-spot irrigation (on the example of the Central Akhtuba irrigation system). - A.M. Stepanov, E.M.Smertin. - Volgograd, VNIALMI, 1968, - 30 s.

2. Novikov V.M., Vakulin A.A., Stepanov A.M. Recommendations on the technology of creating tree plantations during wastewater irrigation in the Lower Volga region. V.M. Novikov, A.A. Vakulin, A.M. Stepanov, N.A. Kovaleva, B.S. Semenov, S.N. Perepelkin, etc. - M .: - 1983, - 11 p.

These methods provide plow soil preparation according to a one-two-year fallow system. Plantation to a depth of 50-60 cm is used as the main plowing. In the fall of the next year, the soil is plowed without a turnover of the formation (deep loosening) to a depth of 27-30 cm.

With severe desiccation of the soil and the inability to conduct planting processing, the initial (main) plowing is carried out by 27-30 cm, and the planting is transferred to the next fall. In the spring, to close moisture, the soil is harrowed in 2 tracks. In the summer, depending on the overgrowing of the soil with weeds, 4-5 cultivations are carried out.

In southern chernozems, in the zone of chestnut soils and on brown desert soils, in order to reduce the salt content of soils, planting plowing is replaced under favorable conditions by long-term plowing [1].

The same method of pre-planting soil preparation leads P.A. Fadeev in the Novosibirsk region [3].

3. Fadeev P.A. The experience of growing forest belts // Agriculture, 1986 No. 12, - p.32-33.

There is a method of pre-planting soil preparation for PLP with a narrow inter-strip field of semi-desert solonchak solonetzic, light chestnut, meadow chestnut and dark-colored soils of the Dzhanybek hospital depressions also according to the two-year fallow and plantation system. As an improvement of the agrophysical state of which thermal steam was used and the creation of a wings on it from high-stemmed crops that delay solid precipitation of the gusty winds in winter.

Known are the technology of creating kurtinny and backstage afforestation on non-irrigated (rainfed) lands and the technology of growing protective forest stands on salinized irrigated lands and the calculation of bio-drainage systems [4].

4. Recommendations on the technology for creating protective afforestation on rainfed and irrigated lands and improving their reclamation functions in the dry-steppe zone of the Russian Federation. A.M. Stepanov, V.V. Kravtsov, L.I. Abakumova, A.V. Komarov, etc. - M .: Russian Agricultural Academy, GU VNIALMI - 2000, 11 pp.

The former are created on solonetzic chestnut and light chestnut soils in dry steppe and semi-desert. The soil for creating steep plantings is prepared according to the same principle as for ordinary ordinary linear plantations - for one to two-year pairs, and planting plowing [4, §1.4, p.5].

The technology for growing rocky stands from shrubs is quite close to the technology for creating stands from tree species. But here there are requirements associated with the preparation of soil susceptible to wind erosion, and care for it. The best is black steam with deep autumn loosening. This provides a good conservation of moisture in the soil and better growth of shrubs [4, §1.11, p.5].

Soil preparation for the cultivation of protective forest stands on saline-irrigated lands is the same.

The best way to prepare the soil for the creation of protective forest stands (ZLN) is ordinary spring plowing, annual steam and deep autumn plowing by planting, followed by disking [4, §2.2, p.6].

The limit of permissible salinity of soils is known, at which it is not recommended to place forest strips [5].

On p.8 §2.3 we find: “On highly saline soils, trees have low preservation (32-42%) and weak growth, and by 10 years fall. It is not recommended to create forest belts in areas with a dense residue of more than 1%. ”

5. Recommendations on adaptive nature management in rainfed and irrigated agrolandscapes. A.M. Stepanov, L.I. Abakumova, O.V. Ruleva, V.V. Kravtsov, etc. - M .: Russian Agricultural Academy, GU VNIALMI-2002, 14 pp.

Existing methods of pre-planting soil preparation for PIL provide better cutting of the arable layer of steppe soils, destruction of weed vegetation, accumulation of rainfall in the autumn-winter period, loosening of dense arable soils, increase their moisture resistance and breathability. However, a chronic shortage of moisture in the warm period in the soil of PLP and the associated increase in toxicity of soil solutions, the subsequent lack of moisture available for plants, negatively affects the reduction of further growth and development of woody plants of non-irrigated PLP.

