RU2264300C1 - Method of making ceramic decorative art wall panel and brush for making such panel - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ceramic decorations.

SUBSTANCE: method of making ceramic decorative art wall panel comes to the following: tiles are placed on backing secured vertically with tilting of 10-15° successively, starting from lower horizontal row, tiles of which are placed on corresponding limiting step of backing.

EFFECT: improved quality of wall panels.

5 cl, 1 tbl, 4 dwg

Description

The invention relates to the field of construction and decorative art and can be used for individual interior decoration of official and residential buildings, structures and construction details.

It is known that in order to protect against external influences and improve the appearance of ceramics after scrap firing, they are coated with glaze, then they are subjected to poured firing, as a result of which the glaze melts, partially penetrating into the pores and forming a glossy glass surface.

Ceramics is decorated by painting either before poured firing (underglaze painting), or after it (overglaze painting) with paints based on ceramic pigments, in which fluxes are added for better fusion with glaze [First S.S. Decoration of Art Ceramics, ed. LISI, 1977, p. 25].

Known paint for overglaze decoration of ceramic products, which includes pigments according to TU 20-3945-87, consisting of coloring oxides with the addition of fluxes, for example, PbO, ZnO, Na ₂ O, K ₂ O. In order to ensure the clarity of the outline in the paint includes binders, wt.%: glycerol 9-14, polyvinyl alcohol 0.1-0.8, hydrochloric acid 35-38% concentration, urea-formaldehyde resin 18.1-24.8 (AS USSR No. 1694559, From 04 B 41/85, published on November 30, 1991 in Bull. No. 44).

On a durable, glazed surface, the paint can be applied with a pen and a brush, and mistakes made can be easily eliminated with a cotton swab dipped in turpentine. To give strength and gloss to the dry, dull surface of the painting, additional decorative firing is necessary at a temperature of 750-800 ° C, although it does not require high thermal resistance of the coloring pigments, and therefore overglaze paints have a wide color palette.

Due to this, the well-known “linen” decoration method allows creating highly artistic works of easel art, an example of which are portraits and landscapes masterfully executed on porcelain vases in the collections of Russian museums.

The disadvantage of this method is that during decorative firing, overglaze paints, which have a high viscosity and low mobility of their particles, only melt to the enamel without entering into chemical interaction with it, so this painting fades and erases when washed [First C. FROM. "Decorating Art Ceramics", ed. LISI, 1977, with. 36]. The use of this technology to make panels of building ceramics, which attracts with its relative cheapness and scarcity, imposes very serious restrictions on the operating conditions of such products.

Known overglaze and underglaze paints of the Dulevo paint plant based on molecular type pigments (Fe ₂ O ₃ , CuO, etc.) used for decorating ceramics [First S.S. "Decorating Art Ceramics", ed. LISI, 1977, from 4-5, from 19]. These paints do not allow to solve painting problems, being transparent. Creating beautiful effects in watering, coloring flat images, they do not allow to simulate volumetric forms by means of chiaroscuro or to express the perspective color. This is the reason for the malignancy, for example, of majolica tiles, where the elaboration of volumes is reduced only to a thickening of the contour line in shadows and shading.

A heat-resistant pigment of the spinel type is known, which, together with the flux after kneading in glycerin, is applied to the white glazed surface of the products in the form of a pattern and fired at 800-1300 ° C, resulting in an acid resistance of 99.8% (AS USSR No. 2000306, C 09 D 5/06, published in Bul. No. 33-36 of 09/07/93).

A brush is known, for example a column brush, for applying transparent, usually glue, water-borne watercolors (V. Kurchevsky. A fairy tale about pencils and paints, ed. Pedagogy, Moscow, 1980, p. 50). To obtain a uniform shade of watercolor paints on paper with such brushes, the so-called "washing" technique is used.

Due to the fact that enamel is much more hygroscopic than paper for writing with watercolors, it eagerly absorbs water, so it is almost impossible to achieve an even tone of ceramic paints on enamels using the well-known watercolor brushes and brushing technique, brush strokes remain noticeable. Moreover, it is almost impossible to fine-tune the painting elements with an ordinary brush, for example No. 1, since the brush holds only 2-3 mm ^{3 of the} suspension, and therefore quickly gives it to the enamel, as a result, the line breaks off after 1-2 cm, or only a colored dot remains on the surface.

