RU2261570C1 - Method for tillage of old arable solonetz soil and tillage tool for effectuating the same - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, soil amelioration.

SUBSTANCE: method involves mellowing soil without mixing of solonetz complex soil layers; creating agronomically valuable structure in upper layer; shifting upper layer soil mass toward opposite part of field for width of passage of tillage tool; mellowing lower layer; entraining calcium salts of soil layer under solonetz layer and mixing it with solonetz layer; undercutting saline, solonetz and upper fertile layers of soil along perimeter of rectangular ditch; raising layers above ditch bottom; mellowing saline, solonetz and upper fertile layers of soil by impact action in direction from the bottom to the top; separating erosive and dusty particles from upper fertile layer, solonetz and saline soil layers while providing intensive mixing thereof; laying finely-dispersed components from layers onto ditch bottom for homogenization thereof; laying solonetz complex components in offset relation with respect to destructed layers backward in the direction of advancement of solonetz layer; laying agronomically valuable fractions from 0.5-5.0 cm fertile layer, solonetz layer and saline layer onto finely dispersed layer from saline, solonetz and upper fertile layers; laying lumps of layers onto upper ditch layer. Tillage tool has frame, hitch bracket, tines with cutting edge on their front part, and rotavator equipped with drive taking power from tractor take-off shaft through reducer. Lower parts of tines are joined with U-shaped share equipped with lifters inclined toward horizontal plane. Rotavator is formed as rotor with teeth arranged between share lifters and above thereof. Tillage tool is provided with separator formed as set of sequentially arranged rolls equipped with teeth staggered on roll surfaces. Roll groups are arranged in tiers. In each group of rolls, rolls of terminating pair of rolls are rotating in opposite directions.

EFFECT: reduced consumption of power, increased efficiency, and improved physical properties of soil.

3 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods for improving the physical properties of the soil and can be used in agriculture.

A known method of reclamation of solonetzic soils, including the introduction of an ameliorant and mechanical tillage, in which, in order to reduce the complexity, liquefied carbon dioxide is used as an ameliorant; carbon dioxide is introduced into the soil under pressure; carbon dioxide is introduced into the soil to the depth of the solonetzic horizon (SU, copyright certificate No. 704578. Mcl ² A 01 No. 7/00. Method of reclamation of solonetzic soils / V.I. Karpenko, V.I. Volochaev, G.P. Tokarev (USSR) .- Application No. 2575014 / 30-15; Announced 01.01.1978; Publish. 25.12.1979, Bull. No. 47 // Discovery. Inventions. - 1979. - No. 47).

In the Lower Volga region in areas of up to 100 million hectares during the growing season there is an acute deficit of soil moisture. The introduction of carbon dioxide into the dry layers of soil horizons in solonetzic complexes does not give a positive effect. The described method requires special equipment and high material costs.

There is also known a method of reclamation of solonetzic soils by loosening and applying reclamation agents, in which, in order to increase the reclamation effect and accelerate the reclamation process, the upper solonetzic soil layer is raised with simultaneous loosening and displaced by an amount that is a multiple of the average size of solonetzic spots, and one of the reclamants introduced into the loosened soil layer, while the other is placed under ameliorant loosened layer and then subjected to loosening deep subsurface (SU, Inventor's certificate №719582. M.kl. ² a 01 №7 / 00. reclamation process with of soil soils / V.M. Kretinin, B.A. Shupov, M.S. Gorovoy (USSR) - Application No. 2522677 / 30-15; claimed on 09/13/1977; Published 05.03.1980, Bull. No. 9 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1980. - No. 9).

The disadvantages of the described method include the low effectiveness of the chemical improver and the high cost of the work performed.

Also known is the agrobiological method of reclamation of solonetzes, the determining method in the complex of agrotechnical measures affecting the mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties of solonetzes is deep reclamation treatment. When processing historically developed horizons, they ensure the maximum destruction of the solonetzic horizon at a depth of 40-60 cm, the involvement of the soil calcium salts or chemical reclamants in the reclaimed layer when they are applied on the surface, creating favorable conditions for reclamation improvement of soils (see Technologies for land reclamation and cultivation on solonetzic soils of the Volga region Recommendations / compilers: A.I. Voronin, G.V. Dektareva, P.P. Derbentsev et al. - M.: Rosagropromizdat, 1989. 113 S. - S.24-25).

The disadvantages of the described method of land reclamation include the fact that, as a rule, calcium salts are not enough, and the layers are shifted sideways by the same solonetz, and there is no saline scattering. For the full realization, at least 600-800 mm of annual precipitation is required. In the south of the Russian Federation, with an acute deficit of precipitation, the described method for reclamation of solonetzic complexes is not effective.

