RU2286972C2 - Method for preparing fertilizer for leguminous plants - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: fertilizers, agricultural biotechnology.

SUBSTANCE: invention relates to technology for preparing biopreparations used in plant growing. Method involves vermicomposting of organic waste by using hybrid of red California worm with earthworm of the Kuban natural population taken in the amount 10⁴ worms per m². Agriculture animal manure neutralized preliminary to pH 7-8 is used as organic waste. Vermicomposting process is carried out for 2-3 months at temperature 16-32°C and after separation of worms from biohumus in vibrating screen with pore size 0.5-1.0 cm, then biohumus is dried to moisture 50-60%, packaged into polypropylene packets and subjected for autoclaving at 0.8-1.2 atm for 45-75 min followed by addition of microorganisms relating to genus Rhizobium and kept up to titer value 1 x 10⁹. Invention provides expanding assortment of microbiological fertilizers, enhancing their biological activity due to increasing viability of microorganisms, decreasing material consumptions in their producing based on simplifying technology of preparing and decreasing time for preparing the preparation.

EFFECT: improved preparing method.

3 tbl, 4 ex

Description

The invention relates to agricultural biotechnology, in particular to a technology for the preparation of biological products for crop production.

In recent years, vermicompost has been increasingly used in agriculture, a product of vermicomposting various organic wastes of industrial and agricultural production by a specially bred race of earthworms. Biohumus contains humic and fulvic acids, macro- and microelements, amino acids and gibberellins and other biologically active substances in a form accessible to plants. Therefore, the use of biohumus in itself increases the yield of agricultural crops and increases soil fertility.

A known method of producing biohumus. Hydrolytic lignin is stored in heaps, sprinkled with lime and watered. The process is carried out for 1.5-2.0 months, periodically watered and shovel. If necessary, add lime additionally, adjust the pH to a value of 6.8-7.2. The substrate prepared in this way is laid in a bed and the worms are launched. After the process of vermicultivation of worms is separated from the obtained vermicompost and sold (Pat. RF No. 2094413, CL C 05 F 11/00, 10.27.1997).

However, the use of lignin as a raw material requires long preparation of the substrate, which is associated with the peculiarities of the chemical structure of lignin. In addition, lignin has a very low acidity, which requires large amounts of lime, and it, in turn, is toxic to worms in large quantities. In addition, the low content of beneficial microorganisms in biohumus makes it unattractive to the consumer.

A known method of disposing of organic waste in vermicompost, which includes the preparation of the substrate by mixing components, one of which is animal waste, introducing worms and / or their cocoons into it, laying the substrate in a box or ridges and composting at a humidity of 65-80% and aeration , the separation of worms from the resulting vermicompost. As the main component, osprey is introduced into the substrate, which is a waste product of cardboard production, in an amount of 20-80% of the total mass of the substrate. Cattle manure and / or pig and bird droppings were used as animal waste, and worms of the species Eisenia foetida were used in the amount of 15-25 thousand specimens per 1 m ² . At a low nitrogen content in the substrate, after mixing the components, nitrogen supplements of mineral fertilizers are introduced in the form of urea in an amount of not more than 5% of the total mass of the substrate with the simultaneous addition of limestone flour in an amount that ensures the pH of the finished substrate is not more than 8 (US Pat. RF No. 2057743, C. C 05 F 3/06. 04/10/1996).

However, this method has some disadvantages. The introduction of osprey (cardboard production waste) is not always possible due to the lack of raw materials. In addition, the wide range of its input does not allow standardizing the process of vermicomposting, since the osprey fraction affects the activity of worms. It is doubtful that urea can provide the claimed effect. In addition, as in the aforementioned analogue, it is unlikely that the biohumus obtained in this way would include the necessary amount of beneficial microorganisms, including those capable of nitrogen fixation.

Closest to the claimed method is a method of producing bio-fertilizer, which consists in obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting agricultural and industrial waste using earthworms, separating vermicompost from worms and drying it out, and from earthworms, Obolensky hybrid worms obtained by crossing Red California hybrid "with the Russian population of earthworms Eisenia foetida, while vermicomposting is carried out at a temperature of 16-24 ° C for 4-6 months , Resulting in making vermicompost microorganisms having fungicidal properties. In the method, microorganisms having fungicidal activity are introduced after separation of the worms or after ripening of vermicompost, in addition, they use a strain of bacteria Bacillus subtilis IPM-215 in concentrations of 1 · 10 ⁹ -1 · 10 ¹² spores per 1 kg of vermicompost or mycophilous culture Trichoderma viride Pers ex SFGray 16 in concentrations of 1 · 10 ⁴ -1 · 10 ⁸ colony forming units per 1 kg of vermicompost (US Pat. RF No. 2125549, class C 05 F 11/08, 1999, bull. No. 3. - prototype).