A variety of overglaze painting is known - based on raw enamel (glazed glaze), which is carried out before the firing is poured. A layer of milk-white raw enamel 0.3-0.8 mm is pressed, dried, and then painted with aqueous solutions of heavy metal salts, and it is emphasized that it is advisable to resort to this method only when it is necessary to perform not very complex drawings consisting of lines and stains using brushes or pipettes [Alferov L.G. Training course. Mural technology. (Wood. Metal. Ceramics.), 2000, p. 239]. This method is closest in combination of essential features to the claimed invention and therefore is selected as a general prototype.

The reasons that impede the achievement of the technical result indicated below include the fact that the application of the known method adopted for the prototype imposes significant restrictions on the choice of the composition of the picture, and the mistakes made during the painting are very difficult to correct, leaving dirt. In addition, these paints based on molecular type pigments require low temperatures of poured firing - about 850 ° C, and when it is raised above 900 ° C, for example, red color is completely discolored.

This is explained by the use of water-soluble paints, which, when painting on unfired enamel, tend to melt due to the high hygroscopicity of the enamel. The content of binders of organic origin specified in the well-known ceramic paint formulation: dextrin, casein glue, glycerin, as well as polyvinyl alcohols and acids, allows one to reduce this negative effect. But the organic binder in the paint is one of the specific specific reasons for the appearance of metallization - a defect, for example, in the form of a luster or dirty stains from metal oxides on the surface of the product, as well as weakening color saturation. Metallization appears in the conditions of the reducing medium of poured firing, during which the burn-out organic component of the paint decomposes with the release of pure carbon, which enhances the effect of the reducing medium.

All solutions included in the claimed group are united by a single inventive concept aimed at solving the problem of improving technology and brushes for hand painting on raw enamel while using the advantages inherent in an artistic compositional solution that allows you to create copyrighted works of easel painting with high stability on building ceramics against the action of acids, alkalis and mechanical influences.

This task is consistent with current trends to increase the durability of the decorative coating by replacing the overglaze decoration with underglaze, as well as the use of paints burned into the glaze (AS USSR No. 513017, C 04 B 41/86, published on 05/05/1976 in the bulletin No. 17).

As a result of solving this problem, we obtain a technical result, expressed in expanding the assortment when decorating the interior of residential premises, building structures due to the combination of freedom of choice of a composite solution provided by the claimed method in accordance with the creative personality of the artist and the desire of the most demanding customer, with long-term resistance of the surface of the panel against action acids, alkalis and mechanical stress.

The specified technical result in the implementation of the group of inventions on the object - the method is achieved using the method of performing ceramic decorative and artistic panels, including enamel coating the surface of standard-size ceramic tiles, previously calcined for scrap, compaction of the raw enamel layer and drying it in normal indoor conditions, tile layout on a plane, applying to it a painting with ceramic paint based on high-temperature spinel-type pigments (for example p, aluminates Fe ₂ О ₃ · Al ₂ О ₃ , CuO · Al ₂ О ₃ ) and subsequent watered firing of tiles in the temperature range 1010-1020 ° С.

A distinctive feature of the claimed method is that the tiles are laid out vertically fastened vertically with a slope of 10-15 °, starting from the lower horizontal row, the tiles of which are supported by the corresponding limiting protrusion of the substrate, and all subsequent rows of tiles are held on the previous one under their own weight, then apply graphic elements of easel painting on the enamel surface in accordance with the selected composition. The implementation of its pictorial elements is carried out with ceramic paint in the form of an aqueous suspension of spinel-type pigments and fluxes, but without organic binders. This, in turn, allows you to eliminate the mistakes made or clarify the artistic design by removing the paint layer from the surface of the panel and, if necessary, the enamel layer no more than 0.1 mm with a soft dry brush and re-registering the freed surface. Tiles removed from the substrate are placed horizontally in the furnace and fired at a gradually increasing temperature, and its duration in the range from 800 ° C to a maximum firing temperature of at least 3 hours. In addition, in the inventive method, the sealing pressure of the enamel layer with an elastic roller is specified in the form of an interval from 0.2 to 0.3 kg / cm ² and the drying time at room temperature for 2-3 hours. In addition, in the inventive method, the process of performing graphic elements is specified: with a light touch with a pencil with a simple panel composition or with a more complex composition — first apply the graphic elements to the paper and pierce the contour lines of the drawing with a needle, and then transfer them using carbon dust to ceramic panel. If necessary, restore the damaged enamel layer and adjust to the original thickness.

