RU2360404C1 - Method of evaluating potential grain production of soya beans - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture.

SUBSTANCE: invention refers to agriculture. The method consists in optimisation of harvesting terms, in determining sums of daily average temperatures from the moment of sowing to the phase of budding and in evaluation of amount of precipitations, in calculation of hydro-thermal coefficient for the period of emerging of the first true two-three leaves to the phase of budding, and in calculated forecast grain production. During the budding phase of plants there is calculated amount of branches on each plant and amount of buds on a stalk and branches on control allotments multiplied by five and on 1 m² of area. Forecast grain production is calculated according to formula:

by which potential grain production of soya beans is assessed.

EFFECT: method facilitates evaluation of potential production at introduction of perspective grades of soya beans at cultivating in irrigated and non-irrigated farming.

12 tbl, 3 ex

Description

The invention relates to the field of agriculture and can be used to assess the yield of new varieties and varieties of soybeans when cultivated in other soil and climatic conditions in rainfed and irrigated agriculture.

There is a method of rapid diagnosis of potential plant productivity, including selecting seeds, soaking them in a liquid and then measuring the biophysical characteristics of the seeds, which make a judgment on potential productivity, in which, in order to simplify the diagnosis and increase its reliability, a weak potassium salt solution is used as a liquid , and as a biophysical characteristic measure the average rate of increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution, which is directly dependent on A potential productivity of plants (SU, Inventor's Certificate №1414355 A1, M. ⁴ Cl. A01G 7/00. A process rapid diagnostic potential plant productivity / L.N.Vorobev, N.N.Egorova, A.I.Martynenko (USSR). - Application No. 4139372 / 30-13; Declared 10.27.1986; Publish. 07.08.1988, Bull. No. 29 // Discovery. Inventions. - 1988. - No. 29).

The disadvantages of the described method for express diagnostics of the potential productivity of soybean varieties to be introduced for cultivation in the drip irrigation system include the fact that, firstly, a weak solution of potassium salt does not affect the seed coat of soybean grain, and secondly, there is no emission of ions hydrogen from the surface of the seed coat, thirdly, this indicator is indirect, because in no way does the soybean seed shell determine both the sowing and productive qualities of promising soybean varieties; fourth, the availability of high-precision and expensive equipment is necessary. The described method does not take into account the conditions of cultivation of soybean seeds before introduction, and especially the soil and climatic conditions of the zone provided for large-scale introduction.

There is also known a method for early diagnosis of the potential productivity of cultivar combinations of fruit crops, including determining during the period of active growth of annual cultivar combinations of fruit crops a physiological and biochemical indicator, the value of which is used to judge the potential productivity of the combination, in which plants are grown in controlled conditions, as the physiological and biochemical indicator determine the content of free proline in istyah and plant belong to potentially productive if proline content not exceeding 20-25 mg /% on dry substance (SU, Inventor's Certificate №1470239 A1, M. ⁴ Cl. A01G 7/00, 17/00. method for early diagnosis of potential the productivity of variety-rootstock combinations of fruit crops / T.N. Doroshenko, Yu.S. Pospelova (USSR) - Application No. 4302160 / 30-13; Announced 08/31/1987; Publish. 04/07/1989, Bull. No. 13 // Discoveries. Inventions . - 1989. - No. 13).

The results of many years of research have established that for a wide range of soybean varieties, the content of free proline not only in the leaves, but also in the stems, branches of the 1st order, inflorescences, and beans is insignificant. Thus, the described method is unacceptable for assessing the potential productivity of soybeans for grain when cultivated in other soil and climatic conditions.

In addition to the described methods, there is known a method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, including sampling leaves, measuring biophysical indicators characterizing the state of two phytosystems, and assessing potential productivity by the value of the measured parameters, in which, in order to increase the reliability of the method, sampling is carried out under illumination of 10-40 W / m ² immediately after sampling is immersed in liquid nitrogen, measuring the biophysical parameter is carried out at a temperature liq of nitrogen and the light intensity of 300-500 W / m ² as a biophysical indicator analyzed spectrum of electron spin resonance measured amplitude A ₁ and A ₂ signals at q-factor 2,006 A 2,015 A ₁ and _2, respectively, the coefficient K is calculated by the formula

K = 2.75A ₂ / A ₁ ,

at the same time, the potential productivity of plants in the current year is estimated by K, and if they coincide within the species with A ₁ , and higher values of K and A ₁ correspond to more potentially productive agricultural plants (SU, copyright certificate No. 1505472 A1, M. class ⁴ . A01G 7/00, A01H 1/04 Method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants / A.Yu. Borisov, N. M. Vandysheva, M. G. Goldfeld et al. (USSR) - Application No. 4343664 / 30-15; Declared December 15, 1987; Publish. September 7, 1989, Bull. No. 33 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1989. - No. 33).

The disadvantages of the described method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants include obtaining indirect indicators that do not indicate the seed productivity of the tested plants.

There is a method of determining the yield of apple varieties for growing them in a meadow garden, including measuring the potential yield and subsequent conversion to yield, in which, in order to increase the reliability and simplify the method, the measurement is carried out during growing fruiting, the initial level of axillary fruiting is measured as an indicator, and the subsequent recount is carried out according to the formula

y = 37.2x-54.7

where y is the yield, kg / ha;

x - the initial level of the share of axillary fruiting,%

(SU, copyright certificate No. 1630677 A1, M. class ^5. A01G 7/00, 17/00. A method for determining the yield of apple varieties for growing them in a meadow garden / V.F.Koltunov, V.M. Yakovuk (USSR). - Application No. 46664079/13; Stated March 21, 1989; Publish. August 28, 1991, Bull. No. 8 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1991. - No. 8).

