RU2379134C2 - Device and plant for sorting solid domestic wastes, and method of using them - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mechanics.

SUBSTANCE: device for sorting solid domestic waste (SDW) is made in the form of the table the surface of which represents a conveyor belt with conveying, cleaning, charging and discharging devices. Device includes clean air supply system and dirty air suction system. Both systems include elements allowing to provide conditions of uniform air supply and suction throughout the table. Plant for sorting solid domestic waste includes the above device equipped with solid domestic waste charging devices, platform with access doors, covers and guides for arranging various accessories. Platform can be installed for example on transport chassis of auto truck. Development method of solid domestic waste involves use of the above device and plant and provides for solid domestic waste sorting immediately in the place where it has been picked up thus extracting the components potentially usable as secondary raw materials.

EFFECT: improving efficiency of separation of heterogeneous materials due to decrease of degree of mutual fouling of solid domestic waste components, improving hygienic and sanitary conditions of operation due to effective air conditioning and ventilation conditions.

7 cl, 8 dwg

Description

The group of inventions relates to municipal engineering, in particular, for dry sorting of heterogeneous materials, mainly solid household waste (MSW), according to morphological characteristics and can be used in utilities, waste recycling plants, as well as in landfills and recycling organizations.

There are two sources of hostel waste accumulation: residential buildings, institutions, and public buildings. The collection, disposal, processing and disposal of waste from both sources is usually carried out by a single organization at a single facility. The practice of processing solid waste in the world at the present time provides for the use of enterprises that produce recyclable materials from the dormitory waste. So far, it has been possible to mechanize only the operations of selection and packaging of black scrap metal. Selection of paper, cardboard, textiles, etc. made by hand. Neither economically nor technically, these plants do not meet modern requirements. Recyclable materials for them are produced of low quality, since it is contaminated with food waste, and it is also difficult to find people who want to work manually in the sorting of solid waste.

In Russia, at present, there is an opinion about the impossibility of a model of procurement activities that would be based on incentive voluntary delivery of waste by the population even in conditions of a convenient form of waste collection. Given the complete lack of infrastructure ready for reception and processing of secondary resources, it is difficult to expect that in the near future it will be possible to organize a system for collecting solid waste by type of waste.

In the future, before proceeding with the development and organization of one or another redistribution in the technological scheme of garbage processing, it is necessary to prepare the corresponding production capable of accepting and disposing of one or another secondary resource.

A device for sorting solid household waste containing a vibrating table, a cyclone separator, a fan, a loading device, a chute with a rotary damper, and the vibrating table is made of groups of closely spaced and alternating in height rails, the ends of which are eccentrically mounted on the shafts, while the rails have air supply channels with nozzles (USSR Author's Certificate No. 810274, class B03B 9/06, 1981).

This device is aimed at improving the efficiency of the process of separation of dissimilar materials, but has a complex structure of the vibrating table.

A device is known for cleaning compost from film materials, containing a feeder, loading devices, a housing with a movable upper wall, a separating surface and a system for pumping air and suction of polluted air (USSR Author's Certificate No. 1039567, class B03B 9/06, 1983).

This device is aimed at improving the quality of cleaning and reducing losses of the business part of the compost, but the nozzles of the suction system can quickly become clogged with materials with high windage, such as a polymer film.

A device for dry mechanical sorting of heterogeneous materials, especially solid household waste, taken as a prototype, comprising a conveyor belt on drive rollers, equipped with longitudinal sides of equal height with a vibrating table and a knife ejector installed below the upper working part of the tape, located below the side edge of the tape, and the tape the conveyor in the direction perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the tape with an inclination from the upper loading edge to the lower unloading edge of the tape forms from the horizon cial plane an acute angle (USSR Author's Certificate №957992, Cl. V07V 13/00, 1982).

This installation is aimed at simplifying the design, reducing the complexity and increasing the cleaning efficiency, but due to the different trajectory of the movement of heavy elastic and light inelastic fractions, this efficiency will still be low.