In addition, in the inventive method, it is specified that some of the pictorial elements of the drawing are performed with ceramic paint based on spinel and molecular pigments.

The specified single technical result in the implementation of the group of inventions on the object - the device is achieved by the fact that for the implementation of the claimed method of ceramic ceramic art panels using a brush that contains a pile in the form of a circular straight cone with a height H, the diameter of the base of which D does not exceed 24 mm.

A distinctive feature of the brush is the shape of the pile, which at the point of its attachment to the handle represents a cylinder with a diameter D of its base and a height h equal to at least half the height H of the original cone of the brush, and a circular straight cone is kept in the center of the upper base of the cylinder, but whose base diameter d is significantly less than D.

Figure 1 presents a photograph of the composition "Potter at work."

Figure 2 presents a photograph of the variant solutions of the composition "Rooster".

Figure 3 shows a General view of the famous watercolor brush in the source of fame indicated by the applicant.

Figure 4 shows a General view of the inventive brush.

The solution to the above problem and the achievement of the specified technical result is ensured by the fact that the method of performing ceramic decorative and artistic panels is carried out according to the following technology using a brush of the claimed design.

A finished crock of tiles of a standard size is made or purchased: 15 × 15 cm, 15 × 20 cm, 20 × 30 cm, 20 × 33 cm, which has undergone waste firing using the technology used, for example, at the Sokol plant in Dedovsk.

Next, on the front side of the tile using any known method (dipping, spraying, brush) apply an aqueous suspension of enamel with a layer of not more than 0.8 mm, which is then pressed with an elastic roller or a flat plate. Use glazed glaze - enamel, because the glaze without the addition of silencers during firing becomes transparent, and the enamel, due to the scattering and light-deflecting particles of the silencer, appears finely white. Such a background of the panel is naturally more consistent with the purpose of its use than inexpressively transparent.

As a result of the prepress, due to filling the pores of the surface layer of the tile with enamel, the adhesion at the junction of the shard-enamel increases, and the layer thickness decreases to 0.5-0.6 mm. Using a mechanized roller that creates a uniform pressure of at least 0.2-0.3 kg / cm ² , we will provide almost the same thickness and strength of the enamel layer. After 2-3 hours of drying at room temperature, the tile is ready for use.

The stock of tiles can be stored for up to 1 year, if they are folded in pairs "face to face" in boxes in size, in a vertical position and stored in rooms without sudden changes in temperature, humidity and away from vibration sources.

To fulfill the planned panel, tiles are laid out on a substrate, the size of which corresponds to the artistic design, without attaching them to the substrate. The substrate, for example, of a chipboard, made below with a restrictive protrusion, is strengthened vertically with an inclination of 10-15 °. With a focus on this protrusion, tiles of the lower horizontal row are laid out, and all subsequent rows of tiles are laid out sequentially from the bottom up, and the tiles of each subsequent row are held on the previous one under their own weight.

Then, in accordance with the artistic conception, the graphic elements of the drawing are applied on the enamel surface with a light pencil touch pencil, so as not to damage the enamel. A very complex pattern can be pre-worked on paper, and then, having punctured the contour lines with a needle, transfer them to the panel with the help of carbon or graphite dust.

After completing the drawing, if enamel chips, scratches, severe abrasions are found, they are repaired. To do this, take a clean aqueous suspension of enamel and apply it with a regular brush to the damaged area until the original enamel layer is restored. If necessary, adjust its thickness, cutting off the excess with a knife.