The closest analogue is the method of processing solonetzic soils, including two-tier cultivation without mixing the soil of tiers and the introduction of ameliorant, in which, in order to accelerate the reclamation process and increase the efficiency of fertility of old arable solonetzic soils, the upper tier is loosened to an agronomically valuable structure, at the same time as the active loosening, they grind , mix it with the soil and shift the soil mass of the upper tier towards the cultivated part of the field to the width of the aggregate passage, while the lower the second tier is actively loosened, involving soil calcium salts of the subsalt solonetz horizon with their mixing with the solonetz horizon; with a lack of soil calcium salts, calcium containing ameliorant is added simultaneously with active loosening of the lower tier soil (SU, copyright certificate No. 896053. Mcl ³ C 09 K 17/00. Method for processing solonetzic soils / I. D. Shishlyannikov (USSR). - Application No. 2980580 / 30-15; Stated 08/26/1980; Publish. 07.01.1982, Bull. No. 1 // Discoveries. Inventions. - 1982. - No. 1).

The disadvantages of the described method include the low efficiency of the reclamation process due to the lack of reserves of the necessary soil moisture.

The PTN-40 mounted longline plow model is known for plowing solonetzic soils in the Volga and Northern Caucasus zones and containing the first, second, and third tier hull frame, a support wheel with a screw mechanism, and a handle knife (see, for example, the operating and technical instructions the description with the passport of the PTN-40 longline mounted plow design of the Altayselmash plant. - Rubtsovsk, 1976. - 42 p.).

The disadvantages of the described plow include the fact that the agrobiological method implemented by this unit, i.e. deep plowing to a depth of 40-50 cm with displacement of solonetzic and fertile layers does not give positive results in the zone of insufficient moisture (Guidelines for the use of the complex method of land reclamation of irrigated solonetzic soils in the Volgograd region. Compiled by A.S. Morozov, A.N. Gavrilova, M.V. Arakantsev et al. - Volgograd, Publishing House of the All-Russian Research Institute of Irrigated Agriculture, 1987. - P.18).

The closest analogue in the part of the device is a tool for processing old arable solonetzic soils, containing a frame, hitch brackets, racks with a cutting edge on the front part and a milling cutter driven by a power take-off of an aggregated tractor through a gearbox (see V.K.Sharshak, V. V. Skonodobov. - Under-cover milling machines for reclamation of solonetzic soils. - Rostov-on-Don: Publishing house of Rostov University, 1986. - P.104. - P.11-12, Fig. 2).

We adopted this weapon as the closest analogue.

Stationary studies in Yergeny showed a short (up to 3 years) and weak reclamation effect of plantonina (PPN-50 plows) and three-tier (PTN-40, PTN-2-40, PTN-3-40 plows) plowing. The tool described above, despite the presence of a pre-sowing milling cutter, does not allow homogenizing the soil cover structure of solonetz complexes, accelerate the reclamation process and improve the suitability of soils for cultivating crops. The process carried out by the tool is energy-intensive and inefficient.

The essence of the claimed invention.

The task to be solved by the claimed invention is directed to accelerate the process of desalinization of soil horizons and solonetzic complexes.

The technical result is a reduction in energy consumption, increasing labor productivity and crop yields.

The specified technical result in terms of the method is achieved by the fact that in the known method of processing old arable solonetzic soils, including loosening without mixing the soil, tiers, creating an agronomically valuable structure in the upper tier, shifting the soil mass of the upper tier towards the treated part of the field by the width of the aggregate passage, loosening the lower tier and the involvement of soil calcium salts of the subsalt solonetz horizon with mixing of the solonetz horizon, according to the invention, saline, solonetz and upper fertile the soil of the horizon with mixing them with the solonetzic horizon, according to the invention, the saline, solonetzic and upper fertile layers of the soil are cut along the perimeter of the rectangle, the layers are lifted above the ditch, the saline, solonetzic and upper fertile layers of the soil are loosened in the upward direction, separated with vigorous mixing erosion-hazardous soil particles from the upper fertile layer, solonetzic and saline layers, finely dispersed components from the layers are laid on the bottom of the ditch for homogenization with about the displacement of the destroyed tiers back along the movement of the solonetzic layer, agronomically valuable fractions with sizes of 0.5 ... 5.0 cm of the fertile layer, solonetzic and salt layers are shifted and laid on them, and lumps of tiers are laid on the upper level of the ditch, forming between cavities for free access of air and precipitation to the lower levels of the ditch.