Outwardly, this is expressed in a sharp decrease in annual growth, low average height and foliage of the forest stand. When the roots reach highly saline soil horizons, inhibition of growth processes intensifies. Often after acrid years, PLP trees begin to age prematurely. Superficiality is noted after 6-8 years of life. Weakened trees are affected by insects and diseases. In subsequent years, PLP on light chestnut soils begin to decay. The reason for this phenomenon is unsatisfactory forest growing conditions in terms of humidity and chemical composition of soil.

In extreme forest growing conditions of the semi-desert zone of the South-East, poor growth and even death of protective forest belts is noted [6].

6. Mattis G.Ya. Increasing the sustainability of protective forest stands in extreme growing conditions. G.Ya. Mattis // Reports of the RAAS. - 1994. - No. 4. - p.24-26.

The existing forest shelterbelts are mostly of small height (4-6 m), thickened, that is, they do not meet the basic agro-reclamation requirements [7].

7. Debel A.S. About some problems of afforestation afforestation. - A.S.Debely // Agriculture, - 1987, No. 7 p.31-33.

The technological processes of growing protective forest stands (ZLN) on [irrigated] soils subject to salinization and on non-saline soils are similar and correspond to technologies on non-irrigated lands. However, even on soils with moderate severity of salinization, it is recommended to perform irrigation irrigation [8].

8. Stepanov A.M. Current state of afforestation afforestation. On Sat Protective afforestation: history, achievements, prospects. A.M. Stepanov. Volgograd, VNIALMI. Issue 1 (108), - 1998 .-- pp. 116-126.

The most difficult is the first reclamation period, when the soils still retain negative properties. Therefore, the entire soil preparation system must be directed to creating a powerful arable layer, which allows to improve its water-physical properties. Against the background of deep plowing (planting), snow retention and two-year fallow yields good results, especially on soils of the solonetz complex. This allows you to accumulate a significant amount of water, to ensure good washing of the soil and plant survival, notes A. Stepanov [8, 1998].

In the arid steppe on ordinary chernozems, preference should be given to field-protective forest stands created on non-irrigated lands, on southern chernozems and dark chestnut soils - on irrigated and irrigated soils, on chestnut, light chestnut and brown soils - on irrigated lands [8].

From the above examples (1-5, 8), the similarity (uniformity) of the processes of pre-planting soil preparation in the steppe, dry-steppe and semi-desert zones is visible. This allows them to be attributed to one type of preplant soil preparation. The use of the plantation, subsequent snow retention and two-year fallowing make it possible to accumulate a significant amount of water (or irrigation on irrigated soils), to ensure good washing of the soil of the solonetz complex from salts and to obtain good plant survival. This resembles the method of self-reclamation of solonetzes.

Pre-planting soil preparation is a necessary element of the technology of growing forest crops of shelterbelts on non-saline or slightly saline soils. It is also needed on saline soils as a way of high-quality phytosanitary and general treatment of surface soil horizons. However, the indicated [8] method of pre-planting soil preparation for PLP under conditions of increased salinization and high alkalinity of root inhabited and deeper soil horizons prevailing in this soil-climatic zone is not applied and, therefore, does not provide their radical reclamation, does not eliminate the toxic effect of dissolved salts for survival, growth and development of subsequent periods of life of forest crops.

A known technique for improving the physicochemical properties of light chestnut soils, referred to as the method of self-reclamation of solonetzes, is used in cases where the soil-absorbing complex (PPC) is saturated with sodium cations, and water-soluble salts are washed into the underlying horizons. When placed behind the humus horizon close to the surface of the gypsum and carbonate horizons, planting plowing of 55-60 cm is used to mix them with the solonetz. That is, the solonetz is gypsumized by natural carbonates. Then the blocky soil is crushed with disk harrows, the wings are sown from high-stem crops for snow retention and subsequent moistening of the soil with melt water, the conditions for the substitution reaction in the PPC of the Na ⁺ cation for Ca ⁺⁺ and removal of the resulting sodium sulfate by periodic washing for 4-5 years [9].