To perform the pictorial elements of the composition, ceramic paint is used in the form of an aqueous suspension of high-temperature spinel-type pigments and fluxes, without organic binders. Ceramic paint in the form of an aqueous suspension is a dispersed system consisting of two phases - liquid and solid, where finely ground solid particles of pigment and flux are suspended in water. Therefore, when applying the suspension with a brush, only water is easily absorbed into the enamel and shard, while its solid component remains on the surface, since it is insoluble in water, and the absence of viscous organic binders in the paint will greatly facilitate this process. As a result, the paint does not blur, allowing you to apply clear contour lines up to 0.1-0.2 mm thick with an ordinary brush and dries quickly, giving the artist a real opportunity to use the method of creative variation and fine-tuning of the composition. It is possible to eliminate the mistakes made or to clarify the artistic design repeatedly by removing the paint layer, which quickly dries up, does not spread, with a soft dry brush and without spreading, and only with a significant change in the composition the enamel layer is not more than 0.1 mm, and re-register the freed surface of the panel.

Small elements of the picture can only be worked out with a special brush, taking as a basis a standard watercolor brush (Fig. 3) with a diameter D of 10 to 24 mm and a pile length H 1. For this (figure 4), the pile length N 1 is reduced by half from its outer side toward the center with the formation of cylinder 2 - "skirts" with a height h and diameter D. At the same time, the center length of pile 2 of the pile 1 in the form of a straight circular cone 4 - "nose", diameter 5 of the base 5 is kept in the center of the upper base 3 of cylinder 2 which is considerably smaller-diameter D of the cylinder 2 and the height h ₁ equal SEASON th cylinder 2 h.

The brush with the proposed ratios of “skirt” and “nose” holds in the “skirt” such an amount of paint (the volume of the “skirt” in the brush No. 12 is 300-500 mm ³ ), which, thanks to the much thinner and more directed shape of the “nose”, flows down onto the surface of the panel is gradually, thereby providing the length and width of the line required by the design.

In order to draw a bright line against the laid dark background, you should make an elegant springy scraper-spatula, for example, from a sheet of tin from a beer can, fastening it on a stick and sharpening. If necessary, it is necessary, possibly gently, to scrape off a layer of dark paint with a slight layer of enamel, which will not damage the quality of the tile due to the fact that the paint is not absorbed into the enamel.

Having finished the painting, the tiles carefully, without touching the front side, are removed and laid horizontally in capsules or in special cassettes with shelves of refractory materials. Before loading into an electric furnace with a roll-out hearth, it is advisable to blow tiles in capsules with a small pressure of compressed air.

Information about the modes of poured firing are presented in the table.

By excluding binders of organic origin from the paint composition used according to the claimed method, and thereby changing the firing conditions in the direction of weakening the action of the reducing environment, we reduce the likelihood of metallization and, therefore, improve the quality of the panel.

According to the method, during poured firing, it is necessary to establish a uniform heating rate of the furnace from 800 ° C - the beginning of enamel melting to 1010-1020 ° C - the stage of its maturation, with a duration of this phase of at least 3 hours. The control of the oxidation-reduction firing regime in the temperature range from 800 ° C to 1010-1020 ° C will reduce the carbon monoxide CO content, which helps to restore ions to a neutral metal, not only on the surface of the glaze, but also near the surface and in its depth. Thus, due to the absence of organic binders in the paint in combination with the optimal redox fired firing regime, the likelihood of a difficult to control defect, metallization, is significantly reduced.

It is advisable to burn the finished panel in one step, since the temperature deviation in each phase by only 10-15 ° C will give a strong difference in shades of color.

Ceramic paint based on high-temperature spinel-type pigments that practically do not interact with the melt components and do not dissolve in it, but at a maximum firing temperature in the range of 1010-1020 ° C, a protective film is formed from the contact of spinel-type crystals with silicate enamel melts. acid resistance and mechanical strength.

We get an even shiny surface of the panel, and the mechanical effect on its surface after annealing showed that it is a single unit with a pictorial work integrated into the glass.

Example No. 1.

To perform the composition "Potter at Work", shown in photo No. 1, they took 9 standard tiles measuring 15 × 15 cm, which passed the waste firing. Using a spray gun, a layer of white enamel about 1 mm thick was applied to their front surface. Then, on the front side of each tile, a brass sheet was placed on the mirror side and a stack of them was folded, pressing it on top with a weight of ~ 90 kg. After 1/2 hours, the stack was taken apart and left to dry overnight under normal conditions of an enclosed space. The enamel surface turned out to be smooth and compacted, a layer with a thickness of 0.6-0.8 mm.

