RU2246807C2 - Method and apparatus for controlling of soil erosion on slopes - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: agriculture, in particular, method and equipment for retention of thaw water on sloped lands.

SUBSTANCE: method involves undercutting soil layer after harvesting of preceding crop; directing stubble remains under soil layer and covering with undercut soil layer. After being covered with undercut soil layer, stubble remains form along edge of said layer swath of soil layer of 4-6 cm width. Predetermined shape and parameters of swaths allow evaporation of moisture and silting to be inhibited and, accordingly, moisture retention to be increased. Apparatus has frame with carrier wheel and flat rack provided with front cutting edge and inclined with its lower end forward and to the side. Flat hoe is fixed on lower end of rack. Wing made curvilinear along direction of advancement of apparatus is positioned at rear edge of rack so that its convex part is extending upward and to the side. Load feeding belt conveyor is connected with frame through two pivot links. Flexible rods for picking up stubble remains from field are fixed on conveyor belt. Belt conveyor is positioned on tines of supporting rollers and is oriented with its feeding end under upper curvilinear edge of wing. One of pivot joints and tines of supporting rollers are equipped with individual length regulators.

EFFECT: increased efficiency in retaining of thaw water and, accordingly, improved controlling of soil erosion on sloped lands.

3 cl, 3 dwg

Description

The invention relates to methods of anti-erosion tillage, and in particular to methods and means of water retention of melt water, mainly on sloping lands.

There is a method of anti-erosion tillage on slopes, which consists in the creation of stubble rolls, the upper part of which is located above the field surface and rolled sideways with an earthen roller. Moreover, the stubble rolls are located above the loosened plow sole in the furrows created by plow bodies with subsoilers / 1 /.

The disadvantage of this method is the low efficiency of the moisture-holding ability of the stubble rolls on sloping fields due to the high soil content in them, which is silted and compacted after heavy rains, resulting in increased surface runoff of rainwater. In addition, freezing of dry loose soil in the rolls leads to the formation of a thin layer of aggregates on the soil surface, which are involved in the processes of water and wind erosion.

The objective of the invention of the method is to increase the efficiency of moisture retention on sloping lands.

The problem is solved by the following set of features of the method.

The proposed method, as well as the known one, comprises creating rolls for moisture retention in the field. In contrast to the known in the proposed method for creating rolls, the soil layer is irrevocably cut, under the raised edge of which crop residues left on the field after harvesting crops are fed, and crop residues are covered with a trimmed soil layer. At the same time, such a volume of crop residues is supplied that, after covering the soil with a cropped layer, ensures the formation of a roll of crop residues 4-6 cm wide along the edge of this layer.

The technical result of the invention is to increase the moisture holding capacity of the rolls, since the latter are formed from crop residues that do not contain soil. The absence of an earthen roller, the role of which in the proposed method is played by the raised edge of the cut formation, also contributes to moisture accumulation. In this case, a roll 4-6 cm wide, formed as a result of supplying crop residues under the cut soil layer, retains moisture retention abilities for 3-4 years (until the crop residues have decomposed).

Thus, the totality of the features of the proposed method has a causal relationship with the achieved technical result, which solves the problem - increasing the efficiency of moisture retention on sloping lands.

After the decomposition of crop residues under the soil layer, the humus content increases, the walls of the cropped soil layer strengthen, which prevents them from closing, and the activity of earthworms increases the moisture permeability of the soil. As a result, the undercut soil layer partially retains a positive role even when the crop residues have completely decomposed, which is an additional technical result of the invention of the method.

Figure 1 shows in cross section a water-absorbing roll of crop residues.

The method is as follows.

In the autumn, across the slope on soil 1 with a stubble background 2 and chopped straw 3 left on the field surface after harvesting crops, the soil layer 4 is cut off without cutting width of 33-38 cm, depth h of 17-20 cm, and chopped straw is fed under the raised edge of the trimmed bed, which is covered with a trimmed soil. At the same time, such a volume of crushed straw is supplied that, after covering the soil with a trimmed layer 4, a roll 5 of crushed straw with a width b of 4-6 cm is formed along the edge of this layer.

The created roll 5 of crushed straw 3 is a moisture-retaining element. Since the cropped soil layer does not undergo intensive crumbling and mixing with chopped straw, the layer of this straw that emerges from the layer on the soil surface will actively pass water through it. In this case, the roll 5 with a width of not more than 6 cm prevents intense moisture evaporation and siltation of the roll, and its width of at least 4 cm prevents the edge of the cut formation from closing. In winter, the compacted layer of straw under the soil layer creates effective thermal insulation, which prevents the movement of water from the underlying layers to the freezing layer and thereby contributes to an increase in groundwater level, since air is 10 times less heat-conducting than snow, and 20 times less than mineral part of the soil.