A known installation for the processing of household waste containing conveyors receiving hopper with a feeder, a classifier for separating raw materials by fractional and morphological composition, a non-ferrous metal separator, a device for crushing raw materials, equipped with an integrated separator for separating non-crushed fractions, a bio-drum, a separator for separating the composted mass by fractional composition, pneumatic separator, crusher for regrinding compost and furnace for burning ballast fractions isolated from household waste in the process of their processing, as well as electromagnetic separators installed on a number of belt conveyors (USSR Author's Certificate No. 924974, class V02C 21/00, 1986).

This implies an increase in the reliability of work and an improvement in the quality of compost, but due to the large amount of equipment involved in the installation, it is material-intensive and energy-intensive.

A known installation for processing solid waste containing a housing placed on the chassis of the car, a loading funnel, a grinding hammer device, a round separation wall, a grinding drum, a loosening drum, at the output end of which there is a suction head connected to the fan through a cyclone, and the output part of which is made as a drum screen ending with a narrowing funnel (Application of Germany No. 2849509, class B03B 9/06, 1980).

Despite the fact that the installation with small dimensions is simple and flexible in operation, it cannot provide morphological separation due to the fact that it is intended for the preparation of solid fuel from solid waste, for example, in cement kilns.

A known installation, taken as a prototype, for cleaning compost, including a conveyor, a crushing unit located above it, a unit for separating metal inclusions and a unit for removing light fractions with a pneumatic suction nozzle made with two nozzles-confusers, and a agitator installed between these nozzles, and installed at the exit from the conveyor belt, a mechanical sorting unit, enclosed in a housing with a chute for output of the ballast fraction, made in the form of two nozzles covering the conveyor belt, is installed x with the possibility of feeding the ballast fraction to the lower branch of the conveyor belt in its side walls, and estrus for the output of cleaned compost in the lower part, and the mechanical sorting unit is made in the form of a rotary thrower located below the conveyor belt with the possibility of regulating the ejection unit, and other reflection plates mounted perpendicular to one another and pivotally mounted respectively on the side and upper walls of the housing (USSR Author's Certificate No. 1609521, cl. BB07 15/00; 9/00, B03B 9/06, 1990).

In this installation, it is proposed to use it to improve the quality of compost cleaning and productivity, but due to the fact that all the source material goes through the crushing stage, it is difficult to separate the MSW components due to their mutual contamination.

There is a method of processing solid waste, which provides for the separation of garbage into constituent components before, after and during its grinding, the separation into components is carried out both by weighing in the air stream and by sieving (Application of Germany No. 2849509, class B03B 9/06, 1980).

In this method, as a result of grinding, some averaging over the MSW size is obtained, but it is difficult to obtain components of the required quality due to their mutual contamination in the grinding process.

A known method for the aeration separation of solid household waste, which consists in feeding the source material into a vertical stream followed by purification of the heavy fraction carried out in a horizontal gas stream (USSR Author's Certificate No. 784916, class B03B 9/06, 1980).

This implies an increase in the efficiency of separation of waste paper from the food part of the waste, but at the same time a high air flow rate is necessary in the first separation stage in a vertical separator.

A known method of processing mineral-organic raw materials, including its processing in a bio-drum, grinding and separation, while the raw materials before processing in a bio-drum are subjected to biothermal treatment in a pneumatic conveying system by averaging humidity (USSR Author's Certificate No. 950436, class V02C 21/00, 1982) .

This implies an increase in the efficiency of the processing process, but at the same time, the energy consumption going to components that will not undergo bioprocessing and will leave the process almost in its original form increases.

A known method of disassembling solid household waste, taken as a prototype, providing for the staged separation of them according to morphological characteristics with a control treatment at the final stage of the compost component (USSR Author's Certificate No. 583562, class V02C 17/00, 1986).

This method involves dehydration and selective grinding at the first stage of processing in a biothermal drum, resulting in mutual contamination of even those few components that are released during processing (for example, textiles and metal).

The problem to which the group of the claimed inventions is directed is to increase the efficiency of the process of separation of heterogeneous materials by reducing the degree of mutual contamination of the components of municipal solid waste and improving sanitary and hygienic working conditions by ensuring conditions for effective ventilation and conditioning.