The specified technical result in terms of the device is achieved by the fact that in the well-known tool for processing old arable solonetzic soils containing a frame, hitch brackets, racks with a cutting edge on the front side and a milling cutter driven by a power take-off shaft of an aggregated tractor through a gearbox, according to the invention, the racks are mated with a U-shaped share, equipped with elevators inclined to the horizon, the milling cutter is made in the form of a rotor with fangs located between the shares of the share and above them, and equipped with a separator Made in the form of rollers mounted in series with the teeth on the surface, the rollers are mounted in groups, the groups are arranged in tiers, wherein in each group the last pair of oppositely rotating rollers performed.

The invention is illustrated by drawings.

Figure 1 schematically shows the process of trimming the genetic horizons of the solonetz complex and their rise above the bottom of the ditch, a transverse vertical section of the layers and ditches.

Figure 2 presents the process of lifting the cropped genetic horizons and their deformation by impacts from the bottom up by the fangs of the drive rotor, a longitudinally-vertical section of the formation and ditch.

Figure 3 shows the process of separating erosion-hazardous and dusty particles from carbonate, fertile and solonetzic horizons, crushing clods to agronomically valuable fractions and laying lumps on the upper horizon, a longitudinally vertical section.

Figure 4 - section aa in figure 3, the layout of erosion hazardous and dusty fractions of the components of the solonetz complex on the bottom of the ditch, a transverse vertical section.

Figure 5 - section bB in figure 3, the layout of agronomically valuable fractions over erosion-hazardous and dusty particles of the solonetz complex, transverse vertical section.

In Fig.6 - section bb in Fig.3, the process of laying clods of soil in the upper layer, carbonate and subcarbonate horizons.

In Fig.7 is a diagram of the displacement of solonetzic complexes in the direction of movement of the tillage unit, a plan view.

Information confirming the possibility of implementing the claimed invention are as follows.

A method of processing old arable solonetzic soils includes the sequential execution of the following technological operations: loosening without mixing the soil of tiers; creating an agronomically valuable structure in the upper tier; the shift of the soil mass of the upper tier towards the cultivated part of the field by the width of the passage of the unit; loosening of the lower tier; the involvement of soil calcium salts of the sub solonetz horizon with their mixing with the solonetz horizon.

The salt layer 1 of the soil, the solonetz layer 2 and the upper fertile layer 3 of the soil are cut along the perimeter of the channel 4 of rectangular cross section. Cropped tiers 1-3 raise ditches 5 above the bottom 5. By impact, the salt tier 1, the solonetz tier 2 and the upper fertile tier 3 are loosened from bottom to top. Of these, erosion-hazardous and dusty soil particles 6 are separated with vigorous mixing from the upper fertile layer 3, the solonetzic layer 2 and the salt layer 1. The finely atomized particles in the form of particles 6 of layers 1-3 are laid on the bottom 5 of the ditch 4 for homogenization and creation of the soil structure (see Figs. 1-6). Particles 6 of the soil are displaced back along the movement of the solonetzic layer (see Fig. 7). Particles 6 are packed with agronomically valuable fractions 7 with sizes of 0.5-5.0 cm of fertile layer 3, solonetzic layer 2 and salt layer 1. Lumps 9 of layers 1-3 are laid on the upper level 8 of the ditch 4. Between the clods 9, cavities are formed for free access of air and precipitation to the lower levels 10 of the ditch 4.

The described method of reclamation of old arable solonetzic complexes by loosening tiers 1–3, extracting dusty finely dispersed particles 6 from them and shifting them back by an amount multiple to the average size of solonetzic spots will ensure the scattering of tiers 1 and 2 and will create the condition for soil-forming processes. The method fundamentally destroys and removes the solonetzic, poorly permeable screen in the form of layer 2, accelerates settlement, prevents salinization, levels the solonetzicity of the soil root horizon, improves the agrophysical, physicochemical properties of the arable layer of the soil of the solonetz complex, accelerates land reclamation and increases fertility, including forest - and pasture suitability of soils.

On a specific field, the content of solonetzes in the soil complex and the average size of solonetzic spots are determined (see Fig. 7). Moreover, the most typical solonetz content in the soil complex is 5-75% and the optimum is 10-50%. The most typical average size of solonetzic spots is from 3 to 30 m, and the optimal average size is 3-15 m. When the gun moves, tiers 1-3 are cut to the depth of the illuvial solonetzic horizon B ₁ on the virgin soil and the arable horizon A + B ₁ with a thickness of 0-30 see. The soil mass moves back along the direction of the implement. Due to the impact, the displaced mass of the solonetz complex is located at a new place where soil horizons and the structure of solonetzes are disturbed. The contour // of the solonetz complex is shown in Fig. 7.