The disadvantages of the described method for determining the yield of apple varieties in relation to soybean plants include the fact that soybean inflorescences are formed not from buds on vegetative shoots, but on first-order branches. The specified method is unacceptable for predicting the seed productivity of soybean when cultivated in both irrigated and non-irrigated agriculture.

A known method for determining the term for sowing legumes on seeds in the mountains, including measuring the sum of temperatures and the amount of precipitation and calculating the hydrothermal coefficient according to the formula, in which, in order to increase seed productivity, the sum of the temperatures and amount of precipitation is measured by heating the air + 10 ° C, and the sowing period set hydrothermal coefficient in the range from 4 to 8 (RU, patent No. 20144768 C1, M. cl ^5. A01C 7/00. A method for determining the timing of sowing legumes on seeds in the mountains / S.A. Bekuzarova, K.Kh. Besov, B.K. Mamsurov (RU) - For appearance No. 4753139/15; Stated 10/25/1989; Publ. 06/30/1994).

Soybean belongs to the Fabaceae family, as well as legumes. In the conditions of the Lower Volga region, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient (SCC) varies from 0.25 to 1.15. According to this indicator, it is impossible to establish the sowing time of soybean seeds in the soil and, especially, the expected grain yield of soybean varieties cultivated earlier in conditions where the SCC varies in the range from 4 to 8.

A known method for predicting the yield of winter wheat, which consists in determining the average daily temperature in May and depending on the applied doses of fertilizers predict yield by mathematical dependence

y = 75.6-3.14x + 12.52d,

where y is the yield of winter wheat, t / ha;

x - average daily air temperature in May, ° С;

d - dose of mineral fertilizers from 0 to 1 (0 - without fertilizers, 1-N ₁₂₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₆₀ ) (RU, patent No. 2158498 C2, IPC ⁷ A01G 7/00. A method for predicting winter wheat yield / P.G. Akulov , M.N. Ponedelchenko, I.N.Sokoreva, N.S. Sokorev (RU) - Application No. 98121715/13; Stated November 30, 1998; Publish. November 10, 2000).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to assessing the potential productivity of soybeans for grain cultivation in irrigated agriculture include low accuracy of the forecast data. So, the average air temperature in May was 15.1 ° С according to the data of the weather station of the city of Volgograd for 1997-2000, and the average long-term temperature was 16.4 ° С. Having accepted the condition that the regime of mineral nutrition of soybean plants with nitrogen, potash and phosphorus fertilizers during the growing season is provided, i.e. d = 1, when substituting the indicated data, we have:

y = 75.6-3.14 · 16.4 ° С + 12.52 · 1 = 36.624 t / ha = 3.6624 t / ha

and at d = 0: y = 75.6-3.14.16.4 = 24.104 t / ha = 2.4104 t / ha.

However, the above expression y = 75.6-3.14x + 12.52d does not take into account the moisture supply of soybean plants. In the absence of macro-fertilizers in the soil, soybean plants of any varieties will not provide a grain yield of 2.410 t / ha.

In addition to the described methods, a method for predicting barley yield is known, which consists in determining the average daily air temperature in May and, depending on the applied doses of fertilizers, barley yield is predicted by mathematical dependence:

y = 51.41-2.13x + 10.3d,

where y is the barley yield, kg / ha;

x - average daily air temperature in April - May, ° С;

d is the dose of mineral fertilizers from 0 to 1 (0 - without fertilizers, 1-N ₁₂₀ P ₁₂₀ K ₆₀ ) (RU, patent No. 2158500 C2, IPC ⁷ A01G 7/00. Method for predicting barley yield / P.G. Akulov, M.N. Ponedelchenko, I.N.Sokoreva, N.S. Sokorev (RU) .- Application No. 98121738/13; Stated November 30, 1998; Publish. November 10, 2000).

The disadvantages of the described forecasting method in relation to the assessment of the soybean grain yield of promising varieties include the fact that the proposed expression does not take into account a number of significant factors affecting the quality and size of the crop.

Using the previously given numerical data for May (x = 16.4 ° C), because due to the biology of soybean plants in April it is not sown, taking the value d = 1 and d = 0, we have:

y ₁ = 51.41-2.13 · 16.4 + 10.3 · 1 = 26.776 t / ha = 2.667 t / ha;

y ₂ = 51.41-2.13 · 16.4 + 10.3 · 0 = 16.642 kg / ha = 1.664 t / ha.

The indicated soybean grain yield interval for some varieties may be real. However, the numerical data themselves do not provide a reliable forecast for the tested soybean variety.