However, this method has several significant disadvantages. Firstly, the use of this hybrid does not allow to everywhere receive high-quality biohumus, since the climatic conditions of our country are very diverse. Secondly, the possibility of using this technology in the southern regions of Russia is doubtful, since the indicated temperature range does not allow cultivation of this hybrid in the warm months, and the cultivation time (4-6 months) does not allow to obtain a sufficient amount of vermicompost. In addition, nitrogen deficiency in many agrolandscapes requires additional nitrogen nutrition, which the proposed drug cannot provide. In addition, a low titer of the drug requires high doses for the control of diseases, which makes the use of a biological product economically ineffective.

Known methods do not allow to obtain a biological product with a high titer of beneficial microorganisms with nitrogen-fixing activity and at the same time a high content of plant nutrients.

The technical solution to the problem is to expand the range of biological products, increase their biological activity, improve the agrochemical parameters of the soil due to the nutrients that make up the biohumus, the presence of nitrogen-fixing activity in the preparation and a high titer of beneficial microorganisms.

This object is achieved by the fact that in the method of producing fertilizer for legumes, which includes obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into biohumus, moreover, farm animal manure previously neutralized to pH 7-8 is used as organic waste, and as earthworms use hybrid Californian red worm with earthworms Kuban natural population of 10 ⁴ m ^2, wherein ve mycostomy is carried out for 2-3 months at a temperature of 16-32 ° C in natural conditions, and after separation of the worms from biohumus with a vibrating screen with a pore size of 0.5-1.0 cm, it is dried to a moisture content of 50-60%, packaged in bags from polypropylene, in which they autoclave for 45-75 minutes at 0.8-1.2 atm, microorganisms belonging to the genus Rhizobium are introduced and kept until a titer of 1 · 10 ^{9 is} reached.

The claimed method for producing fertilizer for legumes differs from the prototype in the production modes of biohumus and the kind of microorganisms used.

These differences allow us to conclude that the claimed technical solutions meet the criterion of "novelty."

The features that distinguish the claimed technical solution from the prototype are aimed at achieving the task and have not been identified in the study of patent and scientific and technical literature in this and related fields of science and technology and, therefore, meet the criterion of "inventive step".

A method of producing fertilizer for legumes is implemented as follows.

Example 1. The manure of cattle is stored in piles measuring 1 · 5 · 1.5 meters. Manure is shoveled until it reaches ambient temperature. Chalk or slaked lime is used to regulate acidity. Alkalization is carried out in layers until manure reaches a pH of 7-8. If the acidity of manure is less than 7 units, then the worms will not develop in it, which means that biohumus will not form. If the acidity of manure is more than 8 units, then the worms will not develop in it either, since this pH value is also not optimal for them, in addition, there will be an excessive consumption of the alkalizing agent, which will lead to additional costs for the preparation of the substrate for the worms. Thus, the optimum acidity of manure for the development of worms is a pH of 7.5 units.

As ringworms, a hybrid of the red California worm with earthworms of the Kuban natural population, obtained by co-cultivating a hybrid of the red California worm with the Kuban population of ringed dung worms, is used. This is due to the fact that the hybrid red California worm is very sensitive to environmental conditions and requires an optimal temperature, certain qualities of the substrate, which makes it non-technological in our conditions. At the same time, annular dung worms that live in the soil, although omnivorous, are low productive and retain an instinct for migration, which makes them an uncomfortable object for vermicomposting. Therefore, the use of adapted breed provides a sufficiently high degree of worm productivity and at the same time low susceptibility to external environmental conditions.