9. Antipov-Karataev I.N. On the theory and practice of reclamation of solonetzes under irrigation conditions. I.N. Antipov-Karataev Reclamation of solonetzes under irrigation conditions. Under. ed. I.N. Antipova-Karataeva and N.I. Savinova. M. - L .: Ed. - 1940, from 7-68. Other authors are known.

The method of self-reclamation of solonetzes was used by me in the initial period of laying long-term experiments to study the possibility of growing an assortment of forest crops (1972) for disposal by bio-drainage of irrigation wastewater on light chestnut soils lined with chocolate clays of marine origin with a plantation of 55-60 cm subsequent leaching regime of soil [10].

10. Korobov V.I. The growth of wood species and the features of forest conditions of light chestnut soils under irrigation with wastewater in the right bank of the Volgograd Volga region, V.I. Korobov - Diss. on the competition. student step. k.s.-h.n., Volgograd, 1982.- 210 s.

Geomorphologically, the research area in the Sarpinsky lowland lies within the Khvalynsky accumulation plain, composed of a thick sedimentary layer (up to 50 m) of the ancient Quaternary age. The lithological section of the soil is represented by loams with layers of chocolate clay from 2.5 to 7 m. Clays have a high salinity (1.2-2.6%). The soil and plant layer is only 20 cm. Yellow-brown loams of the Khazar deposits with unstable sand layers from 0.7 to 40 m lie below chocolate clays [10, p. 8].

In the forest-planting respect, the research site in the initial state according to the soil grouping proposed by S. Zonn and Mina V.N. [11] refers to group 4, forest-unsuitable soils requiring preliminary radical forest reclamation [10, p.11].

11. Zonn S.V. Forest-growing properties of soils and the interaction of forest stands with soils during steppe afforestation. S.V. Zonn, V.N. Mina - In the book. Scientific issues of afforestation afforestation. - M .: ANSSSR, Issue 1, 1951, - p. 38-82.

According to our data, in the initial period of growth, all tested forest crops took root normally and showed good annual growth in height until their root systems reached horizons of high salinity, not yet washed by that time from salts. In the next 2 years of growth, flushing and neutralization of salts, almost all varieties, clones and hybrids of Euro-American poplars, as well as green ash and acacia, experienced strong toxic effects of high concentrations of soil salts, especially during pre-irrigation periods. They reduced their annual growth to 28-40 cm. After washing the soil to acceptable values (40-50% of the salts from the initial state and changing the type of salinity to sulphate), the young trees quickly grew, having annual growths of 200-306 cm.

Significantly less influence on growth processes was exerted by squat elm, poplars Bolle and Parkovy and willows Belokorai and Kozia. The toxic effect of salts on tamarix was not reflected at all [10, C 148-158].

An analysis of the influence of the physicochemical state of the soil on the growth conditions and biological indicators of the metabolism of the tested forest cultures showed that there might not be any inhibition of the growth functions of woody organisms or their effects would be less noticeable if natural gypsum were sufficient in the soil or ameliorants were added, causing the replacement of toxic sodium salts in the PPC of the root-inhabited layer and their removal with washings to the Khazar deposits.

The objective of the research is to obtain satisfactory forest-growing properties of soil in the arid zones of saline soils at the stage of pre-planting soil preparation for growing irrigated forest protection strips as components of a forest-agricultural bio-drainage complex.

Experience shows that in order to place PLP on light chestnut and brown complex soils underlain by saline soils of marine origin, in addition to plowing, deep loosening (plantation), radical soil reclamation is required, eliminating the toxic effects of salts by chemical methods of improving them in combination with the irrigation irrigation regime to remove Na and chloride salts. The principle of reclamation of solonetzes consists in changing their unfavorable physicochemical properties (high compaction and desiccation of saline soils of the aeration zone, piled with 60-80% silt fractions, and high salinity of the chloride-sulfate type) by replacing absorbed Na in the soil absorbing complex (PPC) ⁺ in Ca ⁺⁺ . This is achieved by introducing either soil reserves of natural gypsum, or calcium-containing substances in combination with an appropriate system of agricultural measures.