A known method of controlling the production processes of agricultural plants during the cultivation of winter crops in arid climates, including optimizing the timing, sowing rates and methods of sowing, setting the sum of average daily temperatures in the range of 550 ... 650 ° C for 45 ... 60 days from the time of sowing to the end of the growing season, the formation of tillering by plants in each node of three or four stems with a sufficient supply of sugars for plant resistance to subzero temperatures in the range of -18 ... -20 ° C during snowless periods and is established the establishment of seeding rates for the formation of the density of standing stems 500 ... 600 pcs / m ² on chernozem soils and 300 ... 450 pcs / m ² on chestnut soils, the calculation of hydrothermal coefficient taking into account precipitation for a period with a temperature above + 10 ° C and the sum of positive temperatures for the same period, sowing in a ten-day period with soil temperature regime from +18 to + 12 ° С, in which the planned productivity of winter crops is determined by the formula

y = a · S · G _c + b,

where y is the grain yield, t / ha;

a - coefficient taking into account the seeding rate;

b - coefficient taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the zone;

S - the actual amount of positive temperatures from sowing to the cessation of vegetation, ° C;

G _c - hydrothermal coefficient, mm / ° С, while at G _c less than 0.5 the seed sowing rate is reduced by 10-15% of the optimal zonal values, with G _c in the range from 0.5 to 0.9, the sowing rate is maintained , at G _c more than 0.9, the seeding rate is increased by 20 ... 25%, and with increasing seeding rates, the row spacing from 22.5 cm is reduced to 7.5 cm (RU Patent No. 2228607 C1, IPC ⁷ A01G 7/00. A method of controlling production processes during the cultivation of winter crops in an arid climate / A.F. Rogachev (RU), AMSaldaev (RU), D.A. Rogachev (RU) - Application No. 2002126981/12; Announced on 10/09/2002; Publishing 05.20.2004, Bull. No. 14 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2004. - No. 14).

The described method of controlling production processes deserves attention in the sense that the proposed expression takes into account the seed sowing rate, the indirect soil and climatic conditions of the cultivation zone, the actual sum of the positive temperatures from sowing to the termination of the growing season, and the amount of SCC. However, the proposed method only adjusts the seeding rate to obtain a guaranteed crop.

A known method for predicting the yield of winter cereal crops under cultivation in a sharply continental climate, including the establishment of timing, seeding rates and methods of sowing, determining positive amounts of average daily temperatures in the range of 550 ... 650 ° C during the period from sowing to the termination of vegetation, the formation of plants in each a tillering node of three to four stems with a sufficient supply of sugars to increase the resistance of plants to negative temperatures in the range from -18 to -20 ° C and the calculation of hydrothermal values coefficients, which is a value at which hydrothermic coefficient to 0.5 seeding rate is reduced by 10 ... 15% of optimum values for crops with row spacing of 0.225 m; when the coefficient value is more than 0.9, the seeding rate is increased by 20 ... 25% in crops with a row spacing of 0.075 m; when the coefficient values are in the range from 0.5 to 0.9, the seeding rate is maintained on crops with a row spacing of 0.15 m, and the predicted yield is established from the expression

y = k ₁ · a · (1 / x) ² + k ₂ · b · (1 / x) + k ₃ / s,

where y is the expected yield, kg / ha;

a - seeding rate, pcs./ha;

b - the sum of the positive temperatures from the date of sowing to stable negative temperatures, ° C;

с - row spacing, m;

x - the duration of sowing in days from the recommended dates, days;

k ₁ = (0.6 ... 0.8) · 10 ^-3 - coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the varietal qualities of each seed in the accumulation of grain mass, (kg · day ² ) / piece;

k ₂ = (0.0512 ... 0.0934) · 10 ⁴ - the coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the influence of temperature on the formation of the root system of plants, kg · day / ° C · m ² ;

k ₃ = (0.00007 ... 0.00015) · 10 ⁴ - coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the placement of plants on the field surface, kg / m (RU, patent No. 2246890 C2, IPC ⁷ A01G 7/00. Method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants , mainly cereal crops, when cultivated in a sharply continental climate / A.S. Sarafanov, V.V. Borodychev, A.M.Saldaev, A.V. Mayer, V.N. Krivko (RU) - Application No. 2003107065/12; Stated March 14, 2003; Published March 27, 2005, Bull. No. 9 // Inventions. Utility Models. - 2005. - No. 9).

The disadvantages of the described method in relation to the problem we are solving are that it is desirable to know the predicted yield by the soybean flowering period, and not at the end of the growing season. At the end of the “bean filling and grain ripening” phase, the actual yield can be determined.

A known method for assessing the potential productivity of winter cereal crops, including optimizing the timing, sowing rates and methods of sowing, setting the sum of average daily temperatures in the range of 550-650 ° C for 45-60 days from the time of sowing to the termination of the growing season, the formation of tillering plants in each node three to four stems with a sufficient supply of sugars for plant resistance to subzero temperatures in the range of -18 ... -20 ° C during snowless periods and the establishment of seeding rates for the formation of plant stems with density of 500-600 pcs / m ² on chernoz in many soils and 300-450 pcs / m ² on chestnut soils, calculation of the hydrothermal coefficient taking into account precipitation for a period with a temperature above + 10 ° C and the sum of positive temperatures for the same period, sowing in a ten-day period with a temperature regime from +18 to + 12 ° С and the calculation of the planned productivity of winter crops, in which the planned productivity is determined from the dependence

y = k ₁ · a · x ^-2 + k ₂ · Σt · SCC · b · ρ ₀ · x ^-1 + k ₃ · b · c ^-1 ,

where y is the potential productivity of winter ears of crops, t / ha;

k ₁ = (1.5-3.0) · 10 ^-6 - coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the varietal qualities of each seed in the accumulation of grain mass, t · day ² / pc;

a - seeding rate, pieces of germinating seeds per 1 ha;

x - sowing time in days from the beginning of the recommended period for the zone, days;

k ₂ = (0.8-1.3) · 10 ^-3 - the coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the influence of the temperature regime on the formation of the root system of plants from sowing to care in suspended animation, t · day / mm ² · ha;