Ready-to-use manure is populated with worms at the rate of 10 thousand worms per 1 m ² , previously checked with the test "50 worms", which allows you to evaluate the quality of the substrate. Settlement is carried out in the evening or on a cloudy day, as the worms do not tolerate direct sunlight. Bulk with a worm-infested substrate is covered with grass on top to protect from the sun and reduce water evaporation. Bulk watered periodically, loosen the upper layer of the substrate. Vermicomposting is carried out for 2-3 months. If the cultivation time is less than 2 months, the hybrid of the red California worm and the ringworm of the Kuban population does not process the substrate, which means that the yield of biohumus will be insignificant. If the cultivation time is more than 3 months, the hybrid of the red California worm and the ringworm of the Kuban population, having processed the entire substrate, will begin to be inhibited and lose productivity, and, in addition, it increases the time of the preparation of the biological product, which increases its cost. Therefore, the optimal time for cultivation of worms in the substrate is 2.5 months. The optimal cultivation of worms in the substrate is carried out at a temperature of 24 ° C. If the cultivation temperature is less than 16 ° C, then the metabolism and growth of hybrid worms slows down, which means that the efficiency of the conversion of the substrate to vermicompost will be low. If the cultivation temperature is more than 32 ° C, then the growth of vermiculture will also be low.

As a result of the growth and reproduction of worms, manure is processed into vermicompost. The worms are separated on mechanical vibrating screens, and the worms remaining on the sieve are used for the subsequent production of vermicompost from the next batch of manure. At the same time, the pore size of the sieve is 0.75 cm, which makes it possible to obtain pure biohumus, free of particles of unprocessed substrate and debris. If the pore size of the sieve is less than 0.5 cm, the sieving speed will be low, which will increase the time of the technological operation. If the pore size of the sieve is more than 1.0 cm, then together with biohumus particles, particles of the unprocessed substrate will fall into the container with the finished product, which will adversely affect the quality of the finished product.

The obtained biohumus is dried in a stream of hot air to a moisture content of 55% and stored in kraft bags. If the moisture content of the prepared biohumus is less than 50%, then the heat carrier will overrun during the drying of the product and this will require an additional input of water for the comfortable development of nodule bacteria introduced into the biohumus. If the moisture content of the prepared biohumus is more than 60%, then the quality of the product will deteriorate, as the resulting fertilizer will lose flowability, and, in addition, the aeration of the substrate will be low, which will lead to a delayed development of microorganisms.

The biohumus obtained by the above method is used both as a carrier and as a substrate for the development and propagation of symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. As necessary, vermicompost from kraft bags is packaged in polypropylene bags depending on the volume of use from 1 to 5 kg per bag. Packages are closed with cotton-gauze plugs and sterilized in an autoclave. With the regime of 1 atm for one hour, which is the optimal sterilization mode. If the sterilization time is less than 45 minutes and the pressure in the autoclave is less than 0.8 atm, then the substrate will not be completely sterilized and microorganisms will remain in it, which will interfere with the growth and development of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, which means that the desired microorganism titer will not be reached, which will reduce quality of the drug. If the sterilization time is more than 75 minutes and the pressure in the autoclave is more than 1.2 atm, then due to the hard autoclaving mode, substances toxic to symbiotic nitrogen-fixing microorganisms are formed in the substrate (biohumus), and the quality of the drug will decrease, in addition, the cost of the bacterial preparation will be high due to overrun of coolants.

For sowing vermicompost, seed is used from the collection of pure crops of the Federal State Institution "Krasnodar Biocenter". A tube with a lyophilized pure culture of Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 is revitalized using a nutrient solution. The lively culture is inoculated into 750 ml flasks of 200-250 ml of culture medium, which is a pea broth, which additionally contains sucrose and mineral salts. Then, the resulting mother liquor is inoculated in 5 liter bottles containing 2.0-2.5 liters of nutrient medium, including corn extract, molasses and mineral salts.

Thus obtained working solution of the culture of Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 is seeded sterilely in biohumus based on the final titer of microorganisms 5 · 10 ⁷ . Mixing is done mechanically so as not to damage the polypropylene bags. Then seeded packages are placed in a temperature-controlled room with room temperature.

After 7-10 days, the titer of the seeded microorganisms is checked, which should increase by 1-2 orders of magnitude due to the growth of bacteria on vermicompost and will reach 1 · 10 ⁹ .

Further storage of the preparations in intact packages for 3 months did not lower the titer of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms of the drug below 5 · 10, which is associated with the optimal content of nutrients necessary for nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in biohumus.

Example 2. According to the technology for the preparation of fertilizers for legumes of Example 1, chicken manure with the addition of chopped straw is used as raw material for the cultivation of worms.