This problem is solved in that in a device for disassembling solid waste containing a table with a garbage surface in the form of a conveyor belt, a fence in the form of longitudinal boards of equal height, loading and unloading devices, means for cleaning the belt, a box of rectangular section is placed above the conveyor belt along its axis , divided inside by a longitudinal partition into two equal parts, each of which contains, along the entire length of the box, from below its air-charging slot facing the side, and the longitudinal sides are made and equipped with air inlet slots located above the level of the surface of the conveyor belt, while inside both parts of the box and the longitudinal sides are installed longitudinal diaphragms of variable curvature, and their internal cavities in the section from the slit to the diaphragm are divided by partitions perpendicular to the planes of the slots, into sections of equal length, and luminaires are placed on the lower outer surface of the box in the gap between the air-charging slots, and the box itself and the longitudinal sides are connected by air ducts respectively to the load systems etaniya air aspiration.

Placing a rectangular box above its conveyor belt along its axis allows rational use of the space above the conveyor belt.

The division of the box inside the longitudinal partition into two equal parts determines the symmetry of the air distribution.

The presence in each part of the box along its entire length and from the bottom of its air-charging gap facing the side ensures the appearance above the solid waste distributed on the surface of the conveyor belt, an air curtain that separates operators and the environment from dust and odors.

The execution of the longitudinal sides of the hollow and supplying them with air intake slots located above the level of the surface of the conveyor belt adds one more to the function of protecting the conveyor belt: the function of aspirating dusty air.

The installation inside both sides of the box and inside the longitudinal sides of the longitudinal diaphragms of variable curvature provides an equal increment of air volumes along the entire length of these diaphragms and equal air velocity along the entire length of the slots.

The separation of the internal cavities of the longitudinal sides and both parts of the duct in the section from the slit to the diaphragm by partitions perpendicular to the plane of the slits into sections of equal length eliminates the flow of air from one section to another.

Placing luminaires on the lower outer surface of the box in the gap between the air-charging slots makes it possible to improve the quality of MSW disassembly due to the increased illumination of the disassembly zone.

The connection of the duct and longitudinal sides with air ducts, respectively, to the air injection and aspiration systems ensures continuous air exchange in the working area.

The problem is also solved by the fact that in the installation for disassembling solid waste containing a device for loading and unloading solid waste, aspirating and air conditioning, collecting sorted components of solid waste, moving and temporarily storing containers, a manipulator is used as a device for loading solid waste, and a device for disassembling The MSW is made in accordance with paragraph 1 and placed on a platform equipped with hatches, the covers of which in the open position are guides for the component of the MSW discharged into one or another hatch, at On the bottom side of the platform, guides are placed perpendicular to the axis of the platform for mounting containers, or shredders, or presses, or packaging machines on them.

All of the above devices can be placed on the transport chassis, and the vehicle chassis can be used as the latter.

The use of a manipulator as a device for loading solid waste allows us to apply their typical designs, including those already used in garbage trucks.

The implementation of the device for disassembling solid waste in accordance with claim 1 ensures that this process is carried out under conditions that meet sanitary and hygienic requirements and with good separation quality.

Placing the device for disassembling solid waste on the platform provides conditions for the compact placement of all nodes of the device, and the equipment of this platform with hatches, the covers of which in the open position are guides for the component of the solid waste dumped into one or another hatch, provides ergonomic conditions for working operators.

Placement on the bottom side of the platform perpendicular to the axis of the platform of the guides for installing containers (hard, soft or combined) on them, or shredders, or presses, or packaging machines provides conditions for the implementation of a flexible technology for the dismantling and processing of solid waste and allows you to mechanize, for example, using forklift truck replacing full containers with empty ones.

Placing the device on a transport chassis makes it possible to move the installation around the village along any route and to stay permanently at the place of MSW dismantling.

The use of a vehicle as a transport chassis allows independent movement of the unit with high mobility, especially in large cities, both in places of primary garbage collection and in the elimination of natural landfills.

The problem is also solved by the fact that in a method for disassembling solid household waste, which involves staging them according to morphological characteristics with a control treatment at the final stage of the compost component, the separation is carried out at the place of primary storage of solid household waste, the control cleaning of the compost component is carried out by separating non-related components to organic components from the unassembled part of municipal solid waste, while the separation is carried out using an installation performed oh in accordance with claim 2, containing a device made in accordance with claim 1.