Σt is the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to the termination of the growing season, ° С;

GTK - hydrothermal coefficient, mm / ° С;

b = (0.6-2.5) is a dimensionless coefficient taking into account the soil and climatic conditions of the zone;

ρ ₀ - reserves of available moisture in the root habitat, mm;

k ₃ = (0.04-0.08) - the coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the placement of plants on the surface of the field, t · m / ha;

s - row spacing, m

(RU, patent No. 2267909 C1, IPC A01G 7/00 (2006.01). A method for assessing the potential productivity of winter cereal crops / V.P. Zvolinsky, N.V. Tyutyuma, L.V. Bogosoryanskaya, AMSaldaev (RU). - Application No. 2004119679/12; Declared June 28, 2004; Published on January 20, 2006, Bull. No. 02 // Inventions. Useful models. - 2006. - No. 02).

The described method for assessing potential productivity takes into account the lion's share of factors affecting yield. The proposed formula is valid for crops with a long growing season and is unacceptable for evaluating, for example, ultra-mature soybean varieties with a growing season of 100-120 days.

A known method for predicting the yield of winter crops under cultivation in an arid climate, including setting deadlines, seeding rate, methods of sowing, calculating the hydrothermal coefficient and making a forecast for the mathematical dependence, in which the predicted yield for the next year is established from the expression

Y = k ₁ · A · G _s (1 / x ² ) + k ₂ · B / x + k ₃ · C / G _s ,

where Y is the expected yield, kg / ha;

A - seeding rate, units / ha;

In - the sum of the positive temperatures from the date of sowing to stable negative temperatures, ° C;

C - row spacing, m;

x - the duration of sowing in days from the beginning of the recommended dates, days;

k ₁ = (0.6 ... 0.8) · 10 ^-3 - the coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the varietal quality of each seed in the accumulation of grain mass, kg · day ² / piece;

k ₂ = (0.512 ... 0.934) is the coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the influence of the temperature regime on the formation of the root system of plants, kg · day / ° C · m ² ;

k ₃ = (7 ... 150) - proportionality coefficient taking into account the placement of plants on the field surface, kg / m;

G _s - hydrothermal coefficient G.T.Selyaninova

(RU, patent No. 2271096 C1, IPC A01G 7/00 (2006.01). A method for predicting the yield of winter crops in an arid climate / A.F. Rogachev, AM Saldaev (RU). - Application No. 2004123690/12; Stated 02.08. 2004; Published March 10, 2006, Bull. No. 7 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2006. - No. 7).

Soybean plants belong to the culture of short daylight hours with a short growing season. When cultivated under irrigated agriculture and with a sufficient supply of nutrients, soybean grain productivity is primarily affected by climatic conditions.

A known method for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture, including deep plowing with phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and soil herbicides, spring harrowing, sowing the culture with the wide-row method and irrigation in the budding phase with a one-time moistening of the soil to 90-100% lowest moisture up to 1.3-1.5 m with a norm of 1360-1500 m ³ / ha, and after flowering in the soil layer 0-55 cm, the moisture decreases to 50-55%, in the layer 51-100 cm - up to 70-75%, in a layer of 100-150 cm - up to 75-80% of the lowest moisture capacity, in which the average daily soil temperature in the last decade of April and the first decade of May, and the predicted seed yield in the second year of plant life is determined from the expression:

Y = k ₁ · x · t + (k ₂ · A + k ₃ · d + k ₄ · P) / G _s ,

where Y is the predicted yield of alfalfa seeds in the second year of plant life, kg / ha;

xt is the average soil temperature in the last decade of April - the first decade of May, ° С;

A - seeding rate, pieces / ha;

d - the amount of fertilizer NPK, kg AI / ha;

P - irrigation rate for the growing season, m ³ / ha;

k ₁ - coefficient taking into account the varietal qualities of each alfalfa seed in the formation and accumulation of grain mass, kg / (° C · ha);

k ₂ - coefficient taking into account the influence of temperature on the formation of the root system of plants in the first year of life, kg / (units · ha);

k ₃ - coefficient taking into account the reserves of mineral nutrition from the predecessor in the root-inhabited layer, kg / (a.v.kg · ha);

k ₄ - coefficient taking into account the share of natural precipitation in the formation of grain yield, kg / (mm · ha);

G _s - hydrothermal coefficient of G.T.Selyaninov, according to the precipitation and the sum of temperatures above + 10 ° C during the life of plants from the beginning to the moment of termination of the growing season

(RU, patent No. 2271651 C1, IPC A01G 7/00 (2006.01). A method for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated in irrigated agriculture / A.F. Rogachev, AMSaldaev (RU). - Application No. 2004125485/12; Announced on 19.08. 2004; Published March 20, 2006, Bull. No. 8 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2006. - No. 8).

The described method is acceptable for predicting the yield of alfalfa seeds when cultivated under irrigation conditions.