Example 3. According to the technology for the preparation of fertilizers for legumes in Example 1, horse manure is used as a raw material for the cultivation of worms.

Example 4. According to the technology for the preparation of fertilizers for legumes of Example 1, raw material for the cultivation of worms is used to feed calf manure with the addition of chopped straw.

The results of determining the number of bacteria Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 in vermicompost of different origin are presented in table 1.

Table 1
The titer of the microorganism Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 when using biohumus of different quality No. Option Culture title Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 one option 1 5.1 × 10 ⁹ 2 option 2 1.5 × 10 ⁹ 3 option 3 8.7 × 10 ⁸ four option 4 8.2 × 10 ⁸

The results of laboratory tests in examples 1, 2, 3, 4 showed that regardless of the origin of livestock waste biohumus obtained on its basis, provides a high titer of nodule bacteria necessary to obtain high-quality fertilizer for legumes.

We obtained preparations for legumes using different species of the genus Rhizobium. The results of the titers of these bacteria upon receipt of the drug by the specified method are presented in table 2.

table 2
The titers of microorganisms of the genus Rhizobium using vermicompost according to the proposed method No. Type of nodule bacteria Caption of culture one Rhizobium japonicum B-2437 6.2 × 10 ⁸ 2 Rhizobium meliloti B-1730 1.0 × 10 ⁹ 3 Rhizobium vigna B-0806 7.9 × 10 ⁸ four Rhizobium leguminosarum B-2616 2.1 × 10 ⁹

As can be seen from the table, the use of various types of nodule bacteria by the specified method allows, regardless of the type of microorganism, to obtain a significant titer, and hence the high quality of the drug.

In addition, it should be noted that the technology of producing vermicompost is a simple process, and raw materials (organic agricultural waste) are generally available. Simultaneously with the production of vermicompost, the problem of environmental protection is also being solved, which is especially important in agricultural regions with developed livestock production.

The results of the analysis of the chemical composition of vermicompost and humus obtained from cattle manure are presented in table 3.

Table 3
Chemical characteristics of vermicompost and humus (%) Name Vermicompost Humus Medium acidity 6.7 7.8 Organic matter 44.9 23.6 Humic acids 3.4 2,3 Fulvic Acids 2.2 0.6 Organic carbon 3.31 1.7 Nitrogen 3.22 1,54 Phosphorus 0.49 0.35 C: N 1,04 1.10 Electrical conductivity, a measure of the relative salinity of the soil or the amount of soluble salts 12.1 3.60

As can be seen from the table, the use of vermicompost allows not only to provide a high content of nodule bacteria, but also to use vermicompost as a highly effective source of nutrients for plant growth (data on the chemical composition of vermicompost are given in comparison with the composition of humus).

We should not forget that the use of vermicompost as a filler for the preparation of nodule bacteria not only provides plants with beneficial microorganisms, but also is itself a source of nutrients. It should be noted that biohumus-based preparations, when using legumes for seed treatment, practically do not require an adhesive and allow uniform distribution of bacteria of the genus Rhizobium on the surface of the seeds, which generally increases the biological activity of the nodule bacteria preparation.

Thus, the method of preparing a fertilizer based on vermicompost not only allows to obtain a high titer of nodule bacteria due to the presence of nutrients in it, but also to activate leguminous plants and their seeds due to the presence of nutrients and stimulating substances of vermicompost itself, but also to expand the range of biological products by the possibility of placing small-tonnage production directly in the regions and partially solve the problems of recycling livestock.

Claims (1)

A method of producing fertilizer for legumes, including obtaining vermicompost by vermicomposting organic waste using earthworms and introducing microorganisms into biohumus, characterized in that manure of farm animals preliminarily neutralized to pH 7-8 is used as organic waste, and earthworms are used using hybrid Californian red worm with earthworms Kuban natural population, at 10 ⁴ per 1 m ^2, wherein the vermicomposting osuschest they are poured for 2–3 months at a temperature of 16–32 ° С under natural conditions, and after separation of the worms from biohumus with a vibrating sieve with a pore size of 0.5–1.0 cm, it is dried to a moisture content of 50–60% and packaged in polypropylene bags in which they autoclave for 45-75 min at 0.8-1.2 atm, microorganisms belonging to the genus Rhizobium are introduced and kept until a titer of 1 · 10 ^{9 is} reached.