In addition, a component or components belonging to a particular morphological species can be separated at the site of primary storage of municipal solid waste according to their individual characteristics in a similar installation described above containing a similar device described above.

This additional separation can be performed after the completion of the main separation cycle at the installation and the supply of a certain component of municipal solid waste to the same installation.

Separation of municipal solid waste at the place of their primary storage allows to minimize mutual pollution of components, which are a potential source of secondary raw materials.

Conducting control cleaning of the compost component by separating components that are not related to organic components from the unassembled part of municipal solid waste allows you to get an environmentally friendly compost component during disassembly, to minimize operator contact with the “dirty” part of the waste.

The separation using the installation made in accordance with claim 2, containing the device made in accordance with claim 1, allows you to use all the advantages of both the installation and the devices listed above.

Additionally, at the place of primary storage of solid household waste, the separation of a component or components belonging to a particular morphological species, according to their individual characteristics, in a similar installation described above containing a similar above device, provides a clearer separation of any component according to any selected characteristics: for example, for plastic products, this is a division into products in the form of bottles, in the form of bags, in the form of films, etc., or by any other characteristic.

Carrying out additional separation after completion of the main separation cycle in the installation and supply of a certain component of municipal solid waste to the same installation allows to increase the degree of utilization of equipment and reduce transportation costs.

The invention is illustrated by drawings:

figure 1 shows a device for disassembling solid waste, side view;

figure 2 is the same, a top view;

figure 3 - channel for the distribution of air, a cross-section aa in figure 1;

figure 4 is the same, a longitudinal section bB in figure 1;

figure 5 - a device for disassembling solid waste, a cross section;

figure 6 is a transverse section bb in figure 5;

Fig.7 - installation for disassembling solid waste, side view;

on Fig is a diagram of the dismantling of solid waste.

A device for disassembling solid household waste contains (FIGS. 1 and 2) a table 1 with a garbage collection surface made in the form of a conveyor belt 2, driven by a tension 3 and a drive 4 drums. Above the table there is a loading device in the form of a hopper 5, and under it there are unloading devices in the form of a tray 6 and a funnel 7. For servicing the tape 2, the device is equipped with a guide device and means for cleaning the tape (not shown). To prevent the belt from sagging on its working section, supporting rollers are installed under it 8. Along the table parallel to its axis, longitudinal sides 9 are placed on both sides of the same height, in which above the surface of the conveyor belt 2 there are made air intake slots 10 connected by an air duct to the suction system ( not shown). The hopper 5 is equipped with a slide 11 or other shutter.

To implement a symmetrical slotted air blow across the belt towards the sides 9, there is a duct 12 connected to a discharge system (not shown), including a blower fan (blower) and an air conditioner. This box has a rectangular cross-section, in the lower part of which there are blow-out slots 13 directed towards the air intake slots 10, and the box itself (Fig. 3) inside is divided by a longitudinal partition 14 into two equal parts, in each of which there is a diaphragm-partition 15 of variable curvature, ensuring uniform air flow along the entire length of the duct when moving it to the blower slots 13. The cavities inside the duct in sections from the slots 13 to the diaphragms 15 are separated by partitions 16 (Fig. 4) perpendicular to the planes m these slits, on the same length section.

The lower surface of the box 12, which is flat and parallel with respect to the surface of the conveyor belt 2, is the mounting plane for the luminaires 17, and the surfaces of the blowing slots 13, adjacent at an obtuse angle to the above surface, form reflective surfaces for light.

The longitudinal sides 9 inside are hollow (FIGS. 5 and 6), and their cavities in areas from the air intake slots 10 to the diaphragms 18, as well as in the box, are divided by partitions 19, perpendicular to the planes of the slots 10, into sections of equal length.

Below, under the conveyor belt 2, both longitudinal sides are connected to a common air exhaust channel 20 connected to an aspiration system. This system (not shown) should contain a traction stimulator (in particular, a high-pressure fan) and a two-stage dust collector, for example a cyclone with a filter.

A device for disassembling solid waste works as follows.