There is a method of assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, mainly collection varieties of spring cereal crops, when cultivated in a sharply continental climate, including optimizing the timing, seeding rates and methods of sowing, establishing the sum of average daily temperatures from the moment of sowing to the termination of vegetation, setting seeding rates for the formation densities of the standing of the stem, calculation of the hydrothermal coefficient for the period “sowing - harvesting” and determination by calculation of the planned productivity, in which a standard (zoned) mid-ripening variety, for example, spring wheat Albidum 28, is sown in advance, the optimum seed sowing rate is established, the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to the moment of grain formation, the hydrothermal coefficient, and the potential yield of collection variety samples are determined by the formula

where y is the grain yield, t / ha;

a - coefficient taking into account the deviation of the seeding rate compared to the standard;

S is the actual sum of positive temperatures from sowing to loading grain of a standard sample, ° C;

G _c - hydrothermal coefficient of the cultivation conditions of the standard, mm / ° C;

G _co - hydrothermal coefficient of growing conditions of variety specimens before introduction, mm / ° С;

b - coefficient taking into account soil and climatic conditions;

with - coefficient taking into account the reserves of productive moisture of the soil during the period of "seedlings - the formation of grain"

(RU, patent No. 2294091 C1, IPC A01G 7/00 (2006.01). A method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants, mainly collection varieties of spring cereal crops, when cultivated in a sharply continental climate / N.V. Tyutyuma, V.P. Zvolinsky, AMSaldaev (RU) .- Application No. 2005122736/12; Stated July 18, 2005; Published February 2, 2007, Bull. No. 6 // Inventions. Utility models. - 2007. - No. 6).

The described method for assessing the potential productivity of agricultural plants does not provide reliability of the results of predicting the seed productivity of soybeans.

We have accepted this method as the closest analogue.

The essence of the claimed invention is as follows.

The problem to which the claimed invention is directed is to predict the seed productivity of soybean plants during introduction in the Southeast of the European part of the Russian Federation.

EFFECT: increased reliability of the results of predicting the seed productivity of promising soybean varieties.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the known method for assessing the potential productivity of soybeans for grain, including optimizing the harvesting time, establishing the sum of the average daily temperatures from the time of sowing to the phase of "budding" and the amount of precipitation, calculating the hydrothermal coefficient for the period when the first two or three real leaves to the phase of "budding" and determining the calculation of the predicted seed productivity, according to the invention in the phase of "budding" on the control plots in five tnoj resets the number of plants per area of 1 m ^2, number of branches per plant, number of flower buds on stem and branches and the predicted yield is calculated by the formula:

where y is the predicted soybean seed productivity, kg / ha;

N is the number of plants in the control plots during the budding period, units / m ² ;

b - the number of branches on the 1st stalk of soybeans, pieces;

Z _bv - the number of buds on one branch, pieces;

Z _bs - the number of buds on the stem, pieces;

Z _c - the average number of seeds in one bean, pieces;

m _s - weight of 1000 pieces of soybean seeds, g;

G _np. - hydrothermal coefficient of soybean growing conditions from the moment of sowing to the phase “full ripeness of grain” in the previous period, mm / ° С;

G _m. - hydrothermal coefficient of soybean vegetation conditions in the forecast year from the moment of appearance of two or three true leaves to the “budding” phase, mm / ° С;

α - coefficient taking into account the available soil moisture in the layer 0-0.3 m during the growing season;

β - coefficient taking into account adverse weather effects;

η _fruit. - fruiting coefficient, taking into account the number of full seeds to the total mass of ovaries;

τ - coefficient taking into account damage to soybean seeds in beans by agricultural pests;

ω - coefficient taking into account the heat supply of soy plants during the growing season, ° С / day;

d ₁ - coefficient taking into account the provision of soybean crops with microelements;

d ₂ is a coefficient that takes into account the influence of NPK fertilizers applied on the formation of seed mass in soya beans;

d ₃ - coefficient taking into account the influence of nutrients in the soil on the productivity of soybean plants;

a - coefficient taking into account the illumination of crops due to deviation of seeding standards compared with the standard or with the variety sample before introduction;

A - coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the influence of macro- and microelements on the accumulation of grain mass and seed quality, kg / ha

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

A method for assessing the potential productivity of soybeans for grain involves optimizing the harvesting time, setting the sum of the average daily temperatures from the time of sowing to the “budding” phase and the amount of precipitation that has occurred, calculating the hydrothermal coefficient (G) of T. G. Selyaninov for the period when the first two or three true leaves phases of "budding" and determination by calculation of the predicted seed productivity. To obtain comparable and reliable results, you should seriously consider the timing of harvesting soybean grain to exclude losses from self-shedding and cracking of beans. The forecast error (in%) is established by calculation

where y is the predicted yield established by the above formula, kg / ha;

Q _fact. - soybean grain yield from control plots after threshing beans on a laboratory thresher and reduced to an air-dry mass, i.e. 14%, kg / ha.

For comparison and obtaining comparable calculation results in the pre-sowing season, herbicides are added to well-prepared soil to suppress weeds. This ensures equal conditions for plant growth during the "sowing-branching" period, the most difficult stage in the life of plants of introduced soybean varieties.

To obtain the planned yield, the calculated doses of phosphorus, potash and part of nitrogen fertilizers (kg a.a.) are introduced. The remainder of nitrogen fertilizers in irrigated agriculture is applied with irrigation water as a top dressing, and in non-irrigated agriculture - with inter-row weeding and loosening. The necessary trace elements Co, Mo, B, Zn, Cu are introduced by spraying soybean plants during the “branching-budding” period. Sowing of soybean seeds is carried out by design standards to a depth of 3-4 cm at a soil temperature in the layer of 0-0.1 m not lower than + 15 ... 18 ° C. Vegetative irrigation is carried out by irrigation norms (m ³ / ha) to maintain soil moisture in a layer of 0-0.3 m not lower than 70-80% HB. Protection of soybean plants from agricultural pests and diseases is carried out by spraying the authorized means and preparations dissolved in water.