The drawing was done in advance on paper, the contours were pierced with a needle through 2-3 mm. The tiles were lined up in a rectangular panel on a slightly tilted substrate, a paper pattern was applied and its contours translated with a bag of cotton fabric stuffed with ground coal. After stuffing, the drawing was corrected with a simple pencil directly on the surface of the tile. At the same time, if necessary, repairs were made to its surface damaged by previous operations.

As a flux to the spinel-type pigments, glaze powder was added in an amount of 15-20%, which contributed to better integration of the coloring pigments into the enamel. Having covered large areas of the paint with paint, the fine-tuning was carried out using a brush with a "skirt" and a "nose". At the end of the painting, the tiles were carefully removed from the substrate and placed in a horizontal position in the furnace, eliminating the risk of enamel dusting, which made it possible to raise the firing temperature to 1020 ° C with a total duration of 5 hours. An attempt to reduce the firing time by more rapid heating led to the fact that the top right tile burst in the furnace.

Example No. 2.

Two options for painting the composition “Rooster” are located nearby in photo No. 2, on which a green reflection on black feathers was obtained due to the addition of a molecular-type copper oxide pigment to black spinel. Subsequent firing at a temperature of 1020 ° C made it possible to establish that the pigment of copper oxide of the molecular type does not fade with it, and blue cobalt reaches its maximum sound.

The advantage of the proposed method and brush for its implementation lies in the successful combination of entertainment and expressiveness inherent in easel painting, with the durability and durability of the surface of decorative and artistic ceramic panels.

Table
The main modes of poured firing. Firing phases Phase duration in hours Temperature range degrees, ° С Characterization of the process in each phase. 1 0-1 20-200 Drying. The oven door is ajar 2 1-2 200-400 Chemical water elimination 3 2-4 400-600 Quartz reaction. The degree of expansion of the material 4 4-5 600-800 Simple heating 5 5-8 800-1010 Enamel ripening stage 6 8-9 1010-1020 Stabilization period

Claims (5)

1. A method of performing a ceramic decorative and artistic panel, including enamel coating the surface of a standard size ceramic tile previously calcined for scrap, compacting the raw enamel layer and drying it under normal conditions of an enclosed space, laying the tile on a plane, applying ceramic paint based on it high-temperature spinel-type pigments and subsequent watered firing of tiles in the temperature range 1010-1020 ° C, characterized in that they are laid on a reinforced vert locally with 10-15 ° slope substrate sequentially, starting from the bottom horizontal row, which rests on the tiles. the corresponding restrictive protrusion of the substrate, and all subsequent rows of tiles are held at the previous one under its own weight, then graphic elements of the easel painting are applied on the enamel surface in accordance with the selected composition, followed by the execution of its pictorial elements with ceramic paint in the form of an aqueous suspension of spinel-type pigments and fluxes, without organic binders, at the same time eliminate the mistakes made or refine the artistic design by removing from the surface of the paint layer and, if necessary, the enamel layer is not more than 0.1 mm with a soft dry brush and the newly freed surface is re-painted, and the firing of tiles removed from the substrate and placed horizontally in the furnace is carried out at a gradually increasing temperature, and its duration in the range from 800 ° C to a maximum firing temperature of at least 3 hours 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the enamel layer is compacted with an elastic roller at a pressure of 0.2-0.3 kg / cm ² and then dried at room temperature for 2-3 hours 3. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the graphic elements of the drawing are applied with a graphite pencil with light touches or by using carbon or graphite dust to puncture the contour lines worked out on the paper with a needle, followed by restoration of the enamel layer on the damaged sections of the panel and adjusting its original thickness. 4. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the painted elements of the picture are performed with ceramic paint based on pigments of spinel and molecular types. 5. A brush for performing ceramic decorative and artistic panels, including a pile in the form of a circular straight cone with a height H, the diameter of the base of which D does not exceed 24 mm, characterized in that the pile is made in the form of a cylinder with a diameter D of its base and a height h equal to at least half the height H of the initial cone, and the formation in the center of the upper base of the cylinder of a circular straight cone, the diameter of the base of which d is much less than D.

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