Heterogeneous material after separation of bulky waste through the hopper 5 is unloaded on the pick-up surface of the conveyor belt 2 of table 1 and moves along it, at the same time being distributed by a layer whose thickness is necessary and sufficient for selecting certain MSW components according to morphological characteristics: for example, paper, glass, metals, textiles, plastic, etc.

Operators who, along the long sides of the table on the seats 21 or while standing, make a selection of certain components and send them to special containers 22, placed either under them, or on the side, or behind. In the latter case, it is possible to use unloading leaks (funnels, trays, etc.) that guide this or that component into a special container.

The tape 2 is periodically driven by the drive drum 3 or continuously, but not very quickly, while the components of the solid waste that cannot be disassembled reach the discharge part of the tape and are discharged into the container 22 through the funnel 7 with the guide device 6.

MSW emits dust and odor when it moves along the picking surface. The aspiration system draws in contaminated air through the air-intake slots 10 in the sides 9 connected to the aspiration system, and to increase the dust and odor suppression effect, fresh air is supplied through the air-blowing slots 13 of the box 12, which is distributed over the surface of the conveyor belt 2, forming a protective curtain and at the same time entraining dust and odor to the air inlet slots 10 of the suction system.

The proposed device for disassembling solid waste allows you to divide the material into several different components, which after additional processing can be reused.

Installation for disassembling solid waste (Fig. 7) consists of a device for disassembling solid waste, made in accordance with claim 1, located on a platform 23 (frame), equipped with hatches 24 with covers 25, which in the open position are guides for being discharged into one or another hatch component of solid waste. On the bottom side of the platform, guides 26 are placed perpendicular to its axis for mounting containers 22 or shredders, or presses, or packaging machines (not shown) on them.

The device for disassembling solid waste is equipped with a housing 27, which can be used as a soft awning (tarpaulin or plastic), stretched on racks, or metal, in which case the standard vehicle body is used.

On the front side of the device for disassembling solid waste opposite the loading hopper 5 outside the housing 27, a device is installed for loading the solid waste in the form of a manipulator 28 containing means for gripping the garbage can (container) and tipping it into the loading hopper 5.

This installation can also be manufactured in a mobile version. The platform 23 (frame) can be placed on the transport chassis 29, and the transport chassis of the truck 30 can be used as the latter. This is convenient because elements of the standard (typical) vehicle configuration, for example, its power unit, can be used to ensure the operation of the installation.

Installation for disassembling solid waste works as follows.

A trash can (container) is placed near the manipulator 28 to load the MSW, which grabs it, raises it to a predetermined height and tilts it into the loading hopper 5. Garbage (MSW) from the loading hopper enters the surface of the table 1, the conveyor belt 2 of which moves it to the unloading the end of the table, with this movement, components to be sampled are extracted from it and distributed according to morphological characteristics into the corresponding hatches 24 of the platform 23.

In accordance with the specific conditions (type of component, its condition, etc.), this component of the MSW goes directly to container 22, or is crushed in a grinder, or pressed in a press, or immediately packaged using a packaging machine.

This installation occupies a small area, is characterized by simplicity and flexibility in operation.

The mobility of the installation is a significant advantage for short-term landfills, when frequent movement from one landfill to another is required. In this case, the installation provides savings in investment and an increase in the number of working hours during the year.

A method for disassembling solid household waste is implemented (Fig. 8) using an installation for disassembling solid waste, which includes a device for disassembling solid waste, as well as garbage cans of a standard design, transport and lifting trolleys or a forklift truck and container containers intended for use as part of the installation for disassembling solid waste.

The method of separation of municipal solid waste is as follows.

The installation for disassembling solid waste is stationary in the place of their primary storage, i.e. mainly near special sites in yards where garbage cans are installed, in which garbage is unloaded from nearby houses. Garbage (household waste) is usually pre-sorted with separate storage of oversized items: for example, household appliances, furniture, etc., which can be placed on a separate site.

The trash can is transported using an auxiliary means to the operating area of the manipulator 28, which loads it into the hopper 5 of the installation. Next, the selection of certain components of solid waste by morphological characteristics is carried out with their placement either in tank containers 22, or in grinders, or in presses, or in packaging machines mounted on platform rails.