In the phase of "budding" on the control plots with the tested soybean varieties in five repetitions, the number of plants on the area of 1 m ² , the number of branches on the plant, the number of buds on the stem and branches are established.

The predicted yield is calculated by the formula (1).

The following are promising soybean varieties presented for introduction.

СОЕР 3 - the variety was bred at the Ershov experimental station of irrigated agriculture at the All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops V.S. Pustovoyta by the hybridization method of the VNIIS-1 variety of the 3000/78 breeding line Ukr. NIIOZA followed by individual selection.

The shape of the plant is bushy, compressed. The stem is green, without anthocyanin, with reddish pubescence of medium intensity. The height of plants is on average 66 cm. Branching is weak. Sinus flowers, collected in a brush, on a peduncle of 7-10. The flowers are small, purple. Beans are straight or slightly curved. The color of the beans is yellow-brown, pubescence of medium intensity. The average number of seeds in a bean is 3. Seeds of medium size, oval, smooth, yellow, without pigmentation. The mass of 1000 seeds on a dryland is 124.0, with irrigation 176.7 g. Rib brown with an eye, oval, short.

It does not crumble and does not lie down, it is suitable for mechanized cleaning. The growing season is 95-110 days.

Volgogradka-1. Bred at the Lower Volga Research Institute of Agriculture; in the State Register since 1991. The variety is medium early (the sum of average daily air temperatures above 10 ° C 2200-2900 ° C), stably productive, high-tech (resistant to lodging, with the lower bean attached at the level of 0.2 m). Manchurian subspecies, a variety of sordida. The shape of the plants is half-compressed, the average height of the plants is 0.73 m, in conditions of intensive agriculture - up to 1.1 m. The pubescence is dense, reddish-brown. Seeds of green-yellow color, rib - yellow, small. Grain variety and feed use. Drought-resistant, disease-resistant, ductile to cultivation in various soil and climatic conditions. It has a high protein content (up to 38%) of high quality. With drip irrigation, the yield did not exceed 2.36 t / ha.

VNIIOZ-76. Bred at the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture. The variety is early ripening (the sum of daily average air temperatures is higher than 10 ° С 2100-2500 ° С), high-yielding. Subspecies - Manchu, a variety of sordida. Half-compressed plants, tall (80 cm), strongly branched with indeterminate type of growth. The color of the pubescence is tan, the beans are light brown, medium in size. Hypocotyl coloration is anthocyanin. Seeds are yellow, rib brown. Grain-based variety, drought tolerant, responsive to irrigation, fertilizer, growth stimulants, disease resistant.

VNIIOZ-86. Bred at the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture. The variety is early-ripening (the sum of average daily air temperatures above 10 ° С 1800-2300 ° С), high-protein (up to 39%), adaptable for cultivation in drought conditions, responsive to irrigation. Plants of this variety belong to the Manchu subspecies, a variety of lucid. The shape of the plants is compact. Plant height on average 77 cm, attachment of the lower bean - 13 cm and above. Beans of medium size, slightly curved, light brown in color, pubescence gray. Hypocotyl strong anthocyanin coloration. The seeds are yellow, the hem is the same color as the seeds. Grain Grade Use. Drought-resistant, high-tech for cultivation and processing, resistant to Fusarium and bacteriosis.

Aster. Bred at VNIIMK in 1997. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 112-116 days. Highly productive, up to 31 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 94-121 cm, the lower beans are located at a height of 13-18 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.9-40.8%, oil - 21.5-23.4%.

Bystrica 2. Bred at VNIIMK in 1993. The variety is ripe, the length of the growing season is 100-105 days. Highly productive. Grain harvest - 31.9 kg / ha, in repeated crops 13-18.6 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 106-123 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 11-12 cm from the soil surface.

The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of the plants is thick, brown. The protein content in the seeds is 41.0-41.5%, oil - 21.2-23.0%.

Visa. Bred at VNIIMK in 1996. The variety is early ripening, the length of the growing season is 95-99 days. Highly productive - 27.9 c / ha of grain, in repeated crops - 16.5 c / ha. Plant height 90-110 cm, lower beans are located at a distance of 11-12 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.7-40.9%, oil - 23.1-24.5%.

Wilana. Bred at VNIIMK in 1997. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 112-116 days. Highly productive, up to 31 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 94-121 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 12-18 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.9-40.8%, oil - 23.1-24.5%.

Diana. Bred at VNIIMK in 1998. The variety is early ripe, the length of the growing season is 106-110 days. Highly productive, the productivity in the experiments reached 46 kg / ha. The height of plants is 73-116 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 13-15 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.6-41.2%, oil - 21.9-23.4%.

Lada. Bred at VNIIMK in 1998. The variety is early ripening, the length of the growing season is 90-95 days. Highly productive - 27-30 kg / ha of grain, in repeated crops up to 16-22 kg / ha. Plant height 90-100 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 11-12 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39-41%, oil - 22-23%.

Doe. Bred at VNIIMK in 1977. The variety is mid-ripe, the length of the growing season is 112-118 days. Highly productive - 31.3 c / ha. The height of the plants is 98-113 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 13-16 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence is thick, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 40.1-41.4%, oil - 21.5-22.1%.

Fleece. Bred at VNIIMK in 1996. The variety is early ripening, the duration of the growing season is 100-105 days. Highly productive - 22.6-30.0, in repeated crops - 14.2-19.6 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 85-100 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 13-15 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 40.8-41.2%, oil - 21.7-22.6%.