To create a moisture-retaining rolls in the known method, a tool is known that contains a frame with a support wheel and a beam located at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the gun, on which plow bodies are fixed, the rear of which is made with a shortened blade, and the adjacent one with a subsoiler, and a disk battery placed in front of the plow bodies, mounted at an angle to the longitudinal axis of the guns, the rear disc working body of which is placed in front of the body with subsoil / 1 /.

A disadvantage of the known tool is its inability to perform all actions to implement the proposed method, namely in the subsurface cutting and raising of the soil layer and the supply of crop residues under this layer.

The objective of the invention of the tool is the ability to carry out the last actions for the implementation of the proposed method.

The closest in similar features to the proposed device for implementing the method is the experimental installation of a plow with chisel inclined working bodies | 2 |. The proposed device, as well as the known one, contains a frame with a support wheel and a flat rail fixed to the frame with a cutting front edge, the lower end deflected forward and sideways. Unlike the known device, a plane cutter is installed at the lower end of the rail of the device, and a wing is mounted on its rear edge, made curved along the direction of movement of the device, set convex upward and to the side, in which the lower end of the rail is rejected. At the same time, a load-feeding belt conveyor is connected to the frame by two hinged links, on the conveyor belt of which are fixed elastic rods for collecting crop residues on the field, mounted on racks of the support rollers, directed by the feeding end under the upper curved edge of the wing, one of the hinged links and the support of the support rollers have regulators of own length.

In figure 2. schematically shows the proposed device, a top view, figure 3 is a view along arrow A in figure 2.

The device consists of a frame 1, a support wheel 2, a flat rail 3 with a cutting front edge, the lower end of which is deflected forward and sideways, at the lower end of which a plane cutter is mounted 4. A wing 5 is fixed at the trailing edge, made curvilinear along the direction of movement of the device, installed convex up and to the side into which the lower end of the rail is deflected. At the same time, a load-feeding belt conveyor 7 is connected with frame 1 by two articulated links 6, one of the links of which has a regulator 8 of its own length mounted on the uprights of the support rollers 9, directed by the feeding end under the upper curved edge of the wing 5. The belt 10 of the conveyor 7 is an endless contour flexible load-bearing element, on which elastic rods 11 are mounted for collecting crop residues left on the field after harvesting crops. The tape 8 is driven by two drums 12 mounted on shafts and driven by a hydraulic motor 13.

The device operates as follows. When the formation moves with a width of 33-38 cm, a depth of 17-22 cm, it is irrevocably cut by a plane cutter 4 and the cutting front edge of the flat rail 3 and is directed to the convex surface of the wing 5, which raises the formation, exposing it to deformation, but basically maintaining stubble and other crop residues. At this time, the crop residues are fed under the concave surface of the wing 5 by the load-feeding conveyor 7 and these crop residues are covered with a trimmed soil layer sliding off the convex surface of the wing. At the same time, such a volume of crop residues is supplied that, after covering the soil with a cropped layer, ensures the formation of a roll of crop residues 4-6 cm wide along the edge of this formation. By setting different angles of attack of the conveyor 7, as well as changing the length of the racks of the support rollers 9, the required amount crop residues, taking into account the formation of a roll of crop residues 4-6 cm wide along the edge of this layer of soil.

Bibliographic data

1. USSR Copyright Certificate No. 396101, class And 01 In 49/02, 1971 (prototype of the method and an analog of the device for its implementation).

2. UDC 631.316.022.001.5 The results of the study of the chisel working body. Reznikov M.S. - In Sat: Tillage machines and unit dynamics. Scientific tr CHIMESKH, Chelyabinsk, 1985, p. 34-39. Experimental installation of a plow with chisel inclined organs (prototype device).

Claims (2)

1. A method of combating soil erosion on slopes, comprising forming rolls for moisture retention on the field, characterized in that the soil layer is cut off to create rolls under the raised edge of which crop residues left on the field after harvesting crops are covered and crop residues are covered with a cropped soil layer, at the same time, such a volume of crop residues is supplied that, after covering with a cropped soil layer, a 4-6 cm wide roll of crop residues is formed along the edge of this layer. 2. A device for combating soil erosion on slopes, comprising a frame with a support wheel and a flat rail fixed to the frame with a cutting front edge, the lower end deflected forward and sideways, characterized in that a plane cutter is installed at the lower end of the rail and its rear edge fixed wing, made curved along the direction of movement of the device, installed convex upward and to the side, in which the lower end of the rail is deflected, while the load-feeding belt conveyor is connected to the frame by two hinged links, on the conveyor belt of which elastic rods are fixed for collecting crop residues in the field, mounted on the supports of the support rollers, directed by the feeding end under the upper curved edge of the wing, one of the hinged links and the support of the support rollers have regulators of their own length.

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