It should be noted that the disassembly process can be carried out in accordance with the possibility of using separated components (the presence of possible consumers of secondary raw materials), that is, depending on the use in a particular locality and the demand for a particular component, for example, only two or three components are distinguished (usually paper, metal and plastic), and at the final stage - a compost component, which in any case can be used either with further processing (for example, in a bio-drum) or without processing (with some eye left for mature).

The ballast that is obtained in the last stage, depending on the number of distinguished stages of the components, can have either a monocomponent composition or a multicomponent one. This ballast is actually that part of municipal solid waste that can be sent to the landfill (landfill) of these waste.

The resulting products, which are in a different form: natural, crushed, pressed (briquetted) or packaged in a natural form with the help of an auxiliary truck, are removed together with devices from the installation guides, installed (if these are container containers) in accordance with the scheme of further logistics the route of their dispatch, or usually reloaded into other container containers (if it is shredders, presses), or placed in cargo packages (if it is packing machines) for temporary contents before transportation to the destination.

Upon completion of the disassembly cycle of the contents of the garbage cans at the place of their stationary placement, the installation moves to another place in accordance with the developed route, where a new disassembly cycle is repeated, etc.

In the installation for disassembling solid waste after the completion of the disassembly cycle, if necessary, it is possible to perform an additional second disassembly cycle at the same place. In this case, the container containers with homogeneous waste (i.e., with the same morphological features) from the place of their temporary placement are fed into the area of operation of the manipulator 28, after which the latter unloads the waste through the hopper 5 to the conveyor belt of the MSW dismantling device, where it is produced disassembling homogeneous wastes, for example, waste paper or polymeric materials, into more homogeneous components. For waste paper, this can mean a division mainly into newsprint, cardboard, etc., and in this case, depending on the requirements of potential consumers, the degree of quality of waste paper components can be taken into account - contamination with other waste (mainly food), the presence of bindings, etc. P.

Claims (7)

1. A device for disassembling solid household waste, containing a table with a pick-up surface in the form of a conveyor belt, a fence in the form of two longitudinal sides of equal height, loading and unloading devices, means for cleaning the belt, characterized in that a box is placed over the conveyor belt along its axis of rectangular cross-section, divided inside by a longitudinal partition into two equal parts, each of which contains an air-blowing slot from the bottom along the entire length of the box, facing the side, and the longitudinal sides are filled with hollow and equipped with air intake slots located above the level of the surface of the conveyor belt, while inside both parts of the box and the longitudinal sides are installed longitudinal diaphragms of variable curvature, and their internal cavities in the section from the slit to the diaphragm are divided by partitions perpendicular to the planes of the slots, into sections equal to lengths, with luminaires placed on the lower outer surface in the gap between the air-blast slots, and the duct itself and the longitudinal sides are connected by air ducts, respectively to air injection and aspiration systems. 2. Installation for disassembling solid waste, containing devices for loading and disassembling solid waste, suction and air conditioning, collecting sorted waste components, moving and temporarily storing containers, characterized in that a manipulator is used as a device for loading solid waste and the device for disassembling solid household waste is made in accordance with claim 1, and is placed on a platform equipped with hatches, the covers of which in the open position are, for example for the waste component being discharged into one or another hatch, while on the bottom side of the platform guides are placed perpendicular to the axis of the platform for installing containers, or shredders, or presses, or packaging machines on them. 3. Installation according to claim 2, characterized in that the devices are located on a transport chassis. 4. Installation according to claim 3, characterized in that the vehicle chassis is used as a transport chassis. 5. A method for disassembling solid household waste, providing for their stage-by-stage separation according to morphological characteristics with a control treatment at the final stage of the compost component, characterized in that the separation is carried out at the place of primary storage of municipal solid waste, the control treatment of the compost component is carried out by separating components not related to organic components from the unassembled part of municipal solid waste, while separation is carried out using a unit made in accordance with According to claim 2, comprising a device made in accordance with claim 1. 6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that it additionally produces, at the place of primary storage of solid household waste, the separation of a component or components related to a particular morphological species, according to their individual characteristics, on a similar installation, containing the same device described above. 7. The method according to claim 6, characterized in that the additional separation is carried out after the completion of the main separation cycle in the installation and the supply of a specific component of municipal solid waste to the same installation or the same installation.

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