Flora. Bred at VNIIMK in 1996. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 124-125 days. Productivity - 22.4-27.3 c / ha. The height of the plants is 52-70 cm, the lower beans are located at a height of 13-15 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is gray. It differs in seed size - the mass of 1000 grains is 240-280 g, with a high protein content of 43.4-44.8% and a reduced activity of trypsin inhibitors.

Khersonskaya 8. A new variety of selection of the Ukrainian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture. It is zoned in Chechnya, Ingushetia, where it gives about 30 centners per hectare of grain at variety sites. The variety is mid-season, the height of the plants is medium. In the experiments of Ukr-NIIOZ for 6 years, grain yield averaged 28.2 c / ha. The grain contains 39-41% protein and 18-22% fat. Grain variety.

South 30. Bred at the Ukrainian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture by Hybridization. The variety is very early ripening - 86-92 days. Grain harvest in the main crops - 26-32 kg / ha and in repeated crops - up to 25 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 70-90 cm. The height of the attachment of the beans is 12-14 cm. The protein content is 37-40% and the fat content is 21-23%.

Some success was also achieved in the Don breeding center of VNIISZK (Zernograd, Rostov Region), where soybean varieties Veselovskaya 1, Veselovskaya 3, Veselovskaya 5, Zernogradskaya 1 and 2, Donskaya Molochnaya and others were bred and zoned.

For cultivation in the Rostov Region by the Inspectorate of the State Commission of the Russian Federation for testing and protecting breeding achievements according to the test results for 1999 and previous years, the following soybean varieties are recommended.

Veselovskaya 3. Bred by the Don selection center, zoned for irrigation conditions in the Rostov region since 1990. The variety is Moldavia. Variety - mid-season: the growing season is 125-130 days. The variety is drought tolerant and high yielding. In dry conditions, the average yield in different years was 22.5-28.5 c / ha, and under irrigation - 29-32 c / ha. It forms a high yield of green mass (15-20% higher than other regionalized varieties in the region), which allows it to be used in joint crops with corn for silage and green fodder. Protein content - 38-40 and more, fat - 20-22%.

When grown without irrigation, the lower beans are attached at a height of 13-15 cm from the soil surface, which is 7-9 cm higher than, for example, the variety Early 10. Beans are located mainly in the middle and upper parts of plants.

Example 1. We give an example of calculating the predicted productivity of soybean varieties VNIIOZ-76 when cultivated in the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region in 2004-2006.

Soybean variety VNIIOZ-76. Bred at the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture. The variety is early-ripening (the sum of average daily air temperatures is above 10 ° С 2000-2100 ° С), high-yielding. Subspecies - Manchu, a variety of sordida. Half-compressed plants, tall (80 cm), strongly branched with indeterminate type of growth. The color of the pubescence is tan. The beans are light brown, medium in size. Hypocotyl coloration is anthocyanin. Seeds are yellow, rib brown. Grain-based variety, drought tolerant, responsive to irrigation, fertilizer, growth stimulants, disease resistant.

The rationale for the value is the fruiting coefficient η _fruit.

The research data of V. B. Yenken (1959), Yu.P. Myakushko, V. F. Baranov (1983), G. T. Balakai (1999), V. M. Lukomets (2005) show that the number of beans planting buds is 35-45%. By harvesting beans, no more than 38-75% of those that are set are stored. The ovary in most cases falls unfertilized. Falling of soybean flowers and beans is a genetically determined process, but external factors, in particular, soil and air humidity, have a significant impact on the intensity of their fall. When creating unfavorable conditions for harvesting beans, not more than 13% of the buds are stored, with sufficient supply of all external factors of plant life - up to 34%. Accordingly, the coefficient η of the _fetus can vary from 0.13 to 0.34. Therefore, when creating the conditions for realizing the potential for soybean productivity, the coefficient η _fruit is 0.34.

Coefficient β - coefficient taking into account adverse weather effects. It can vary from 0 to 1.0. The probability of adverse conditions in the Lower Volga region is 13-28%. Accordingly, it is advisable to take β equal to 1-0.28 = 0.72 for mid-ripening varieties, 1-0.26 = 0.74 for mid-ripening varieties, 1-0.24 = 0.76 for early ripening varieties.

τ - coefficient taking into account damage to soybean seeds in beans by agricultural pests, equal to the share of damaged seeds. A 6-point scale of plant resistance to damage by agricultural pests has been developed and is widely used (N.P. Kuznetsova, P.S. Popov, 1981). Modern precocious varieties, subject to soybean cultivation agrotechnics, are damaged within the range of 0-1 points with the proportion of damaged seeds up to 5%. Mid-ripening varieties are damaged in the range of 5-8%, mid-ripening varieties are in the range of 8-11% (2-3 points).

Theoretically, varieties of certain ripeness groups should accumulate the sum of active daily average air temperatures in the interval corresponding to this ripeness group. The classification of soybean varieties by precocity groups based on the sum of the average daily air temperatures accumulated by them has been developed and is being effectively applied. At the same time, numerous experiments and practical experience prove that the same variety, depending on the conditions created (a set of external factors), can accumulate the sum of temperatures corresponding to different ripeness groups. These are both regulated factors: irrigation, fertilizer application, etc., and unregulated - different combinations of meteorological factors, regional features of the soil cover, etc. Therefore, one cannot consider the other classification of soybean varieties by maturity, characterized by the duration of the growing season in days. Ideally, a variety of a certain group of ripeness and household purposes, which implements the genetic potential of productivity to the greatest extent, should accumulate a certain sum of temperatures over a specific time interval in days.