The tool for processing old arable solonetzic soils contains a frame 12, hinge brackets, racks 13 and 14 with a cutting edge 15 on the front part and a milling cutter 16 driven by a power take-off of an aggregated tractor through a gearbox. The lower parts of the uprights 13, 14 are coupled with a U-shaped share 17. The share 17 is equipped with elevators inclined to the horizon 18. The milling cutter 16 is made in the form of a rotor with fangs 19. The fangs 19 of the milling cutter 16 are located between the elevators 18 of the ploughshare 17 and above them. The gun is equipped with a separator 20. The separator 20 is made in the form of sequentially installed rollers 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Rollers 21-24 and rollers 25-27 are mounted in groups. Roller groups 21-24 and 25-27 are located in the upper and lower tiers. In each group of rollers 21-24 and 25-27, the last pair of rollers 23, 24 and 26, 27 is made counter-rotating.

The tool for the treatment of old arable saline soils works as follows.

The frame of the gun through the hinge brackets is connected with your fingers to the rods of the hydraulic system of the mounted tractor. A PTO shaft of the tractor and a receiving shaft of a bevel gearbox are connected by a cardan telescopic shaft for a drive in rotation of the milling machine 16 and a group of rollers 21-27. The support wheels set the required cutting depth by ploughshare 17 tiers 1-3.

With steady motion, the ploughshare 17 and the uprights 13 and 14 cut the ditches 4 of rectangular cross section.

The inclined lifts 18 raise the trimmed tiers 1-3 above the bottom 5 of the ditch 4. By the impacts of the rotating fangs 19 of the milling machine 16 from bottom to top by pulsed action, the tiers 1-3 are loosened. Due to the blows of the fangs 19 produce deformation, crumbling, loosening of tiers 1-3 into lumps. At the same time, erosion-hazardous and dusty particles 6 are separated from the clods and layers 1-3 from the salt layer 1, solonetzic layer 2 and the upper fertile layer 3. Then, the clods are fed to the separator 20 in a continuous stream. The clods from the rollers 21-24 and 25-27 additionally crushed and loosened into agronomically valuable fractions with sizes of 0.5-5 cm, which are stacked together by particles 6 on the lower level 10 of ditch 4. In pairs of counter-rotating rollers 23, 24 and 26, 27, intensive crumbling of large soil monoliths and aggregates is carried out. They fill the upper level 8 of the ditch 4. Between the clods 9 in level 8 in the voids freely fell precipitation.

The presence of moisture and dusty particles provides the conditions for the soil formation process.

The described tool will reduce energy consumption, increase labor productivity and crop yields and restore soil fertility.

Claims (2)

1. A method of treating old arable solonetzic soils, including loosening without mixing the soil of the tiers, creating an agronomically valuable structure in the upper tier, shifting the soil mass of the upper tier towards the cultivated part of the field by the width of the aggregate passage, loosening the lower tier and involving soil calcium salts of the sub solonetz horizon with mixing them with a solonetzic horizon, characterized in that the saline, solonetzic and upper fertile tiers of the soil are cut along the perimeter of a ditch of rectangular cross-section, and layers are raised under the ditch, impact effects loosen the saline, solonetzic and upper fertile layers of the soil in the upward direction, erosion-hazardous and dusty soil particles from the upper fertile layer, solonetzic and salt layers are separated with vigorous stirring, finely dispersed components from the layers are laid on the bottom of the gutter for with the displacement of the destroyed tiers back along the movement of the solonetzic bed, agronomically valuable fractions with sizes of 0.5 ... 5.0 cm of the fertile layer are displaced and laid on them, solonetz Vågå salt and tiers, and an upper layer stack of the ditch clods tiers forming a cavity between them for free access of air and precipitation in the lower levels of the ditch. 2. A tool for processing old arable solonetzic soils, containing a frame, hitch brackets, racks with a cutting edge on the front part and a milling cutter driven by a tractor power take-off shaft through a gearbox, characterized in that the lower parts of the racks are conjugated with a U-shaped share equipped with inclined to the horizon with lifts, the milling cutter is made in the form of a rotor with fangs located between the plowshare lifts and above them, and is equipped with a separator made in the form of sequentially installed rollers with fangs on the surface, wa the loops are mounted in groups, the groups are placed in tiers, and in each group the last pair of rollers is made counter-rotating.

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