Theoretical bases of radical improvement of salinized soils, genesis solonetzes and physico-chemical basis of chemical amelioration K.K.Gedroytsem opened and grounded at the beginning of the 20th century by substitution of Na ⁺ salts of Ca ⁺⁺ salts with calcium or introducing substances kaltsiyobrazuyuschih - gypsum, sulfuric acid or sulfur element [11, 12, 13].

11. Gedroits K.K. Chemical analysis of the soil. K.K. Gedroits. Ed. 4th stereotypical. I. - L .: Selkhozgiz, - 1935, - 533 s.

12. Gedroits K.K. The mobility of soil compounds and the effect of calcium on them. Kiev. 1926

13. Gedroits K.K. Salt flats, their origin and land reclamation. Ed. Novosibirsk experimental station 1928

Currently, radical chemical reclamation of saline soils is carried out with modern, cheaper materials than pure calcium sulfate (gypsum). For this purpose, substances containing gypsum, sulfuric acid or sulfur are used, since when soil introduces H ₂ SO ₄ into chemical reactions with carbonates, gypsum is produced. Sulfur, as a chemical element in the oxidation of sulfur bacteria and interaction with soil moisture, turns into sulfuric acid. Therefore, substances - land reclamants are most often industrial waste. Of the numerous literary sources, the most complete list of modern reclamants is given in [14].

14. Orlov, D.S., Luchanskaya, I.A., Lozanovskaya, I.N. Chemical reclamation of garden-saline soils of the Lower Don floodplain with some industrial waste. Soil Science, 1988, No. 12. S. 10-19.

Thus, the main agro-areas of the zone under consideration are located on saline soils of the Caspian lowland and in the forest-growth relation are mostly forest-unsuitable soils and are dangerous for salinization and waterlogging when irrigated. The most realistic and environmentally acceptable way of their subsequent operation is the transition to irrigated bio-drainage forest-agricultural complexes, in which irrigated PLPs should have good taxation indicators for the comprehensive protection of cultivated crops. Therefore, in addition to the existing methods of pre-planting soil preparation for forest fallows of PLP and irrigation, chemical preparation of saline soils in the aeration zone is also necessary.

The radical chemical reclamation of saline soils adopted by us as a prototype by the methods of chemical substitution in soil solutions of absorbed sodium for calcium with substances containing gypsum, sulfuric acid or sulfur [14], restores the forest-growing properties of soils.

The indicated technical result of neutralizing the alkalinity of the soil solution in the profile prepared by pre-planting treatment for shelterbelts of the soils is achieved by chemical reclamation, in which the substitution of sodium absorbed by calcium cations and other divalent cations contributes to the coagulation of soil particles (colloids). The subsequent removal from the reclaimed profile of an undesirable chemical reaction product - sodium sulfate by washing irrigation makes the coagulation process almost irreversible.

To create conditions during the leaching regime of linear soil areas of future field-protecting medicinal products, it is necessary to irrigate them according to the check type (with fencing the washed area with rollers), where they could be filtered out of clay strata into two-four-layer systems of addition of ancient Quaternary sediments, substitution products of chemical reactions in PPC - sulfate and chloride salts of sodium. In especially difficult cases, when the clay stratum has low filtration coefficients (Kf), it is possible to drill rare wells in the washed area for economically viable work calculations to divert relatively small solutions of aggressive salts deep into the clay stratum, followed by conservation of the wells during irrigation irrigation PLP simultaneously with irrigation of crops.

Claims (1)

A method of restoring the forest-growing properties of saline soils, including the simultaneous transfer of the components of the project of a bio-drainage irrigated forest-agricultural complex — planting forest shelter belts and constructing an inter-strip irrigated field, characterized in that before the methods of arable preplant planting of soil for chemical sheltering, forest sheltering is carried out on them extend the period of their bio-drainage and general forest reclamation impact on the protected field from gativnyh soil and climatic conditions of arid zones.