Thus, the coefficient ω of the optimality of the thermal regime during soybean cultivation is determined by the following prerequisites:

- the duration of the soybean growing season at a given level of agricultural technology and the most complete realization of the productivity potential corresponding to these conditions is a well-defined, stable value;

- the duration of the soybean growing season under the above conditions is determined by the variety's belonging to the precocity group and depends on its genetic characteristics;

- the ratio of the accumulated sum of average daily air temperatures to the duration of the growing season at optimum is a stable indicator for varieties of all ripeness groups.

The coefficient ω is determined by the sum of the accumulated daily average air temperatures, 0 ° С, referred to the duration of the growing season:

,

,

here n is the duration of the soybean growing season, days, a fixed value for varieties of one ripeness group is taken according to the classification;

Σt is actually the accumulated sum of temperatures.

The coefficient α, which takes into account the illumination of crops due to deviation of the seeding rate compared to the standard one, is determined by the ratio of the plant stand density (during budding) of the standard (in the region of soybean introduction) to the actual stand density of the introduced variety.

d ₁ , d ₂ , d ₃ - coefficients determined by limiting elements of mineral nutrition, equal to the ratio of recommended in the dose zone of fertilizers for varieties of this ripeness group to the removal of elements of mineral nutrition with one kg of crop.

A is the coefficient of proportionality equal to 0.24.

In view of the foregoing, to predict the yield of soybean varieties VNIIOZ-76 of the early ripening group in the zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region, the equation takes the form:

The calculation results are presented in tables 1-4. The forecast errors of 0.5-3.4% are shown in table 4.

Example 2. We give an example of calculating the predicted productivity of soybean varieties Bystritsa 2 when cultivated in the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region in 2004-2006.

Bystrica 2. Bred at VNIIMK in 1993. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 110 days. Highly productive. Grain harvest - 31.9 kg / ha, in repeated crops 13-18.6 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 106-123 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 11-12 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of the plants is thick, brown. The protein content in seeds is 41.0-41.5%, oil - 21.2-23.0%. Taking into account the above characteristics of the variety, the equation for predicting grain yield in the area of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga will take the form:

The calculation results are presented in tables 5-8. The forecast error of 0.7-3.8% is shown by numerical data in table 8.

Example 3. We give an example of calculating the predicted yield of soybean varieties of Vilana when cultivated in the Dubovsky district of the Volgograd region in 2004-2006.

The soybean variety of Vilana is characterized by the following indicators: introduced in VNIIMK in 1997. The variety is mid-season, the length of the growing season is 116-120 days. Highly productive, up to 31 kg / ha. The height of the plants is 94-121 cm, the lower beans are located at a distance of 12-18 cm from the soil surface. The shape of the bush is compact, the type of growth is semi-determinant. The pubescence of plants is dense, gray. The protein content in the seeds is 39.9-40.8%, oil - 23.1-24.5%.

Taking as the source material the given characteristic of the variety, we obtain the following form of the equation:

The results of predictive calculations for the dry-steppe zone of light chestnut soils of the Lower Volga and are given in tables 9-12. The forecast errors amounted to 0.4-2.7%.

The presented information confirms the achievement of the above technical result.

Claims (1)

A method for assessing the potential productivity of soybeans for grain, including optimizing the harvesting time, setting the sum of the average daily temperatures from the time of sowing to the “budding” phase and the amount of precipitation, calculating the hydrothermal coefficient for the period of the appearance of the first two or three true leaves to the “budding” phase and determining by calculation predicted seed productivity, characterized in that in the phase of "budding" on the control plots in five repetitions establish the number of plants on an area of 1 m ² , the number of branches on the plant, the number of buds on the stem and branches, and the predicted seed productivity is calculated by the formula:

where y is the predicted soybean seed productivity, kg / ha;
N is the number of plants in the control plots during the budding period, units / m ² ;
b - the number of branches on the 1st stalk of soybeans, pieces;
Z _bv - the number of buds on one branch, pieces;
Z _bs - the number of buds on the stem, pieces;
Z _c - the average number of seeds in one bean, pieces;
m _s - weight of 1000 pieces of soybean seeds, g;
G _CR - hydrothermal coefficient of soybean growth conditions from the moment of sowing to the phase "full ripeness of grain" in the previous period, mm / ° C;
G _m - hydrothermal coefficient of soybean vegetation conditions in the forecast year from the moment two or three true leaves appear to the budding phase, mm / ° С;
α - coefficient taking into account the available soil moisture in the layer 0-0.3 m during the growing season;
β - coefficient taking into account adverse weather effects;
η _fruit - fruiting coefficient, taking into account the number of full seeds to the total mass of ovaries;
τ - coefficient taking into account damage to soybean seeds in beans by agricultural pests;
ω - coefficient taking into account the heat supply of soy plants during the growing season, ° С / day;
a - coefficient taking into account the illumination of crops due to deviation of seeding standards compared with the standard or with the variety sample before introduction;
A - coefficient of proportionality, taking into account the influence of macro- and microelements on the accumulation of grain mass and seed quality, kg / ha;
d ₁ - coefficient taking into account the provision of soybean crops with microelements;
d ₂ is a coefficient that takes into account the influence of NPK fertilizers applied on the formation of seed mass in soya beans;
d ₃ - coefficient taking into account the influence of nutrients in the soil on the productivity of soybean plants.